Amen

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The word amen ( or ; ; Greek language|Greek : ?µ??; , ?amin ; "So be it; truly") is a declaration of affirmation found in the Hebrew Bible and New Testament . Its use in Judaism dates back to its earliest texts. Book of Numbers|Numbers 5:22, Deuteronomy 27.15-26, for example. It has been generally adopted in Christianity|Christian worship as a concluding word for prayer s and hymn s. In Islam , it is the standard ending to Dua (supplication) and the " Al-Fatiha|Opening " chapter of the Qur'an . Common English translations of the word amen include "verily" and "truly". It can also be used colloquially to express strong agreement, as in, for instance, amen to that . Encarta|Microsoft Encarta Dictionary Tools. Retrieved 20 August 2007

Pronunciation

In English, the word amen has two primary pronunciations, ah-men () or ay-men (), with minor additional variation in emphasis (the two syllables may be equally stressed instead of placing primary stress on the second). The Oxford English Dictionary gives "e?'men, often ??'m?n".

The ah-men pronunciation is used in performances of European classical music|classical music , in churches with more formalized ritual s and liturgy and in liberal to mainline Protestant denominations, as well as almost every Jewish congregation, in line with modern Hebrew pronunciation. The ay-men pronunciation, a product of the Great Vowel Shift dating to the 15th century, is associated with Irish Protestantism and conservative evangelical Christianity|Evangelical denominations generally, and is the pronunciation typically used in gospel music . Henry Watson Fowler|Fowler , in his Modern English Usage (2nd ed., s.v. 'amen'), quotes from Essays and Studies (1960), " Ahmen is probably a comparatively modern Anglican invention of about a hundred years' standing. Roman Catholics... on the whole retain the English amen ."

Etymology

The usage of Amen , meaning "so be it", as found in the early scriptures of the Bible is said to be of Hebrew language|Hebrew origin;Paul Joüon, SJ, A Grammar of Biblical Hebrew, trans. and revised by T. Muraoka, vol. I, Rome: Editrice Pontificio Instituto Biblico, 2000. however, the basic triconsonantal root from which the word was derived is common to a number of Semitic languages|Semitic Languages such as Aramaic and Arabic . The word was imported into the Greek of the early Church from Judaism. From Greek, amen entered the other Western languages. According to a standard dictionary etymology, amen passed from Greek into Late Latin , and thence into English.

The Hebrew word amen derives from the same ancient triliteral Hebrew root as does the verb ?amán . Grammarians frequently list ?amán under its three consonants ( aleph - mem - Nun (letter)|nun ), which are identical to those of ?amen (note that the Hebrew letter ? aleph originally represented a glottal stop sound, which functioned as a consonant in the morphology of Hebrew). This triliteral root means to be firm, confirmed, reliable, faithful, have faith, believe.

In Arabic language|Arabic , the word is derived from its triliteral common root word ?Amana (), which has the same meanings as the Hebrew root word.

Popular among some theosophy|theosophists , proponents of Afrocentric theories of history, The Origin of the Word Amen , Ed. by Issa & Faraji, Amen Ra Theological Seminary Press. as quoted in the Lexington Herald-Leader , " Scholar traces origins of 'Amen' He says word is of African, not Hebrew, origin ", Dec., 2007, and adherents of esoteric Christianity is the conjecture that amen is a derivative of the name of the Egyptian god Amun (which is sometimes also spelled Amen ). Some adherents of Eastern religions believe that amen shares roots with the Hindu Sanskrit word, Aum ''.Yogananda, Paramahansa. Autobiography of a Yoga, 1946, chapter 26.Sri H.W.L Poonja, 'The Truth is', Published by Samuel Weiser, 2000, ISBN 1-57863-175-0 There is no academic support for either of these views. The Hebrew word, as noted above, starts with aleph, while the Egyptian name begins with a yodh .Erman, Adolf & Grapow, Hermann: Wörterbuch der Aegyptischen Sprache., Im Auftrage der Deutschen Akademien, Berlin: Akademie Verlag (1971), p.85

The Armenian language|Armenian word ???? means "every"; however it is also used in the same form at the conclusion of prayers, much as in English. http://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/????_???

Hebrew Bible

Three distinct Biblical usages of amen may be noted:
# Initial amen , referring back to words of another speaker and introducing an affirmative sentence, e.g. 1 Books of Kings|Kings 1:36.
# Detached amen , again referring to the words of another speaker but without a complementary affirmative sentence, e.g. Nehemiah 5:13.
# Final amen , with no change of speaker, as in the subsciption to the first three divisions of Psalms .

New Testament

There are 52 amens in the Synoptic Gospels and 25 in Gospel of John|John . The five final amens (Matthew 6:13, 28:20, Mark 16:20, Luke 24:53 and John 21:25), which are wanting in the best Biblical manuscripts|manuscripts , simulate the effect of final amen in the Hebrew Psalms . All initial amens occur in the sayings of Jesus. These initial amens are unparalleled in Hebrew literature, according to Friedrich Delitzsch , because they do not refer to the words of a previous speaker but instead introduce a new thought."Amen", Encyclopedia Biblica

The uses of amen ("verily" or "I tell you the truth", depending on the translation) in the Gospels form a peculiar class; they are initial, but often lack any backward reference. Jesus used the word to affirm his own utterances, not those of another person, and this usage was adopted by the church. The use of the initial amen, single or double in form, to introduce solemn statements of Jesus in the Gospels had no parallel in Jewish practice.

In the King James Version of the Bible|King James Bible , the word amen is preserved in a number of contexts. Notable ones include:

The catechism of curses of the Torah|Law found in Deuteronomy 27.

A double amen ("amen and amen") occurs in Psalm 89 (Psalm 41:13; 72:19; 89:52), to confirm the words and invoke the fulfillment of them.

The custom of closing prayers with amen originates in the Lord's Prayer at Gospel of Matthew|Matthew 6:13

Amen occurs in several doxology formulas in Epistle to the Romans|Romans 1:25, 9:5, 11:36, 15:33, and several times in Chapter 16. It also appears in doxologies in the Pss (41:14; 72:19; 89:53; 106:48). This liturgical form from Judaism .cf. John L. McKezie, SJ, "Dictionary of the Bible", New York: MacMillan Publ. Co., Inc., 1965. Entry: "Amen," p. 25)

It concludes all of Paul of Tarsus|Paul's general epistle s.

In Book of Revelation|Revelation 3:14, Jesus is referred to as, "the Amen, the faithful and true witness, the beginning of God's creation."

Amen concludes the New Testament at Rev. 22:21.

Amen in Judaism

Although amen, in Judaism, is commonly stated as a response to a blessing, it is also often used as an affirmation of any declaration.

Jewish rabbinical halakha|law requires an individual to say amen in a variety of contexts. Orach Chaim 56 (amen in kaddish ); Orach Chaim|O.C. 124 (amen in response to brachah|blessing s recited by the Hazzan|prayer reader ); Orach Chaim|O.C. 215 (amen in response to brachah|blessing s made by any individual outside of the liturgy).

Liturgically, amen is a communal response to be recited at certain points during the prayer service. It is recited communally to affirm a brachah|blessing made by the Hazzan|prayer reader . It is also mandated as a response during the kaddish doxology.
The congregation is sometimes prompted to answer 'amen' by the terms ''ve-'imru () = "and say (pl.)," or, ve-nomar'' (?????) = "and let us say." Contemporary usage reflects ancient practice: As early as the 4th century BCE, Jews assembled in the second temple|Temple responded 'amen' at the close of a doxology or other prayer uttered by a kohen|priest . This Jewish liturgical use of amen was adopted by the Christians. But halakha|Jewish law also requires individuals to answer amen whenever they hear a brachah|blessing recited, even in a non-liturgical setting.

The Talmud teaches Homiletics|homiletically that the word amen is an acronym for ? ? ? ?? ? ??? ( ?El melekh ne?eman , "God, trustworthy King"), Shabbat (Talmud)|Tractate Shabbat 119b and Sanhedrin (tractate)|Tractate Sanhedrin 111a the phrase recited silently by an individual before reciting the Shma .

Jews usually approximate the Hebrew pronunciation of the word: ( Ashkenazi Hebrew|Ashkenazi ) or ( Sephardi Hebrew language|Sephardi ). To Pray as a Jew: A Guide to the Prayer Book and the Synagogue Service, Hayim Halevy Donin

Amen in Christianity

The use of "amen" has been generally adopted in Christian worship as a concluding word for prayers and hymns and express strong agreements. The liturgical use of the word in apostolic times is attested by the passage from 1 Corinthians cited above, and Justin Martyr (c. 150) describes the congregation as responding "amen" to the benediction after the celebration of the Eucharist. Its introduction into the baptismal formula (in the Greek Orthodox Church it is pronounced after the name of each person of the Trinity) is probably later. Among certain gnosticism|Gnostic sects Amen became the name of an angel.

In Isaiah 65:16, the authorized version has "the God of truth," ("the God of amen," in Hebrew . Jesus often used amen to put emphasis to his own words (translated: "verily"). In John's Gospel, it is repeated, "Verily, verily." Amen is also used in oath (Numbers 5:22; Deuteronomy 27:15–26; Nehemiah 5:13; 8:6; 1 Chronicles 16:36). "Amen" is further found at the end of the prayer of primitive churches (1 Corinthians 14:16).

In some Christian Church (building)|churches , the amen corner or amen section is any subset of the congregation likely to call out "Amen!" in response to points in a preacher's sermon . Metaphorically, the term can refer to any group of heartfelt traditionalists or supporters of an authority figure.

Amen is also used in standard, international French, but in Cajun French Ainsi soit-il ("so be it") is used instead.

Amen is used at the end of Our Lord's Prayer, which is also called the Our Father or the Pater Noster.

Amen in Islam

Muslims use the word ?Amin () when concluding a prayer or dua, and Sunni Muslims use it after reciting the first surah ( Al Fatiha ) of the Qur'an , with the same meaning as in Christianity. The Islamic use of the word is similar to the Jewish and Christian use of the word.

In Arabic ?Amin simply means "so be it". To Muslims it is a reasonable end to any supplication. There are Hadith|A?adith suggesting that the prophet Muhammad encouraged people to say it after supplications. Sunni Muslim traditions also indicate that the Prophet recommended the believers to say ?min when the Imam completes reading surah Al-Fatiha|Al-Fati?ah . Abu Hurayrah reported: The Messenger of Allah said: Say ??min when the Imam says ??min, for if anyone's utterance of ??min synchronises with that of the angels, he will be forgiven his past sins. http://al-mawrid.org/pages/questions_english_detail.php? qid=93& cid=311

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