Alberta

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Biography

Alberta is a provinces and territories of Canada|province of Canada . It had an estimated population of 3.7 million in 2010 making it the most populous of Canada's three Canadian Prairies|prairie provinces . Alberta and its neighbour, Saskatchewan , were established as provinces on September 1, 1905.

Alberta is located in western Canada , bounded by the provinces of British Columbia to the west and Saskatchewan to the east, the Northwest Territories to the north, and the U.S. state of Montana to the south. Alberta is one of three Canadian provinces and territories to border only a single U.S. state and is also one of only two provinces that are landlocked .

Edmonton , the capital city of Alberta, is located near the geographic centre of the province and is the primary supply and service hub for Canada's Athabasca Oil Sands|oil sands and other northern resource industries. Approximately south of the capital is Calgary , Alberta's largest city and a major distribution and transportation hub. According to recent population estimates, these two census metropolitan area s have now both exceeded 1 million people. Census Agglomeration|Census agglomerations in the province include Lethbridge , Red Deer, Alberta|Red Deer , Grande Prairie , Medicine Hat , Wood Buffalo, Alberta|Wood Buffalo (includes Fort McMurray ), Lloydminster , Brooks, Alberta|Brooks , Okotoks , Camrose, Alberta|Camrose , Canmore, Alberta|Canmore , Cold Lake, Alberta|Cold Lake , and Wetaskiwin . Notable tourist destinations in the province include Canmore, Sylvan Lake, Alberta|Sylvan Lake , Drumheller , Banff, Alberta|Banff , and Jasper, Alberta|Jasper .

Alberta is named after Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll|Princess Louise Caroline Alberta (1848–1939), the fourth daughter of Queen Victoria|Victoria , the Monarchy of Canada|Queen of Canada until 1901, and Albert, Prince Consort . Princess Louise was the wife of the John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll|Marquess of Lorne , Governor General of Canada from 1878 to 1883. Lake Louise (Alberta)|Lake Louise , the Village of Caroline, Alberta|Caroline , and Mount Alberta were also named in honour of Princess Louise.

The current Premier of Alberta|Premier of the province is Alison Redford .

Geography

Alberta, with an area of is the fourth largest province after Quebec , Ontario , and British Columbia. To the south, the province borders on the 49th parallel north , separating it from the U.S. state of Montana , while on the north the 60th parallel north divides it from the Northwest Territories . To the east the 110th meridian west separates it from the province of Saskatchewan , while on the west its boundary with British Columbia follows the 120th meridian west south from the Northwest Territories at 60°N until it reaches the Continental Divide at the Rocky Mountains , and from that point follows the line of peaks marking the Continental Divide in a generally southeasterly direction until it reaches the Montana border at 49°N.

The province extends north to south and east to west at its maximum width. Its highest point is at the summit of Mount Columbia (Alberta)|Mount Columbia in the Rocky Mountains along the southwest border, while its lowest point is on the Slave River in Wood Buffalo National Park in the northeast.

With the exception of the semi-arid steppe of the southeastern section, the province has adequate water resources . There are numerous list of rivers of Alberta|rivers and list of lakes in Alberta|lakes used for human swimming|swimming , fishing and a range of water sports . There are three large lakes, Lake Claire (Albertan lake)|Lake Claire () in Wood Buffalo National Park , Lesser Slave Lake (), and Lake Athabasca () which lies in both Alberta and Saskatchewan. The longest river in the province is the Athabasca River which travels from the Columbia Icefield in the Rocky Mountains to Lake Athabasca. The largest river is the Peace River (Canada)|Peace River with an average flow of 2161 m³/s. The Peace River (Canada)|Peace River originates in the Rocky Mountains of northern British Columbia and flows through northern Alberta and into the Slave River , a tributary of the Mackenzie River .

Alberta's capital city, Edmonton , is located approximately in the geographic centre of the province. It is the most northerly major city in Canada, and serves as a gateway and hub for resource development in northern Canada. The region, with its proximity to Canada's largest oil field s, has most of western Canada's oil refinery capacity. Calgary is located approximately south of Edmonton and north of Montana, surrounded by extensive ranching country. Almost 75% of the province's population lives in the Calgary–Edmonton Corridor .

Most of the northern half of the province is boreal forest , while the Rocky Mountains along the southwestern boundary are largely forested (see Alberta Mountain forests and Alberta-British Columbia foothills forests ). The southern quarter of the province is prairie , ranging from shortgrass prairie in the southeastern corner to mixed grass prairie in an arc to the west and north of it. The central aspen parkland region extending in a broad arc between the prairies and the forests, from Calgary, north to Edmonton, and then east to Lloydminster , contains the most fertile soil in the province and most of the population. Much of the unforested part of Alberta is given over either to grain or to dairy farming , with mixed farming more common in the north and centre, while ranching and irrigated agriculture predominate in the south.

The Alberta badlands are located in southeastern Alberta, where the Red Deer River crosses the flat prairie and farmland, and features deep canyon s and striking landforms. Dinosaur Provincial Park , near Brooks, Alberta , showcases the badlands terrain, desert flora (plants)|flora , and remnants from Alberta's past when dinosaur s roamed the then lush landscape.

Climate

Alberta has a dry continental climate with warm summers and cold winters. The province is open to cold arctic weather systems from the north, which often produce extremely cold conditions in winter. As the fronts between the air masses shift north and south across Alberta, temperature can change rapidly. Arctic air masses in the winter produce extreme minimum temperatures varying from in northern Alberta to in southern Alberta. In the summer, continental air masses produce maximum temperatures from in the mountains to in southern Alberta.

Alberta extends for over from north to south; its climate, therefore, varies considerably. Average temperatures in January range from in the south to in the north, and in July from in the south to in the north. The climate is also influenced by the presence of the Rocky Mountains to the southwest, which disrupt the flow of the prevailing westerlies|prevailing westerly winds and cause them to drop most of their moisture on the western slopes of the mountain ranges before reaching the province, casting a rain shadow over much of Alberta. The northerly location and isolation from the weather systems of the Pacific Ocean cause Alberta to have a dry climate with little moderation from the ocean. Annual precipitation ranges from in the southeast to in the north, except in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains where rainfall can reach annually.

In the summer, the average daytime temperatures range from around in the Rocky Mountain valleys and far north to in the dry prairie of the southeast. The northern and western parts of the province experience higher rainfall and lower evaporation rates caused by cooler summer temperatures. The south and east-central portions are prone to drought-like conditions sometimes persisting for several years, although even these areas can receive heavy precipitation.
Alberta is a sunny province. Annual bright sunshine totals range between 1900 and 2500 hours per year. Northern Alberta receives about 18 hours of daylight in the summer.

In southwestern Alberta, the cold winters are frequently interrupted by warm, dry chinook winds blowing from the mountains, which can propel temperatures upward from frigid conditions to well above the freezing point in a very short period. During one chinook recorded at Pincher Creek , temperatures soared from to in one hour. The region around Lethbridge has the most chinooks, averaging 30 to 35 chinook days per year, while Calgary has a white Christmas only 59% of the time as a result of these winds.
Northern Alberta is mostly covered by taiga|boreal forest and has a subarctic climate . The agricultural area of southern Alberta have a Semi-arid climate|semi-arid steppe climate because the annual precipitation is less than the water that evapotranspiration|evaporates or is used by plants . The southeastern corner of Alberta, part of the Palliser Triangle , experiences greater summer heat and lower rainfall than the rest of the province, and as a result suffers frequent crop yield problems and occasional severe drought s. Western Alberta is protected by the mountains and enjoys the mild temperatures brought by winter chinook wind s. Central and parts of northwestern Alberta in the Peace River region are largely aspen parkland, a biome transitional between prairie to the south and boreal forest to the north.

After Southern Ontario , Central Alberta is the most likely region in Canada to experience tornadoes . Thunderstorm s, some of them severe, are frequent in the summer, especially in central and southern Alberta. The region surrounding the Calgary–Edmonton Corridor is notable for having the highest frequency of hail in Canada, which is caused by orographic lifting from the nearby Rocky Mountains, enhancing the updraft/downdraft cycle necessary for the formation of hail.

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City	July (°C)	July (°F)	January (°C)	January (°F)
Medicine Hat
Brooks
Airdrie
Lethbridge
Edmonton
Fort Saskatchewan
Lloydminster
Cold Lake
Fort McMurray
Red Deer
Calgary
Camrose
Spruce Grove
St. Albert
Leduc
Lacombe
Grande Prairie
Wetaskiwin

Ecology

Flora

In central and northern Alberta the arrival of spring brings the prairie crocus anemone , the three flowered avens, golden bean , Rosa acicularis|wild rose and other early flowers. The advancing summer introduces many flowers of the sunflower family, until in August the plains are one blaze of yellow and purple. The southern and east central parts of Alberta are covered by a short, nutritious grass, which dries up as summer lengthens, to be replaced by hardy perennials such as the prairie coneflower, fleabane , and Sagebrush|sage . Both yellow and white sweet clover fill the ditches with their beauty and aromatic scents.

The trees in the parkland region of the province grow in clumps and belts on the hillsides. These are largely deciduous , typically aspen , poplar , and willow . Many species of willow and other shrubs grow in virtually any terrain. On the north side of the North Saskatchewan River evergreen forests prevail for hundreds of thousands of square kilometres. aspen|Aspen poplar , balsam poplar (or Populus sect. Aegiros|cottonwood ), and paper birch are the primary large deciduous species. Conifer s include Jack pine , Rocky Mountain pine, Lodgepole pine , both white and black spruce , and the deciduous conifer tamarack .

Fauna

The four climatic regions ( alpine climate|alpine , boreal forest , Aspen parkland|parkland , and prairie ) of Alberta are home to many different species of animals. The south and central prairie was the land of the American bison|bison , commonly known as buffalo, its grasses providing pasture and breeding ground for millions of buffalo. The buffalo population was decimated during early settlement, but since then buffalo have made a comeback, living on farms and in parks all over Alberta.

Alberta is home to many large carnivore s. Among them are the grizzly bear|grizzly and American Black Bear|black bears , which are found in the mountains and wooded regions. Smaller carnivores of the canidae|canine and Felidae|feline families include coyote s, wolf|wolves , fox , lynx , bobcat and mountain lion (cougar).

Herbivorous animals are found throughout the province. Moose , mule deer , and white-tail deer are found in the wooded regions, and pronghorn can be found in the prairies of southern Alberta. Bighorn sheep and mountain goat s live in the Rocky Mountains . Rabbit s, porcupine s, skunk s, squirrel s and many species of rodents and reptiles live in every corner of the province. Alberta is home to only one variety of venomous snake , the prairie rattlesnake .

Alberta is the only province in Canada—as well as one of the few places in the world—that is free of brown rat|Norwegian rat s. Since the early 1950s, the government of Alberta has operated a rat-control program, which has been so successful that only isolated instances of wild rat sightings are reported, usually of rats arriving in the province aboard trucks or by rail. In 2006, Alberta Agriculture reports zero findings of wild rats; the only rat interceptions have been domesticated rats that have been seized from their owners. It is illegal for individual Albertans to own or keep Norwegian rats of any description; the animals can be kept in the province by only zoos, universities and colleges, and recognized research institutions. In 2009, several rats were
found and captured, in small pockets in Southern Alberta, putting Alberta's rat-free status in jeopardy.

History

The first people in Alberta were Paleo-Indians who arrived in Alberta at least 10,000 years ago, toward the end of the last ice age . They probably migrated from Siberia to Alaska on a Beringia|land bridge across the Bering Strait , and then may have moved down the east side of the Rocky Mountains through Alberta to Settlement of the Americas|settle the Americas . Alternatively they may have Coastal Migration#Coastal migration hypothesis in the New World|migrated down the coast of British Columbia and then moved inland. Over time they differentiated into various First Nations peoples, including the Plains Indian tribes of southern Alberta such as those of the Blackfoot Confederacy and the Plains Cree , who generally lived by hunting buffalo ( American bison ), and the more northerly tribes such as the Woodland Cree and Chipewyan who hunted, trapped, and fished for a living.

After the British America|British arrival in Canada , approximately half of the province of Alberta, south of the Athabasca River drainage, became part of Rupert's Land which consisted of all land drained by rivers flowing into Hudson Bay . This area was granted by Charles II of England to the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) in 1670, and rival fur trading companies were not allowed to trade in it. After the arrival of French Canadian s in the west around 1731, they settled near fur trading posts, establishing communities such as Lac La Biche, Alberta|Lac La Biche and Bonnyville, Alberta|Bonnyville . Fort La Jonquière was established near what is now Calgary in 1752.

The Athabasca River and the rivers north of it were not in HBC territory because they drained into the Arctic Ocean instead of Hudson Bay, and they were prime habitat for fur-bearing animals. The first explorer of the Athabasca region was Peter Pond , who learned of the Methye Portage , which allowed travel from southern rivers into the rivers north of Rupert's Land. Fur traders formed the North West Company (NWC) of Montreal to compete with the HBC in 1779. The NWC occupied the northern part of Alberta territory. Peter Pond built Fort Athabasca on Lac la Biche (Alberta)|Lac la Biche in 1778. Roderick Mackenzie built Fort Chipewyan on Lake Athabasca ten years later in 1788. His cousin, Sir Alexander Mackenzie (explorer)|Alexander Mackenzie , followed the North Saskatchewan River to its northernmost point near Edmonton, then setting northward on foot, trekked to the Athabasca River, which he followed to Lake Athabasca. It was there he discovered the mighty outflow river which bears his name—the Mackenzie River —which he followed to its outlet in the Arctic Ocean . Returning to Lake Athabasca, he followed the Peace River (Canada)|Peace River upstream, eventually reaching the Pacific Ocean , and so he became the first white man to cross the North American continent north of Mexico.

The extreme southernmost portion of Alberta was part of the French (and Spanish) territory of Louisiana (New France)|Louisiana , Louisiana Purchase|sold to the United States in 1803; in 1818, the portion of Louisiana north of the 49th parallel north|Forty-Ninth Parallel was ceded to Great Britain.

Fur trade expanded in the north, but bloody battles occurred between the rival HBC and NWC, and in 1821 the British government forced them to merge to stop the hostilities. The amalgamated Hudson's Bay Company dominated trade in Alberta until 1870, when the newly formed Canadian Government purchased Rupert's Land. Northern Alberta was included in the North-Western Territory until 1870, when it and Rupert's land became Canada's Northwest Territories .

The district of Alberta was created as part of the North-West Territories in 1882. As settlement increased, local representatives to the North-West Legislative Assembly were added. After a long campaign for autonomy, in 1905 the district of Alberta was enlarged and given provincial status, with the election of Alexander Cameron Rutherford as the first premier.

Demographics

Alberta has enjoyed a relatively high rate of growth in recent years, mainly because of its burgeoning economy. Between 2003 and 2004, the province had high birthrates (on par with some larger provinces such as British Columbia), relatively high immigration, and a high rate of interprovincial migration when compared to other provinces.

Approximately 81% of the population live in urban areas and only about 19% live in rural areas. The Calgary-Edmonton Corridor is the most urbanized area in the province and is one of the most densely populated areas of Canada. Many of Alberta's cities and towns have also experienced very high rates of growth in recent history. Over the past century, Alberta's population rose from 73,022 in 1901 to 2,974,807 in 2001 and 3,290,350 according to the Canada 2006 Census|2006 census .

The Canada 2006 Census|2006 census found that English language|English , with 2,576,670 native speakers, was the most common mother tongue of Albertans, representing 79.99% of the province's population. The next most common mother tongues were various Chinese languages with 97,275 native speakers (3.02%), followed by German language|German with 84,505 native speakers (2.62%) and French language|French with 61,225 (1.90%).Mother Tongue Alberta">

Other mother tongues (in decreasing order) include: Punjabi language|Punjabi , with 36,320 native speakers (1.13%); Tagalog language|Tagalog , with 29,740 (0.92%); Ukrainian language|Ukrainian , with 29,455 (0.91%); Spanish language|Spanish , with 29,125 (0.90%); Polish language|Polish , with 21,990 (0.68%); Arabic , with 20,495 (0.64%); Dutch language|Dutch , with 19,980 (0.62%); and Vietnamese language|Vietnamese , with 19,350 (0.60%). The most common aboriginal language is Cree language|Cree 17,215 (0.53%). Other common mother tongues include Italian language|Italian with 13,095 speakers (0.41%); Urdu with 11,275 (0.35%); and Korean language|Korean with 10,845 (0.33%); then Standard Hindi|Hindi 8,985 (0.28%); Persian language|Persian 7,700 (0.24%); Portuguese language|Portuguese 7,205 (0.22%); and Hungarian language|Hungarian 6,770 (0.21%).
(Figures shown are for the number of single language responses and the percentage of total single-language responses.) Mother Tongue Alberta"/>

Alberta has considerable ethnic diversity. In line with the rest of Canada, many immigrants originated from English Canadian|England , Scottish Canadian|Scotland , Irish Canadian|Ireland and Canadians of Welsh descent|Wales , but large numbers also came from other parts of Europe , notably German Canadian|Germans , French people|French , Ukrainian Canadian|Ukrainians and Scandinavia ns. According to Statistics Canada, Alberta is home to the second highest proportion (two percent) of Francophones in western Canada (after Manitoba ). Despite this, relatively few Albertans claim French as their mother tongue. Many of Franco-Albertan|Alberta's French-speaking residents live in the central and northwestern regions of the province.

As reported in the 2001 census, the Chinese represented nearly four percent of Alberta's population, and East Indians represented more than two percent. Both Edmonton and Calgary have historic Chinatown s, and Calgary has Canada's third largest Chinese community. The Chinese presence began with workers employed in the building of the Canadian Pacific Railway in the 1880s. Aboriginal peoples in Alberta|Aboriginal Albertans make up approximately three percent of the population.

In the 2006 Census in Canada|Canadian census , the most commonly reported ethnic origins among Albertans were: 885,825 English-Canadian|English (27.2%); 679,705 German-Canadian|German (20.9%); 667,405 Canadian people|Canadian (20.5%); 661,265 Scottish Canadian|Scottish (20.3%); 539,160 Irish Canadian|Irish (16.6%); 388,210 French Canadian|French (11.9%); 332,180 Ukrainian Canadian|Ukrainian (10.2%); 172,910 Canadians of Dutch descent|Dutch (5.3%); 170,935 Polish Canadians|Polish (5.2%); 169,355 North American Indian (5.2%); 144,585 Norwegian people|Norwegian (4.4%); and 137,600 Chinese Canadian|Chinese (4.2%). (Each person could choose as many ethnicities as were applicable.)

Amongst those of British origins, the Scottish Canadian|Scots have had a particularly strong influence on place-names, with the names of many cities and towns including Calgary , Airdrie, Alberta|Airdrie , Canmore, Alberta|Canmore , and Banff, Alberta|Banff having Scottish place names in Canada|Scottish origins.

Alberta is the third most diverse province in terms of visible minorities after British Columbia and Ontario with 13.9% of the population consisting of visible minorities . Nearly one-fourth of the populations of Calgary and Edmonton belong to a visible minority group.

Aboriginal Identity Peoples make up 5.8% of the population, about half of whom consist of North American Indians and the other half are Métis people (Canada)|Metis . There are also small number of Inuit people in Alberta. The number of Aboriginal Identity Peoples have been increasing at a rate greater than the population of Alberta.

As of the Canada 2001 Census the largest religious group was Catholic Church|Roman Catholic , representing 25.7% of the population. Alberta had the second highest percentage of non-religious residents in Canada (after British Columbia) at 23.1% of the population. Of the remainder, 13.5% of the population identified themselves as belonging to the United Church of Canada , while 5.9% were Anglican Church in Canada|Anglican . Lutherans made up 4.8% of the population while Baptists comprised 2.5%.

The remainder belonged to a wide variety of different religious affiliations, none of which constituted more than 2% of the population. The The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|Mormons of Alberta reside primarily in the extreme south of the province and made up 1.7% of the population. Alberta has a population of Hutterite s, a communal Anabaptist sect similar to the Mennonites (Hutterites represented 0.4% of the population while Mennonites were 0.8%), and has a significant population of Seventh-day Adventist Church|Seventh-day Adventists at 0.3%. Alberta is home to several Byzantine Rite Churches as part of the legacy of Eastern European immigration, including the Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Edmonton , and the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada 's Archbishop of Edmonton and Western Canada|Western Diocese which is based in Edmonton.

Muslim s, Sikh s, and Hindu s live in Alberta. Muslims constituted 1.7% of the population, Sikhs 0.8% and Hindus 0.5%. Many of these are recent immigrants, but others have roots that go back to the first settlers of the prairies. Canada's oldest mosque, the Al-Rashid Mosque is located in Edmonton, whereas the Canada's largest mosque, the Baitun Nur mosque is located in Calgary. Jews constituted 0.4% of Alberta's population. Most of Alberta's 13,000 Jew s live in Calgary (7,500) and Edmonton (5,000).—The Jewish Communities of Canada

Municipalities

;Largest metro areas and municipalities by population as of 2006

Census metropolitan area s:
Calgary CMA	1,079,310	951,395	821,628
Edmonton CMA	1,034,945	937,845	862,597
Urban municipalities (10 Largest):			cite web > title=Community Profiles
Calgary	988,193	878,866	768,082
Edmonton	730,372	666,104	616,306
Red Deer	82,772	67,707	60,080
Lethbridge	78,713	68,712	64,938
St. Albert (included in Edmonton CMA)	57,719	53,081	46,888
Medicine Hat	56,997	51,249	46,783
Grande Prairie	47,076	36,983	31,353
Airdrie (included in Calgary CMA)	28,927	20,382	15,946
Spruce Grove (included in Edmonton CMA)	19,496	15,983	14,271
Okotoks	17,145	11,689	8,528
rural municipalities (5 Largest):	2006& nbsp;	2001& nbsp;	1996& nbsp;
Strathcona County (included in Edmonton CMA)	82,511	71,986	64,176
Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo	51,496	42,581	35,213
Rocky View County, Alberta>Rocky View County (included in Calgary CMA)	34,171	29,925	23,326
Parkland County (included in Edmonton CMA)	29,265	27,252	24,769
Municipal District of Foothills No. 31	19,736	16,764	13,714

Economy

Alberta's economy is one of the strongest in Canada, supported by the burgeoning petroleum industry and to a lesser extent, agriculture and technology. The per capita GDP in 2007 was by far the highest of any province in Canada at Canadian dollar|C$ 74,825. This was 61% higher than the national average of Canadian dollar|C$ 46,441 and more than twice that of some of the Atlantic provinces. In 2006 the deviation from the national average was the largest for any province in History of Canada|Canadian history . According to the 2006 census, the median annual family income after taxes was $70,986 in Alberta (compared to $60,270 in Canada as a whole).

The Calgary-Edmonton Corridor is the most urbanized region in the province and one of the densest in Canada. The region covers a distance of roughly 400 kilometres north to south. In 2001, the population of the Calgary-Edmonton Corridor was 2.15 million (72% of Alberta's population). It is also one of the fastest growing regions in the country. A 2003 study by TD Bank Financial Group found the corridor to be the only Canadian urban centre to amass a U.S. level of wealth while maintaining a Canadian style quality of life , offering universal health care benefits. The study found that GDP per capita in the corridor was 10% above average U.S. metropolitan areas and 40% above other List of cities in Canada|Canadian cities at that time.

The Fraser Institute states that Alberta also has very high levels of economic freedom and rates Alberta as the freest economy in Canada, and the second freest economy amongst U.S. states and Canadian provinces.

Industry

Alberta is the largest producer of petroleum|conventional crude oil , synthetic crude , natural gas and gas products in the country. Alberta is the world’s 2nd largest exporter of natural gas and the 4th largest producer. Two of the largest producers of petrochemicals in North America are located in central and north-central Alberta. In both Red Deer and Edmonton, world class polyethylene and vinyl manufacturers produce products shipped all over the world, and Edmonton's oil refinery|oil refineries provide the raw materials for a large petrochemical industry to the east of Edmonton.

The Athabasca oil sands have estimated unconventional oil reserves approximately equal to the conventional oil reserves of the rest of the world, estimated to be 1.6& nbsp;trillion barrels (254& nbsp;km³). With the development of new extraction methods such as steam assisted gravity drainage , which was developed in Alberta, bitumen and synthetic crude oil can be produced at costs close to those of conventional crude. Many companies employ both conventional surface mining|strip mining and non-conventional in situ methods to extract the bitumen from the oil sands . With current technology and at current prices, about 315 billion barrels (50& nbsp;km³) of bitumen are recoverable. Fort McMurray , one of Canada's fastest growing cities, has grown enormously in recent years because of the large corporations which have taken on the task of oil production. As of late 2006 there were over $100 billion in oil sands projects under construction or in the planning stages in northeastern Alberta.

Another factor determining the viability of oil extraction from the oil sands is the price of oil. The oil price increases since 2003 have made it profitable to extract this oil, which in the past would give little profit or even a loss.

With concerted effort and support from the provincial government, several high-tech industries have found their birth in Alberta, notably patents related to interactive liquid crystal display systems.—US Patent U.S. Patent No. 5,448,263; —SMART Technologies With a growing economy, Alberta has several financial institutions dealing with civil and private funds.

Agriculture and forestry

Agriculture has a significant position in the province's economy. The province has over three million head of cattle , and Alberta beef has a healthy worldwide market. Nearly one half of all Canadian beef is produced in Alberta. Alberta is one of the prime producers of plains American Bison|buffalo (bison) for the consumer market. domestic sheep|Sheep for wool and Lamb (food)|mutton are also raised.

Wheat and canola are primary farm crops, with Alberta leading the provinces in spring wheat production; other cereal|grains are also prominent. Much of the farming is dryland farming, often with fallow seasons interspersed with cultivation. Continuous cropping (in which there is no fallow season) is gradually becoming a more common mode of production because of increased profits and a reduction of soil erosion. Across the province, the once common grain elevator is slowly being lost as rail lines are decreasing; farmers typically truck the grain to central points.

Alberta is the leading beekeeping province of Canada, with some beekeepers wintering Beehive (beekeeping)|hive s indoors in specially designed barns in southern Alberta, then migrating north during the summer into the Peace River (Alberta)|Peace River valley where the season is short but the working days are long for Western honey bee|honeybee s to produce honey from clover and fireweed . Hybrid (biology)|Hybrid canola also requires bee pollination , and some beekeepers service this need.

The vast northern forest reserves of softwood allow Alberta to produce large quantities of lumber , Oriented strand board|oriented strand board (OSB) and plywood , and several plants in northern Alberta supply North America and the Pacific Rim nation s with bleached wood pulp and newsprint .

Tourism

Alberta has been a tourist destination from the early days of the twentieth century, with attractions including outdoor locales for skiing, hiking and camping, shopping locales such as West Edmonton Mall , Calgary Stampede , outdoor festivals, professional athletic events, international sporting competitions such as the Commonwealth Games and Olympic Games , as well as more eclectic attractions. There are also natural attractions like Elk Island National Park , Wood Buffalo National Park , and the Columbia Icefield .

According to Alberta Economic Development, Calgary and Edmonton both host over four million visitors annually. Banff, Jasper and the Rocky Mountains are visited by about three million people per year. Alberta tourism relies heavily on Southern Ontario tourists, as well as tourists from other parts of Canada , the United States , and many international countries.

Alberta's Rocky Mountains include well known tourist destinations Banff National Park and Jasper National Park . The two mountain parks are connected by the scenic Icefields Parkway . Banff is located west of Calgary on Alberta Highway 1|Highway 1 , and Jasper is located west of Edmonton on Yellowhead Highway . Five of Canada's fourteen UNESCO World heritage site s are located within the province: Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks , Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park , Wood Buffalo National Park, Dinosaur Provincial Park and Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump .

About 1.2 million people visit the of Calgary Stampede , a celebration of Canada's own Wild West and the cattle ranching industry. About 700,000 people enjoy Edmonton's Capital Ex (formerly Klondike Days). Edmonton was the gateway to the only all-Canadian route to the Yukon Gold mining|gold field s, and the only route which did not require gold-seekers to travel the exhausting and dangerous Chilkoot Pass .

Another tourist destination that draws more than 650,000 visitors each year is the Drumheller Valley, located northeast of Calgary. Drumheller, "Dinosaur Capital of The World", offers the Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology. Drumheller also had a rich mining history being one of Western Canada's largest coal producers during the war years. The Canadian Badlands has much to offer in the way of attractions, cultural events, celebrations, accommodations and service.

Located in east-central Alberta is Alberta Prairie Railway Excursions , a popular tourist attraction operated out of Stettler, Alberta|Stettler . It boasts one of the few operable steam trains in the world, offering trips through the rolling prairie scenery. Alberta Prairie Railway Excursions caters to tens of thousands of visitors every year.

Alberta is an important destination for tourists who love to skiing|ski and hiking|hike ; Alberta boasts several world-class ski resort s such as Sunshine Village , Lake Louise Mountain Resort|Lake Louise , Marmot Basin , Mount Norquay ski resort|Norquay and Nakiska . Hunters and fishermen from around the world are able to take home impressive trophy|trophies and tall tales from their experiences in Alberta's wilderness.

Taxation

The province's revenue comes mainly from royalties on non-renewable natural resources (30.4%), personal income taxes (22.3%), corporate and other taxes (19.6%), and grants from the Government of Canada|federal government primarily for infrastructure projects (9.8%). Albertans are the lowest-taxed people in Canada, and Alberta is the only province in Canada without a provincial sales tax (but residents are still subject to the federal sales tax, the Goods and Services Tax (Canada)|Goods and Services Tax of 5%). It is also the only Canadian province to have a flat tax for personal income taxes, which is 10% of taxable income.

The Alberta tax system maintains a progressive taxation|progressive character by allowing residents to earn $16,161 before becoming subject to provincial taxation, in addition to a variety of tax deductions for persons with disabilities, students, and the aged. Alberta's municipalities and school jurisdictions have their own governments which (usually) work in co-operation with the provincial government.

Alberta also privatized alcohol distribution. The privatization increased outlets from 304 stores to 1,726; 1,300 jobs to 4,000 jobs; and 3,325 products to 16,495 products. Tax revenue also increased from $400 million to $700 million.

Transportation

Alberta has over of highway s and roads, of which nearly are paved. The main north-south wikt:corridor|corridor is Alberta Highway 2|Highway 2 , which begins south of Cardston, Alberta|Cardston at the Carway, Alberta|Carway border crossing and is part of the CANAMEX Corridor . Alberta Highway 4|Highway 4 , which effectively extends Interstate 15 into Alberta and is the busiest U.S. gateway to the province, begins at the Coutts, Alberta|Coutts border crossing and ends at Lethbridge. Alberta Highway 3|Highway 3 joins Lethbridge to Fort Macleod, Alberta|Fort Macleod and links Highway 4 to Highway 2. Highway 2 travels northward through Fort Macleod, Calgary, Red Deer, and Edmonton.

North of Edmonton, the highway continues to Athabasca, Alberta|Athabasca , then northwesterly along the south shore of Lesser Slave Lake into High Prairie, Alberta|High Prairie , north to Peace River, Alberta|Peace River , west to Fairview, Alberta (town)|Fairview and finally south to Grande Prairie , where it ends at an interchange with Alberta Highway 43|Highway 43 . The section of Highway 2 between Calgary and Edmonton has been named the Queen Elizabeth II Highway to commemorate the visit of the monarch in 2005. Highway 2 is supplemented by two more highways that run parallel to it: Alberta Highway 22|Highway 22 , west of Highway 2, known as Cowboy Trail , and Alberta Highway 21|Highway 21 , east of Highway 2. Highway 43 travels northwest into Grande Prairie and the Peace River Country ; Alberta Highway 63|Highway 63 travels northeast to Fort McMurray , the location of the Athabasca Tar Sands|Athabasca Oil Sands .

Alberta has two main east-west corridors. The southern corridor, part of the Trans-Canada Highway system, enters the province near Medicine Hat, runs westward through Calgary, and leaves Alberta through Banff National Park. The northern corridor, also part of the Trans-Canada network and known as the Yellowhead Highway ( Alberta Highway 16|Highway 16 ), runs west from Lloydminster in eastern Alberta, through Edmonton and Jasper National Park into British Columbia. One of the most scenic drives is along the Icefields Parkway , which runs for between Jasper and Lake Louise, with mountain ranges and glaciers on either side of its entire length.

Another major corridor through central Alberta is Alberta Highway 11|Highway 11 (also known as the David Thompson (explorer)|David Thompson Highway), which runs east from the Saskatchewan River Crossing, Alberta|Saskatchewan River Crossing in Banff National Park through Rocky Mountain House and Red Deer, Alberta|Red Deer , connecting with Alberta Highway 12|Highway 12 west of Stettler, Alberta|Stettler . The highway connects many of the smaller towns in central Alberta with Calgary and Edmonton, as it crosses Highway 2 just west of Red Deer.

Urban stretches of Alberta's major highways and freeway s are often called trails . For example, Highway 2, the main north-south highway in the province, is called Deerfoot Trail as it passes through Calgary but becomes Calgary Trail (for southbound traffic) and Gateway Boulevard (for northbound traffic) as it enters Edmonton and then turns into St. Albert Trail as it leaves Edmonton for the City of St. Albert, Alberta|St. Albert . Calgary, in particular, has a tradition of calling its largest urban limited-access road|expressway s trails and naming many of them after prominent First Nations individuals and tribes, such as Crowchild Trail , Deerfoot Trail, and Stoney Trail .

Calgary, Edmonton, Red Deer, Medicine Hat, and Lethbridge have substantial public transit systems. In addition to buses, Calgary and Edmonton operate light rail transit (LRT) systems. Edmonton LRT , which is underground in the downtown core and on the surface outside of it, was the first of the modern generation of light rail systems to be built in North America, while the Calgary C-Train has one of the highest number of daily riders of any LRT system in North America.

Alberta is well-connected by air, with international airport s in both Calgary and Edmonton. Calgary International Airport and Edmonton International Airport are the fourth and fifth List of the busiest airports in Canada|busiest in Canada respectively. Calgary's airport is a hub for WestJet|WestJet Airlines and a regional hub for Air Canada . Calgary's airport primarily serves the Canadian prairie provinces (Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba) for connecting flights to British Columbia, eastern Canada, 15 major US centres, nine European airports, one Asian airport and four destinations in Mexico and the Caribbean . Edmonton's airport acts as a hub for the Canadian north and has connections to all major Canadian airports as well as 10 major US airports, 3 European airports and 6 Mexican and Caribbean airports.

There are over of operating mainline railway, and many tourists see Alberta aboard Via Rail or Rocky Mountaineer . The Canadian Pacific Railway and Canadian National Railway companies operate railway freight across the province.

Health care

As with all Canadian provinces, Alberta provides for all citizens and residents through a publicly funded health care system. Alberta became Canada's second province (after Saskatchewan ) to adopt a Tommy Douglas -style program in 1950, a precursor to the modern Medicare (Canada)|medicare system.

Alberta's health care budget is currently $13.2 billion during the 2008–2009 fiscal year (approximately 36% of all government spending), making it the best funded health care system per-capita in Canada. Every hour more than $1.7 million is spent on health care in the province.

A highly educated population and burgeoning economy have made Alberta a national leader in health education, research, and resources. Many notable facilities include the Foothills Medical Centre , the Peter Lougheed Centre , Rockyview General Hospital , Alberta Children's Hospital , Grace Women's Health Centre, The University of Calgary Medical Centre (UCMC), Tom Baker Cancer Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta , in Calgary; In Edmonton, the University of Alberta Hospital , the Royal Alexandra Hospital (Edmonton)|Royal Alexandra Hospital , the Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute , the Lois Hole Hospital for Women, the Stollery Children's Hospital , the Alberta Diabetes Institute, the Cross Cancer Institute , and the Rexall Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research in Edmonton . Currently under construction in Edmonton is the new $909 million Edmonton Clinic , which will provide a similar research, education, and care environment as the Mayo Clinic in the United States .

All public health care services funded by the Government of Alberta are delivered operationally by Alberta Health Services . AHS is the province's single health authority established on July 1, 2008 which replaced nine local health authorities. AHS also funds all ground ambulance services in the province, as well as the province-wide STARS ( Shock Trauma Air Rescue Society ) air ambulance service.

Government

The government of Alberta is organized as a parliamentary democracy with a unicameral legislature. Its unicameral legislature—the Legislative Assembly of Alberta|Legislative Assembly —consists of eighty-three members.

Locally municipal governments and school boards are elected and operate separately. Their boundaries do not necessarily coincide. Municipalities where the same body act as both local government and school board are formally referred to as "counties" in Alberta.

As Canada's head of state , Queen Elizabeth II is the head of state for the Government of Alberta. Her duties in Alberta are carried out by Lieutenant Governor Donald Ethell . Although the lieutenant governor is technically the most powerful person in Alberta, he is in reality a figurehead whose actions are restricted by custom and constitutional convention (political custom)|constitutional convention . The government is therefore headed by the Premier of Alberta|premier . The current premier is Alison Redford who was elected as leader of the governing Progressive Conservatives on October 1, 2011. Redford was sworn in as the 14th Premier of Alberta on October 7, 2011.

The Premier is a Member of the Legislative Assembly, and she draws all the members of her Cabinet from among the members of the Legislative Assembly.

The City of Edmonton is the seat of the provincial government—the capital of Alberta.

Alberta's elections tend to yield results which are much more conservative than those of other Canadian provinces. Alberta has traditionally had three political parties, the Progressive Conservatives ("Conservatives" or "Tories"), the Alberta Liberal Party|Liberals , and the social democratic Alberta New Democratic Party|New Democrats . A fourth party, the strongly conservative Social Credit Party of Alberta|Social Credit Party , was a power in Alberta for many decades, but fell from the political map after the Progressive Conservatives came to power in 1971. Since that time, no other political party has governed Alberta. In fact, only four parties have governed Alberta: the Liberals, from 1905 to 1921; the United Farmers of Alberta , from 1921 to 1935; the Social Credit Party, from 1935 to 1971, and the currently governing Progressive Conservative Party, from 1971 to the present.

Alberta has had occasional surges in Alberta separatism|separatist sentiment . Even during the 1980s, when these feelings were at their strongest, there has never been enough interest in secession to initiate any major movements or referendums. There are several currently active groups wishing to promote the independence of Alberta in some form.

In the Alberta general election, 2008|2008 provincial election , held on March 3, 2008, the Progressive Conservative Party was re-elected as a majority government with 72 of 83 seats, the Alberta Liberal Party was elected as the Official Opposition with nine members, and two Alberta New Democratic Party members were elected. The Alberta general election, 2012|next election will be held in 2012.

Education

As with any Canadian province, the Alberta Legislature has (almost) exclusive authority to make laws respecting education. Since 1905 the Legislature has used this capacity to continue the model of locally elected public and separate school boards which originated prior to 1905, as well as to create and/or regulate universities, colleges, technical institutions and other educational forms and institutions (public charter schools, private schools, home schooling).

Elementary schools

There are forty-two public school jurisdictions in Alberta, and seventeen operating separate school jurisdictions. Sixteen of the operating separate school jurisdictions have a Catholic Church|Catholic electorate, and one ( St. Albert, Alberta|St. Albert ) has a Protestantism|Protestant electorate. In addition, one Protestant separate school district, Glen Avon, survives as a ward of the St. Paul Education Region. The City of Lloydminster straddles the Alberta/Saskatchewan border, and both the public and separate school systems in that city are counted in the above numbers: both of them operate according to Saskatchewan law.

For many years the Government of Alberta|provincial government has funded the greater part of the cost of providing K–12 education. Prior to 1994 public and separate school boards in Alberta had the legislative authority to levy a local tax on property, as supplementary support for local education. In 1994 the government of the province eliminated this right for public school boards, but not for separate school boards. Since 1994 there has continued to be a tax on property in support of K–12 education; the difference is that the mill rate is now set by the provincial government, the money is collected by the local municipal authority and remitted to the provincial government. The relevant legislation requires that all the money raised by this property tax must go to the support of K–12 education provided by school boards. The provincial government pools the property tax funds from across the province and distributes them, according to a formula, to public and separate school jurisdictions and Francophone authorities.

Public school (government funded)|Public and separate school boards, charter school s, and private school s all follow the Program of Studies and the curriculum approved by the provincial department of education (Alberta Education). Home schoolers may choose to follow the Program of Studies or develop their own Program of Studies. Public and separate schools, charter schools, and approved private schools all employ teachers who are certificated by Alberta Education, they administer Provincial Achievement Tests and Diploma Examinations set by Alberta Education, and they may grant high school graduation certificates endorsed by Alberta Education.

Universities

The University of Alberta , established in Edmonton in 1908, is Alberta's oldest and largest university. The University of Calgary , once affiliated with the University of Alberta, gained its autonomy in 1966 and is now the second largest university in Alberta. There is also Athabasca University , which focuses on distance learning, and the University of Lethbridge , both of which are located in their title cities.

In early September 2009, Mount Royal University became Calgary's second public university, and in late September 2009, a similar move made Grant MacEwan University Edmonton's second public university. There are 15 colleges that receive direct public funding, along with two technical institutes, Northern Alberta Institute of Technology and Southern Alberta Institute of Technology .

There is also a large and active private sector of post-secondary institutions, mostly List of colleges in Alberta#Private Colleges|Christian Universities , bringing the total number of universities to twelve, plus a DeVry University in Calgary, the only location in Canada. Students may also receive government loans and grants while attending selected private institutions. There has been some controversy in recent years over the rising cost of post-secondary education for students (as opposed to taxpayers). In 2005, Premier Ralph Klein made a promise that he would freeze tuition and look into ways of reducing schooling costs. So far, no plan has been released by the government of Alberta.

Culture

Summer brings many festivals to the province of Alberta, especially in Edmonton. The Edmonton Fringe Festival is the world's second largest after Edinburgh 's. Both Calgary and Edmonton host a number of annual festivals and events including folk music festivals. With a large number of summer and winter events, Edmonton prides itself as being the "Festival City". The city's "heritage days" festival sees the participation of over 70 ethnic groups. Edmonton's Churchill Square (Edmonton)|Churchill Square is home to a large number of the festivals, including the large Taste of Edmonton & The Works Art & Design Festival throughout the summer months.

The City of Calgary is also famous for its Calgary Stampede|Stampede , dubbed "The Greatest Outdoor Show on Earth." The Stampede is Canada's biggest rodeo festival and features various races and competitions, such as calf roping and bull riding . In line with the western tradition of rodeo are the cultural artisans that reside and create unique Alberta western heritage crafts.

The Banff Centre hosts a range of festivals and other events including the international Banff Mountain Film Festival|Mountain Film Festival . These cultural events in Alberta highlight the province's cultural diversity. Most of the major cities have several performing theatre companies who entertain in venues as diverse as Edmonton's Arts Barns and the Francis Winspear Centre for Music . Both Calgary and Edmonton are home to Canadian Football League and National Hockey League teams. Association football|Soccer , rugby union and lacrosse are also played professionally in Alberta.

Paleontology

Alberta has one of the greatest diversities and abundances of Late Cretaceous dinosaur fossils in the world. Taxa are represented by complete fossil skeletons, isolated material, microvertebrate remains, and even Bone bed|mass graves . At least 38 dinosaur type specimens are known from the Canadian province|province . The Foremost Formation , Oldman Formation and Dinosaur Park Formation s collectively comprise the Judith River Group and are the most thoroughly studied dinosaur bearing strata in Alberta. The stratigraphy of the Judith River Group has a confusing history due partly to the use of the Montana -Alberta border as an artificial division between equivalent strata. The modern Judith River Group stratigraphy was not finalized until 1993 when Eberth and Hamblin divided the Oldman Formation in two to create the new Dinosaur Park Formation. The resulting paleontological confusion was resolved by Phil Currie who relocated old quarries dinosaurs had been found in and determined their distribution within the modern stratigraphic framework.

Dinosaur-bearing strata are distributed widely through-out Alberta. The Dinosaur Provincial Park area contains outcrops of the Dinosaur Park Formation and Oldman Formation. In the central and southern regions of Alberta are intermittent Scollard Formation outcrops. In the Drumheller Valley and Edmonton regions there are exposed Horseshoe Canyon Formation|Horseshoe Canyon facies . Other Geologic formation|formations have been recorded as well, like the Milk River Formation|Milk River and Foremost Formations. However, these latter two have a lower diversity of documented dinosaurs, primarily due to their lower total fossil quantity and neglect from collectors who are hindered by the isolation and scarcity of exposed outcrops. Their dinosaur fossils are primarily teeth recovered from microvertebrate fossil sites. Additional geologic formations that have produced only few fossils are the Belly River Group and St. Mary River Formation s of the southwest and the northwestern Wapiti Formation . The Wapiti Formations contains two Pachyrhinosaurus bone beds that break its general trend of low productivity, however. The Bearpaw Formation represents strata deposited during a marine transgression . Dinosaurs are known from this Formation, but represent specimens washed out to sea or reworked from older sediments .Ryan, M. J., and Russell, A. P., 2001. Dinosaurs of Alberta (exclusive of Aves): In: Mesozoic Vertebrate Life, edited by Tanke, D. H., and Carpenter, K., Indiana University Press, pp. 279-297.

Friendship partners

Alberta has relationships with several provinces, states, and other entities worldwide.. Retrieved on 12 Aug 2011.

Jalisco , Mexico , Special Relationships

Hokkaido , Japan , Special Relationships

Gyeongsangnam-do , South Korea , Special Relationships

Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug|Khanty–Mansi , Russia , Special Relationships

Yamalo-Nenets , Russia , Special Relationships

Neuquén , Argentina , Economic MOUs

Mpumalanga , South Africa , Governance Projects

Heilongjiang , People's Republic of China , Special Relationships

Tyumen , Russia , Special Relationships

Montana , United States of America , Transboundary Partnerships

Gangwon-do (South Korea)|Gangwon-do , South Korea , Special Relationships

External links

Category:Alberta
Category:Provinces and territories of Canada
Category:States and territories established in 1905

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