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Biography
Redirect|BiohazardExpert-subject|date=April 2010 Biological hazards , also known as biohazards , refer to biological substances that pose a threat to the health of living organisms, primarily that of humans. This can include medical waste or samples of a microorganism , virus or toxin (from a biological source) that can impact human health. It can also include substances harmful to animals. The term and Hazard symbol#Biohazard sign|its associated symbol is generally used as a warning, so that those potentially exposed to the substances will know to take precautions. The biohazard symbol was developed by the Dow Chemical Company in 1966 for their containment products.Cite web|url= http://www.hms.harvard.edu/orsp/coms/BiosafetyResources/History-of-Biohazard-Symbol.htm|title=Biohazard Symbol History
It is used in the labeling of biological materials that carry a significant health risk, including viral samples and used hypodermic needles .
In Unicode , the bio hazard sign is U+2623 (?).
Classification
Bio hazardous agents are classified for transportation by UN number :(From http://www.ocio.usda.gov/directives/doc/DR9630-001.htm)
Category A, UN 2814- Infectious substances affecting humans and animals: An infectious substance in a form capable of causing permanent disability or life-threatening or fatal disease in otherwise healthy humans or animals when exposure to it occurs.
Category B, UN 2900- Infectious substances affecting animals only: An infectious substance that is not in a form generally capable of causing permanent disability of life-threatening or fatal disease in otherwise healthy humans and animals when exposure to themselves occurs.
Category B, UN 3373- Biological substance transported for diagnostic or investigative purposes.
Regulated Medical Waste, UN 3291- Waste or reusable material derived from medical treatment of an animal or human, or from biomedical research, which includes the production and testing of biological products.
Levels of biohazard
Main|Biosafety levelThe United States' Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) categorizes various diseases in levels of biohazard, Level 1 being minimum risk and Level 4 being extreme risk. Laboratories and other facilities are categorized as BSL ( Biosafety Level ) 1-4 or as P1 through P4 for short (Pathogen or Protection Level).
Biohazard Level 1: Bacteria and viruses including Bacillus subtilis , Canidae|canine hepatitis , Escherichia coli , varicella ( chicken pox ), as well as some cell cultures and non-infectious bacteria. At this level precautions against the biohazardous materials in question are minimal, most likely involving gloves and some sort of facial protection. Usually, contaminated materials are left in open (but separately indicated) waste receptacles. Decontamination procedures for this level are similar in most respects to modern precautions against everyday viruses (i.e.: washing one's hands with anti-bacterial soap, washing all exposed surfaces of the lab with disinfectants, etc.). In a lab environment, all materials used for cell and/or bacteria cultures are decontaminated via autoclave .
Biohazard Level 2: Bacteria and viruses that cause only mild disease to humans, or are difficult to contract via aerosol in a lab setting, such as hepatitis hepatitis A|A , hepatitis B|B , and hepatitis C|C , influenza A , Lyme disease , salmonella , mumps , measles , scrapie , dengue fever , and Human immunodeficiency virus|HIV . "Routine diagnostic work with clinical specimens can be done safely at Biosafety Level 2, using Biosafety Level 2 practices and procedures. Research work (including co-cultivation, virus replication studies, or manipulations involving concentrated virus) can be done in a BSL-2 (P2) facility , using BSL-3 practices and procedures. Virus production activities, including virus concentrations, require a BSL-3 (P3) facility and use of BSL-3 practices and procedures", see http://www.cdc.gov/od/ohs/biosfty/bmbl4/bmbl4s6.htm Recommended Biosafety Levels for Infectious Agents. http://www.cdc.gov/od/ohs/biosfty/bmbl4/bmbl4s6.htm Recommended Biosafety Levels for Infectious Agents
Biohazard Level 3: Bacteria and viruses that can cause severe to fatal disease in humans, but for which vaccines or other treatments exist, such as Anthrax disease|anthrax , West Nile virus , Venezuelan equine encephalitis , Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome|SARS virus , tuberculosis , typhus , Rift Valley fever , RockyMountain spotted fever , yellow fever , and malaria . Among parasites Plasmodium falciparum , which causes Malaria , and Trypanosoma cruzi , which causes trypanosomiasis , also come under this level.
Biohazard Level 4: Viruses and bacteria that cause severe to fatal disease in humans, and for which vaccines or other treatments are not available, such as Bolivian hemorrhagic fever|Bolivian and Argentine hemorrhagic fever s, Dengue hemorrhagic fever , Marburg virus , Ebola virus , hantaviruses , Lassa fever , Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever , and other viral hemorrhagic fever|hemorrhagic diseases. Variola virus ( smallpox ) is an agent that is worked with at BSL-4 despite the existence of a vaccine. When dealing with biological hazards at this level the use of a positive pressure personnel suit , with a segregated air supply, is mandatory. The entrance and exit of a Level Four biolab will contain multiple showers, a vacuum room, an ultraviolet light room, Autonomous Detection System|autonomous detection system , and other safety precautions designed to destroy all traces of the biohazard. Multiple airlocks are employed and are electronically secured to prevent both doors opening at the same time. All air and water service going to and coming from a Biosafety level#Levels|Biosafety Level 4 (P4) lab will undergo similar decontamination procedures to eliminate the possibility of an accidental release.
Symbol
The Hazard_symbol#Biohazard_sign|biohazard symbol was developed by the Dow Chemical Company in 1966 for their containment products. According to Charles Baldwin, an environmental-health engineer who contributed to its development: "We wanted something that was memorable but meaningless, so we could educate people as to what it means." In an article in Science (journal)|Science in 1967, the symbol was presented as the new standard for all biological hazards ("biohazards"). The article explained that over 40 symbols were drawn up by Dow artists, and all of the symbols investigated had to meet a number of criteria: "(i) striking in form in order to draw immediate attention; (ii) unique and unambiguous, in order not to be confused with symbols used for other purposes; (iii) quickly recognizable and easily recalled; (iv) easily stenciled; (v) symmetrical, in order to appear identical from all angles of approach; and (vi) acceptable to groups of varying ethnic backgrounds." The chosen scored the best on nationwide testing for memorability.cite journal|last=Baldwin|first=CL|coauthors=Runkle, RS|title=Biohazards symbol: development of a biological hazards warning signal|journal=Science|date=1967 Oct 13|volume=158|issue=798|pages=264–5|doi=10.1126/science.158.3798.264|url= http://www.hms.harvard.edu/orsp/coms/BiosafetyResources/1967-10-13-Science-paper-Biohazard-Symbol.pdf|accessdate=29 August 2011|pmid=6053882
The design was first specified in http://www.archive.org/stream/federalregister39kunit#page/n849/mode/1up 39 FR 23680 but was dropped in the succeeding amendment. However, various US states adopted the specification for their state code, like, for instance, Washington http://www.lni.wa.gov/wisha/rules/corerules/html/296-800-110.htm WAC 296-800-11045, see PDF for a high resolution graphic.
See also
Biological agent
Biosafety level
Public health
References
Notes
reflist|colwidth=40emTransportation & regulation: Transportation of biological materials is governed by Federal and State Regulations ( http://www.phmsa.dot.gov/portal/site/PHMSA/menuitem.ebdc7a8a7e39f2e55cf2031050248a0c/? vgnextoid=ed62d0dfb2e87110VgnVCM1000009ed07898RCRD& vgnextchannel=0e78a535eac17110VgnVCM1000009ed07898RCRD& vgnextfmt=print ). Those who package and transport biological specimens require special training http://www.phmsa.dot.gov/staticfiles/PHMSA/DownloadableFiles/Files/Transporting_Infectious_Substances_brochure.pdf) USA Couriers ( http://www.usacouriers.com/specialty_services.html ) specializes in the transport of medical specimens with temperature controlled coolers, specially trained couriers and dependable service.
Bibliography
refbegin
cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.158.3798.264 |author=Baldwin CL, Runkle RS |title=Biohazards symbol: development of a biological hazards warning signal |journal=Science |volume=158 |issue=3798 |pages=264–5 |year=1967 |month=October |pmid=6053882 |url= http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup? view=long& pmid=6053882
cite book |author=Preston, Richard |title=The Hot Zone |publisher=Anchor Books |location=New York |year=1994 |isbn=3-426-77257-4
cite book |author=Preston, Richard |title=The Demon in the Freezer: A True Story |year=2002 |isbn=0-375-50856-2
refend
External links
http://www.cdc.gov/od/ohs/biosfty/bmbl4/bmbl4toc.htm "Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories", official Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC guide.
http://hwi.osha.europa.eu/topic_prevention_biologicalhazards/ "Prevention of Biological Hazards", EU-OSHA
http://www.hms.harvard.edu/orsp/coms/BiosafetyResources/History-of-Biohazard-Symbol.htm "Symbol Making", an account of the development of the symbol in 1966.
