Baroness

Music Home >> Music Genres >> Undetermined Music



< < < < < > > > > > More Info on Baroness Similar Undetermined Music Search Artistopia

Biography

: Not to be confused with Baronet .

Baron is a title of nobility .
The word baron comes from the Old French baron , from a Late Latin baro "man", of uncertain origin, perhaps from an Old Frankish baro "freeman" (cognate with Old English language|Old English wikt:beorn|beorn meaning "warrior, nobleman").

In England, the medieval Latin word baro, baronis , was used originally to denote a tenant-in-chief of the early Norman England|Norman kings , who held his lands by the Feudal land tenure|feudal tenure of " English feudal barony|barony ", in Latin per baroniam , and who was entitled to attend the Great Council which by the 13th century had developed into the Parliament of England .Sanders, I.J., Feudal Military Service in England: A Study of the Constitutional and Military Powers of the Barones in Medieval England, Oxford, 1956, Part I, The Baro and the Baronia

The title was quite common in most European countries often in a slightly modified form. In Italian, the word used was Nobility of Italy#Titles of Nobility|Barone . The corresponding title in the Holy Roman Empire was Freiherr .

Barons in the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth

In the Peerage of the United Kingdom , barons form the lowest rank, placed immediateley below viscount s. A female of baronial rank has the title baroness . Feudal baronies (or "baronies by tenure") are now obsolete in England and without any legal force but any such historical titles are held Hereditary in gross|in gross , that is to say are deemed to be enveloped within a more modern extant peerage title also held by the holder, sometimes along with vestigial manorial rights and tenures by Serjeanty|grand serjeanty .

William I of England|William I introduced "baron" as a rank in England to distinguish the men who had pledged their loyalty to him under the Feudalism|feudal system . Previously, in the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of England, the king's companions held the title of earl and in Scotland , the title of Thane (Scotland)|thane . All who held their feudal barony " Tenant-in-chief|in-chief of the king ", that is with the king as his immediate overlord , became alike barones regis ("barons of the king"), bound to perform a stipulated annual military service, and obliged to attend his council. Eventually the greatest of the nobles, especially those in the marches , such as the Earl of Chester|Earls of Chester or the Bishop of Durham|Bishops of Durham , whose territories were often deemed palatinate , that is to say "worthy of a prince", might refer to their own tenants as "barons", where lesser magnates spoke simply of their "men" ( homines ).

Initially those who held land directly from the king by Feudal land tenure|military service , from earls downwards, all bore alike the title of baron, which was thus the factor uniting all members of the ancient baronage as peers one of another. Under Henry II of England|King Henry II (1135-1154), the Dialogus de Scaccario already distinguished between greater barons, who held per baroniam by knight's service, and lesser barons, who generally held fewer manors. Within a century of the Norman Conquest of 1066, as in the case of Thomas Becket in 1164, there arose the practice of sending to each greater baron a personal summons demanding his attendance at the King's Council, which evolved into the Parliament and later into the House of Lords , whilst as was stipulated in Magna Carta of 1215, the lesser barons of each county would receive a single summons as a group through the sheriff , and representatives only from their number would be elected to attend on behalf of the group. These representatives developed into the Knight of the Shire|Knights of the Shire , elected by the County Court presided over by the sheriff, who themselves formed the precursor of the House of Commons of England|House of Commons . Thus appeared a definite distinction, which eventually had the effect of restricting to the greater barons alone the privileges and duties of peerage.

Later, the king started to create new barony|baronies in one of two ways: by a Hereditary peer#Writs of summons|writ of summons directing a chosen man to attend Parliament of England|Parliament , and in an even later development by letters patent . Writs of summons became the normal method in medieval times, displacing the method of feudal barony, but creation of baronies by letters patent is the sole method adopted in modern times. Since the adoption of summons by writ, baronies thus no longer relate directly to land-holding, and thus no more feudal baronies needed thenceforth to be created. Following the Modus Tenendi Parliamenta of 1419, the Tenures Abolition Act 1660 , the Feudal Tenure Act (1662), and the Fines and Recoveries Act of 1834, titles of feudal barony became obsolete and without legal force.

In the twentieth century Britain introduced the concept of non-hereditary life peer s. All appointees to this distinction have been at the rank of baron. Life-peers are not counted as part of the aristocracy although in accordance with the tradition applied to hereditary peers they too are formally addressed in parliament by their peers as "The Noble Lord".

In addition, baronies are often used by their holders as subsidiary titles, for example as courtesy titles for the son and heir of an Earl or higher peer.

Scotland

In Scotland , the rank of baron is a rank of the ancient feudal nobility of Scotland and refers to a holder of a feudal barony, formerly a feudal superiority over a proper territorial entity erected into a free barony by a Crown Charter, and is not usually considered a rank of Peerage of Scotland|Peerage ; as such it can be transferred by either inheritance or conveyance.

The Scottish equivalent of an English baron is a Lord of Parliament .

Style of address

Normally one refers to or addresses Baron as Lord and his wife as Lady . In the case of women who hold baronies in their own right, they can be referred to as Baroness as well as Lady . In direct address, they can also be referred to as My Lord , Your Lordship , or Your Ladyship , but never as My Lady (except in the case of a female judge). The husband of a Baroness in her own right does not receive any style in her right. Children of Barons and Baronesses in their own right, whether hereditary or for life, have the style The Honourable . After the death of the father or mother, the child may continue to use the style Honourable .

Scottish feudal barons style their surnames similarly to Clan Chiefs, with the name of their barony following their name, as in John Smith of Edinburgh or John Smith, Baron of Edinburgh . Most formally, and in writing, they are styled as The Much Honoured Baron of Edinburgh . Their wives are styled Lady Edinburgh , or The Baroness of Edinburgh . The phrase Lady of Edinburgh is wrong, if the lady in question does not hold a Scottish barony in her own right. Orally, Scottish barons may be addressed with the name of their barony, as in Edinburgh or else as Baron without anything else following, which if present would suggest a peerage barony. Informally, when referring to a Scots feudal baron in the third person, the name Laird of is used or simply .

Non-Scottish barons are styled The Right Honourable The Lord . Barons' wives are styled The Right Honourable The Lady . Baronesses in their own right are either titled The Right Honourable The Baroness or The Right Honourable The Lady , mainly based on personal preference ( cf , Margaret Thatcher|Margaret, Lady Thatcher and Brenda Hale, Baroness Hale of Richmond|Brenda, Baroness Hale hold the same title). Note the order of the names. 'Lady Margaret Thatcher' would denote that she was the daughter of an earl, marquess or duke. Right Honourable is frequently abbreviated to Rt Hon. When referred to by the Sovereign in public instruments, The Right Honourable is changed to Our right trusty and well-beloved , with counsellor attached if they are a Privy Council of the United Kingdom|Privy Counsellor .

Courtesy barons are styled simply Lord , and their wives are Lady . The style of Right Honourable and/or the article "The" in front of the title is not used for them.

Coronet

A baron, in the peerage of England and Wales, Great Britain, (Northern) Ireland, or the United kingdom, or lord, in the peerage of Scotland, is entitled to a coronet bearing six silver balls (called pearls, but never real pearls) around the rim, equally spaced and all of equal size and height. The rim itself is neither jewelled, nor "chased" (which is the case for the coronets of peers of higher degree).

The actual coronet is mostly worn on certain ceremonial occasions, such as the coronation of a new monarch, but a baron can bear his coronet of rank on his coat of arms above the shield. In heraldry, the baron's coronet is shown with four of the balls visible.

Scottish feudal barons were entitled to a red cap of maintenance (chapeau) turned up ermine if petitioning for a grant or matriculation of a coat of arms between the 1930s and 2004. This chapeau is identical to the red cap worn by an English baron, but without the silver balls or gilt. This is sometimes depicted in armorial paintings between the shield and the helmet. Additionally, if the baron is the head of a family he may include a chiefly coronet which is similar to a ducal coronet, but with four strawberry leaves. Because the chapeau was a relatively recent innovation, a number of ancient Arms of Scottish feudal barons do not display the chapeau. Now Scottish feudal barons are principally recognised by the baron's helm, which in Scotland is a steel helmet with grille of three grilles, garnished in gold. Occasionally the great tilting-helm garnished with gold is shown, or a helmet befitting a higher rank, if held.

Continental Europe

The Low Countries

In the medieval era, some Allodial title|allodial and en fiefdom|fief ed lands held by nobles were created or recognized as baronies by the Holy Roman Emperor s, within whose realm most of the Low Countries lay. Subsequently, the House of Habsburg|Habsburgs continued to confer the baronial title in the Southern Netherlands , first as kings of Spain and then, again, as emperors until abolition of the Holy Roman Empire, but these had become title|titular elevations rather than grants of new territory.

In the Netherlands after 1815, titles of baron authorized by previous monarchs (except those of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland ) were usually recognized by the Netherlands|Dutch kings. But such recognition was not automatic, having to be authenticated by the Supreme Council of Nobility and then approved by the sovereign. This ceased to be possible after the Dutch constitution was revised in 1983. More than list of Dutch noble families#Barons|one hundred Dutch baronial families have been recognized. The title is usually inherited by all males descended patrilineality|patrilineally from the original recipient of the title, although in a few noble families baron is the title of cadet family members, while in a few others it is heritable according to primogeniture.

After its secession in 1830, Belgium incorporated into its nobility all titles of baron borne by Belgian citizens which had been recognized by the Netherlands since 1815. In addition, its monarchs have since created or recognized other titles of baron, and the sovereign continues to exercise the prerogative to confer baronial and other titles of nobility.

Luxembourg's monarch retains the right to confer the baronial title. Two of the grand duchy's prime ministers inherited baronial titles that were used during their tenures in office, Victor de Tornaco and Félix de Blochausen .

France

During the Ancien Régime , French baronies were very much like Scottish ones. Feudal landholders were entitled to style themselves baron if they were nobles; a roturier ( commoner ) could only be a seigneur de la baronnie (lord of the barony). These baronies could be sold freely, until the abolition of feudalism in 1789. The title of baron was assumed as a courtesy title|titre de courtoisie by many nobles, both members of the Nobles of the Robe and cadets of Nobles of the Sword who had no legal right to any noble title. Napoléon created a new empire nobility , in which baron was the second lowest title. The titles followed a male-only line of descent and could not be purchased. In 1815, King Louis XVIII created a new Peerage of France|peerage system based on the British model. Baron-peer was the lowest title, but the heirs to pre-1789 barons could remain barons, as could the elder sons of viscount-peers and younger sons of count-peers. This peerage was abolished in 1848, though some titles still exist today.

Germany

In pre-republican Germany all the knight ly families of the Holy Roman Empire (sometimes distinguished by the prefix von ) eventually were recognised as of baronial rank, although Ritter is the literal translation for "knight", and persons who held that title enjoyed a distinct, but lower, rank in Germany's nobility than barons ( Freiherr en ). Families which had always held this status were called "original nobility" ( Uradel ), and were heraldically entitled to a three pointed coronet. Families which had been ennoblement|ennobled at a definite point in time ( Briefadel or "nobility by letters patent|patent ") had seven points on their coronet. These families held their fief in vassal age from a suzerain . The holder of an allodial (i.e. suzerain-free) barony was thus called a Free Lord , or Freiherr . Subsequently, sovereigns in Germany conferred the title of Freiherr as a Ranks of nobility and peerage|rank in the nobility, without implication of allodial or feudal status.

Today there is no legal privilege associated with hereditary titles in Germany, and in Austria they have been banned (though persisting in social use). In republican Germany, Freiherr and Baron remain heritable only as part of the legal surname , (and may thereby be transmitted by females to their husbands and children, without implication of nobility).

In Luxembourg and Liechtenstein (where German is the official language), barons remain members of the recognized nobility, and the sovereigns retain authority to confer the title ( morganatic marriage|morganatic cadets of the princely dynasty received the title Baron of Lanskron , using both "Freiherr" and "Baron" for different members of this branch).

Generally, all legitimate males of a German baronial family inherit the title Freiherr or Baron from birth, as well as all legitimate daughters inherit the title of Freiin or Baroness . As a result, German barons have been more numerous than those of, e.g., France, Spain, and the United Kingdom, where primogeniture prevails.

Nordic countries

The corresponding title is Baron in the Danish nobility and Norwegian nobility|that of Norway , Friherre in the Swedish nobility , and Vapaaherra in the nobility of Finland .

In the beginning, Finnish nobles were all without honorific titulature, and known simply as lords. Since the Middle Ages , each head of a noble family had been entitled to a vote in any of Finland's provincial diet (assembly)|diet s whenever held, as in the realm's Herrainpäivät , later Aatelissääty of the Riksdag of the Estates . In 1561, Sweden's King Eric XIV granted the hereditary titles of count and vapaaherra to some of these, but not all. Although their cadet family members were not entitled to vote or sit in the Riksdag, they were legally entitled to the same title as the head of the family, but in Tradition|custom ary address they became Paroni or Paronitar . Theoretically, in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, families elevated to vapaaherra status were granted a barony in fief , enjoying some rights of taxation and judicial authority. Subsequently, the "barony" was titular, usually attached to a family property, which was sometimes fee tail|entailed . Their exemptions from taxes on landed properties continued into the twentieth century, although in the nineteenth century tax reforms narrowed this privilege. Nobility creations continued until 1917, the end of grand duchy of Finland|Finland's grand ducal monarchy .

Spain

In Spain the title follows Viscount|Vizconde in the noble hierarchy, and ranks above Señor . Baronesa is the feminine form, for the wife of a baron or for a woman who has been granted the title in her own right. In general, titles of baron created before the nineteenth century originate from the Crown of Aragon . Barons lost territorial jurisdiction around the middle of the nineteenth century, and from then on the title became purely honorific. Although most barons have not also held the rank of grandee|grandeza , the title has been conferred in conjunction with the grandeza . The sovereign continues to grant baronial titles.

Other

Like other major Western noble titles, baron is sometimes used to render certain titles in non-western languages with their own traditions, even though they are necessarily historically unrelated and thus hard to compare, which are considered 'equivalent' in relative rank.

This is the case with China's wikt:nán|nán ( wikt:?|? ), hereditary title of nobility of the fifth rank (??), as well as its derivatives and adaptations:

the Indian equivalent damapati

the Japanese equivalent danshaku (?????, wikt:??|?? )

the Korean equivalent namjak (??, ??)

the Manchu equivalent ashan-i hafan

the Vietnamese equivalent wikt:vi:nam tu?c|nam tu?c

the Romanian equivalent Baroneasa for Baroness.

In some republics of continental Europe, the unofficial title of "Baron" retains a purely social prestige, with no particular political privilege s.

In the Polynesian island monarchy of Tonga , as opposed to the situation in Europe, barons are granted this imported title (in English), alongside traditional chiefly styles, and continue to hold and exercise some political power (sociology)|power .

Copyright Citations

This article is licensed under the GNU License
Click here for original article: Baroness


1. Candide 2. Crimson Twins 3. Grey DeLisle 4. Marianne Faithfull 5. House of Lords 6. Opal 7. Sarah Slean 8. Vicky Leandros 9. Shane Lynch 10. Ignacy Paderewski 11. Jacqueline Fontyn 12. Frederic Chopin 13. Ignacy Jan Paderewski 14. Between The Buried And Me 15. Julie Delpy 16. Churchill 17. crosby 18. David Fanshawe 19. High On Fire 20. Highwayman 21. Highwaymen 22. Lynda 23. Marianne Faithful 24. Orphanage 25. Pig Destroyer

Undetermined Music Artists