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Biography
Historical Christian theologyThe Third Great Awakening was a period of religious activism in American history from the late 1850s to the early 1900s.The concept was introduced by William G. McLoughlin, Revivals Awakenings and Reform (1980) It affected pietistic Protestant denominations and had a strong sense of social activism.Mark A. Noll, A History of Christianity in the United States and Canada (1992) pp 286-310 It gathered strength from the postmillennial theology that the Second Coming of Christ would come after mankind had reformed the entire earth. A major component was the Social Gospel Movement, which applied Christianity to social issues and gained its force from the Awakening, as did the worldwide missionary movement. New groupings emerged, such as the Holiness movement and Church of the Nazarene|Nazarene movements, and Christian Science .Robert William Fogel, The Fourth Great Awakening and the Future of Egalitarianism (2000)
Overview
The Protestant mainline churches were growing rapidly in numbers, wealth and educational levels, throwing off their frontier beginnings and become centered in towns and cities. Intellectuals and writers such as Josiah Strong advocated a muscular Christianity with systematic outreach to the unchurched in America and around the globe. Others built colleges and universities to train the next generation. Each denomination supported active missionary societies, and made the role of missionary one of high prestige.Sydney E. Ahlstrom, A Religious History of the American People (1972) pp 731-872
The great majority of pietistic mainline Protestants (in the North) supported the History of the Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party , and urged it to endorse prohibition and social reforms.Paul Kleppner, The Third Electoral System, 1853–1892: Parties, Voters, and Political Cultures (2009)Jensen (171) See Third Party System
The awakening in numerous cities in 1858 was interrupted by the American Civil War . In the Southern United States|South , on the other hand, the Civil War stimulated revivals, especially in General Robert E. Lee 's army.Randall M. Miller, et al, eds. Religion and the American Civil War 1998
After the war, Dwight L. Moody made revivalism the centerpiece of his activities in Chicago by founding the Moody Bible Institute . The hymns of Ira Sankey were especially influential.James F. Findlay Dwight L. Moody: American Evangelist, 1837–1899 (2007
Across the nation drys crusaded in the name of religion for the prohibition in the United States|prohibition of alcohol. The Woman's Christian Temperance Union mobilized Protestant women for social crusades against liquor, pornography and prostitution, and sparked the demand for woman suffrage.Ruth Bordin, Women and Temperance: The Quest for Power and Liberty, 1873–1900 (1981)
The Gilded Age plutocracy came under sharp attack from the Social Gospel preachers and with reformers in the Progressive Era . Historian Robert Fogel identifies numerous reforms, especially the battles involving child labor , compulsory elementary education and the protection of women from exploitation in factories.Fogel p 108
All the major denominations sponsored growing missionary activities inside the United States and around the world.Paul A. Varg, "Motives in Protestant Missions, 1890–1917," Church History 1954 23(1): 68–82Shenk (2004)
Colleges associated with churches rapidly expanded in number, size and quality of curriculum. The promotion of "muscular Christianity" became popular among young men on campus and in urban YMCA|YMCA's , as well as such denominational youth groups such as the Epworth League for Methodists and the Walther League for Lutherans.David P. Setran, "Following the Broad-Shouldered Jesus: The College YMCA and the Culture of Muscular Christianity in American Campus Life, 1890–1914," American Educational History Journal 2005 32(1): 59–66,
New religions
Mary Baker Eddy introduced Christian Science , which gained a national following.Stephen Gottschalk, Emergence of Christian Science in American Religious Life (1979) In 1880, the Salvation Army denomination arrived in America. Although its theology was based on ideals expressed during the Second Great Awakening , its focus on poverty was of the Third. The Society for Ethical Culture was established in New York in 1876 by Felix Adler (professor)|Felix Adler attracted a Reform Jewish clientele. Charles Taze Russell Founded a Bible Student Institute with its later sect now known as The Jehovah's Witnesses
With Jane Addams 's Hull House in Chicago as its center, the settlement house movement and the vocation of social work were deeply influenced by the Social Gospel .Louise W. Knight, Jane Addams: Spirit in Action (2010)
The Holiness and Pentecostal movements
The goal of the Holiness movement in the Methodism|Methodist Church was to move beyond the one-time conversion experience that the revivals produce, and reach entire sanctification.Charles Edwin Jones, Perfectionist Persuasion: The Holiness Movement and American Methodism, 1867-1936 (1974) The Pentecostalism|Pentecostals went one step further, seeking what they called a "baptism in the spirit" or "baptism of the Holy Ghost" that enabled those with this special gift to heal the sick, perform miracles, prophesy, and speak in tongues.Augustus Cerillo, Jr., "The Beginnings of American Pentecostalism: A Historiographical Overview," in Pentecostal Currents in American Protestantism, ed. by Edith L. Blumhofer, Russell P. Spittler, and Grant A. Wacker (1999).
International impact
Im (2000) compared the evangelistic method and results of the Third Great Awakening in America with the Korean revivals of 1884–1910. Many techniques of the Second and Third Great Awakenings were transposed from America to Korea, including the circuit-riding system of the Methodists, the Baptist farmer preachers, the campus revivals of the eastern seaboard, the camp meetings in the West, the new measures of Charles Grandison Finney|Charles G. Finney , the Layman's Prayer Revival, urban mass revivalism of D. L. Moody , and the Student Volunteer Movement. Im discovered four areas of influence from a comparison and analysis of the two countries' revivals: the establishment of tradition, the adoption of similar emphases, the incorporation of evangelistic methodologies, and the observation of the results of the revivals. The American revivals had a major influence on the Korean revivals, and the American revival tradition and enthusiasm toward missions helped Korean Christians develop their own religious experience and tradition. This tradition has influenced Korean churches even into the 21st century.Chun Beh Im, "A Critical Investigation of the Influence of the Second Great Awakening and Nineteenth-Century Revival on Revivals in Korea (1884–1910)." PhD dissertation New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary 2000. 200 pp. Citation: DAI 2001 61(10): 4044-A. DA9991964
See also
Christian revival
Christianity in the 19th century
First Great Awakening
Millerites
Temperance movement
Second Great Awakening
Bibliography
Abell, Aaron. The Urban Impact on American Protestantism, 1865–1900 Harvard University Press, 1943.
Ahlstrom, Sydney E. A Religious History of the American People . Yale University Press, 1972.
Bordin, Ruth. Woman and Temperance: The Quest for Power and Liberty, 1873–1900 Temple University Press, 1981.
Curtis, Susan. A Consuming Faith: The Social Gospel and Modern American Culture. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991.
Dieter, Melvin Easterday. The Holiness Revival of the Nineteenth Century Scarecrow Press, 1980.
Dorsett, Lyle W. Billy Sunday and the Redemption of Urban America Eerdmans, 1991.
Dorsett, Lyle W. A Passion for Souls: The Life of D. L. Moody . Moody Press, 1997.
Edwards, Wendy J. Deichmann. and Carolyn De Swarte Gifford. Gender and the Social Gospel (2003) http://www.amazon.com/dp/0252070976 excerpt and text search
Evensen; Bruce J. ''God's Man for the Gilded Age: D.L. Moody and the Rise of Modern Mass Evangelism (2003) http://www.questia.com/PM.qst? a=o& d=102654424 online edition
Findlay, James F. Dwight L. Moody: American Evangelist, 1837–1899 University of Chicago Press, 1969.
Finke, Roger, and Rodney Stark. The Churching of America, 1776–1990: Winners and Losers in Our Religious Economy Rutgers University Press, 1992.
Fishwick, Marshall W. Great Awakenings: Popular Religion and Popular Culture (1995)
Fogel, Robert William. The Fourth Great Awakening and the Future of Egalitarianism (2000)
Giggie, John M. "The Third Great Awakening: Religion and the Civil Rights Movement." Reviews in American History 2005 33(2): 254–262. Issn: 0048-7511 Fulltext: Project Muse
Hutchison William R. Errand to the World: American Protestant Thought and Foreign Missions. University of Chicago Press, 1987.
Jensen, Richard. The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888–1896 (1971)
Keller, Rosemary Skinner, Rosemary Radford Ruether, and Marie Cantlon, eds. Encyclopedia of Women And Religion in North America (3 vol 2006) http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0253346851 excerpt and text search
Long, Kathryn Teresa. The Revival of 1857–58: Interpreting an American Religious Awakening Oxford University Press, 1998 http://www.questia.com/PM.qst? a=o& d=80369938 online edition
Luker, Ralph E. The Social Gospel in Black and White American Racial Reform, 1885–1912. (1991) http://www.questia.com/library/book/the-social-gospel-in-black-and-white-american-racial-reform-1885-1912-by-ralph-e-luker.jsp online edition
Luker, Ralph E. "Liberal Theology and Social Conservatism: a Southern Tradition, 1840–1920." Church History v 10#2 1981. pp 193–207 p http://www.questia.com/PM.qst? a=o& d=90772519 online edition
McClymond, Michael, ed. Encyclopedia of Religious Revivals in America. (2007). Vol. 1, A–Z: xxxii, 515 pp.& nbsp;Vol. 2, Primary Documents: xx, 663 pp. isbn 0-313-32828-5/set.)
William G. McLoughlin|McLoughlin, William G. Revivals Awakenings and Reform 1980
McLoughlin, William G. Modern Revivalism: Charles Grandison Finney to Billy Graham 1959.
McLoughlin, William G. ed. The American Evangelicals, 1800–1900: An Anthology 1976.
Marty, Martin E. Modern American Religion, Vol. 1: The Irony of It All, 1893–1919 (1986); Modern American Religion. Vol. 2: The Noise of Conflict, 1919–1941 (1991)
Marsden, George M. Fundamentalism and American Culture: The Shaping of Twentieth-Century Evangelicalism, 1870–1925 (1980). very important history http://www.questia.com/library/book/fundamentalism-and-american-culture-the-shaping-of-twentieth-century-evangelicalism-1870-1925-by-george-m-marsden.jsp online edition
Miller, Randall M., Harry S. Stout, and Charles Reagan. Religion and the American Civil War (1998) http://www.amazon.com/dp/0195121295 excerpt and text search; http://www.questia.com/read/78824365 complete edition online
Shenk, Wilbert R., ed. North American Foreign Missions, 1810–1914: Theology, Theory, and Policy (2004) 349pp important essays by scholars http://www.amazon.com/dp/0802824854 excerpt and text search
Sizer, Sandra. Gospel Hymns and Social Religion: The Rhetoric of Nineteenth-Century Revivalism. Temple University Press, 1978.
Smith, Timothy L. Called Unto Holiness, the Story of the Nazarenes: The Formative Years . Kansas City: Nazarene Publishing House, 1962.
Smith, Timothy L. Revivalism and Social Reform: American Protestantism on the Eve of the Civil War Johns Hopkins Press, 1980.
Ward, W. R. The Protestant Evangelical Awakening Cambridge University Press, 1992.
Weisberger, Bernard A. They Gathered at the River: The Story of the Great Revivalists and Their Impact upon Religion in America 1958.
Primary sources
Carroll, H. K. The Religious Forces of the United States, Enumerated, Classified and Described: Returns for 1900 and 1910 Compared with the Government Census of 1890: Condition and Characteristics of Christianity in the United States (1912), very usefuul sumamries of each denomination and detailed statistics. http://books.google.com/books? id=8Z9AAAAAIAAJ& printsec=frontcover& dq=intitle:1910+intitle:census+intitle:united+intitle:states& lr=& as_drrb_is=q& as_minm_is=0& as_miny_is=& as_maxm_is=0& as_maxy_is=& num=30& as_brr=3#v=onepage& q=& f=false complete text online free
McLoughlin, William G. ed. The American Evangelicals, 1800–1900: An Anthology 1976.
Notes
reflist Christian History Category:New religious movements Category:History of Christianity in the United States Category:Christian revivals Category:19th-century Christianity Category:Christian terms
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