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Biography

Brackets are tall punctuation marks used in matched pairs within text, to set apart or interject other text. Used unqualified, brackets refer to different types of brackets in different parts of the world and in different contexts.

List of types

(& nbsp;) & mdash; round brackets , open brackets , close brackets (UK), or #Parentheses|parentheses

& mdash; square brackets , closed brackets , or brackets (US)

{& nbsp;} & mdash; curly brackets , definite brackets , swirly brackets , curly braces , birdie brackets , Scottish brackets , squirrelly brackets , braces , gullwings , seagull , fancy brackets , or DeLorean Brackets

?& nbsp;? & mdash; pointy brackets , angle brackets , triangular brackets , diamond brackets , tuples , or chevrons

& lt;& nbsp;& gt; & mdash; inequality signs , pointy brackets , or brackets . Sometimes referred to as angle brackets , in such cases as HTML markup. Occasionally known as broken brackets or brokets . http://catb.org/jargon/html/B/broket.html

‹& nbsp;›; «& nbsp;» & mdash; angular quote brackets , or guillemet s

? ?; ? ? & mdash; corner brackets

History

The chevron was the earliest type to appear in written English . Desiderius Erasmus coined the term lunula to refer to the rounded parentheses (), recalling the round shape of the moon .Truss, Lynne. Eats, Shoots & Leaves , 2003. p. 161. ISBN 1-59240-087-6.

Usage

In addition to referring to the class of all types of brackets, the unqualified word bracket is most commonly used to refer to a specific type of bracket. In modern American usage this is usually the square bracket.

In American usage, parentheses are usually considered separate from other brackets, and calling them "brackets" at all is unusual even though they serve a similar function. In more formal usage " Parenthesis (rhetoric)|parenthesis " may refer to the entire bracketed text, not just to the punctuation marks used (so all the text in this set of round brackets may be said to be Parenthesis (rhetoric)|a parenthesis or a parenthetical).

According to early typographic practice, brackets are never set in italics , even when the surrounding characters are italic.Robert Bringhurst, The Elements of Typographic Style , §5.3.2.

Types

Parentheses ( )Anchor|Parentheses|Parenthesis

Parentheses (singular, parenthesis ) – also called simply brackets , or round brackets , curved brackets , oval brackets , or, colloquially, parens – contain material that could be omitted without destroying or altering the meaning of a sentence. In most writing, overuse of parentheses is usually a sign of a badly structured text. A milder effect may be obtained by using a pair of commas as the delimiter , though if the sentence contains commas for other purposes visual confusion may result.

Parentheses may be used in formal writing to add supplementary information, such as "Sen. John McCain (R., Arizona) spoke at length." They can also indicate shorthand for " uncertain plural|either singular or plural " for nouns – e.g., "the claim(s)" – or for "either masculine or feminine" in some languages with grammatical gender . Slash (punctuation)#Gender-neutrality in Spanish and Portuguese

Parenthetical phrases have been used extensively in informal writing and stream of consciousness literature. Of particular note is the southern American author William Faulkner (see Absalom, Absalom! and The Sound and the Fury#Part 2: June 2.2C 1910|the Quentin section of The Sound and the Fury ) as well as poet E. E. Cummings .
Parentheses have historically been used where the Dash#Em dash|dash is currently used – that is, in order to depict alternatives, such as "parenthesis)(parentheses". Examples of this usage can be seen in editions of '' A Dictionary of Modern English Usage|Fowler's .

Parentheses may also be nested (generally with one set (such as this) inside another set). This is not commonly used in formal writing (though sometimes other brackets will be used for one or more inner set of parentheses ).

Any punctuation inside parentheses or other brackets is independent of the rest of the text: "Mrs. Pennyfarthing (What? Yes, that was her name!) was my landlady." In this usage the explanatory text in the parentheses is a parenthesis (rhetoric)|parenthesis . (Parenthesized text is usually short and within a single sentence. Where several sentences of supplemental material are used in parentheses the final full stop would be within the parentheses. Again, the parenthesis implies that the meaning and flow of the text is supplemental to the rest of the text and the whole would be unchanged were the parenthesized sentences removed.)

Parentheses in mathematics signify a different Order of operations|precedence of operators. Normally, would be 14, since the multiplication is done before the addition. On the other hand is 20, because the parentheses override normal precedence, causing the addition to be done first. Some authors follow the convention in mathematical equations that, when parentheses have one level of nesting, the inner pair are parentheses and the outer pair are square brackets. Example:

:

^2=400

A related convention is that when parentheses have two levels of nesting, braces are the outermost pair.

Parentheses are also used to set apart the parameter|argument s in mathematical function (mathematics)|function s. For example, f ( x ) is the function f applied to the Variable (mathematics)|variable x . In coordinate system s parentheses are used to denote a set of coordinates; so in the Cartesian coordinate system may represent the point located at 4 on the x -axis and 7 on the y -axis. Parentheses may also represent interval (mathematics)|intervals ; , for example, is the interval between 0 and 5, not including 0 or 5.

Parentheses may also be used to represent a binomial coefficient , and in chemistry to denote a polyatomic ion .

In Chinese language|Chinese and Japanese language|Japanese , ? ?, a combination of brackets and parentheses called ???? and sumitsuki , are used for inference in Chinese and used in titles and headings in Japanese.

Square brackets Anchor|square bracket|Square brackets

Square brackets – also called simply brackets (US) – are mainly used to enclose explanatory or missing material usually added by someone other than the original author, especially in quoted text. The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th ed. , The University of Chicago Press, 2003, §6.104
Examples include: "I appreciate it , but I must refuse", and "the future of psionics is in doubt". They may also be used to modify quotations. For example, if referring to someone's statement "I hate to do laundry", one could write: He "hate to do laundry".

The bracketed expression " sic|" is used after a quote or reprinted text to indicate the passage appears exactly as in the original source; a bracketed ellipsis is often used to indicate deleted material; bracketed comments indicate when original text has been modified for clarity: "I'd like to thank and my parentals for their love, tolerance and assistance ".

Brackets are used in mathematics in a variety of notations, including standard notations for interval (mathematics)|intervals , commutator s, the Floor and ceiling functions|floor function , the Lie bracket of vector fields|Lie bracket , the Iverson bracket , and Matrix (mathematics)|matrices .

In translated works, brackets are used to signify the same word or phrase in the original language to avoid ambiguity. The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th ed. , The University of Chicago Press, 2003, §6.105
For example: He is trained in the way of the open hand .

When nested parentheses are needed, brackets are used as a substitute for the inner pair of parentheses within the outer pair. The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th ed. , The University of Chicago Press, 2003, §6.102 and §6.106
When deeper levels of nesting are needed, convention is to alternate between parentheses and brackets at each level.

In linguistics, phonetic transcription s are generally enclosed within brackets, The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th ed. , The University of Chicago Press, 2003, §6.107 often using the International Phonetic Alphabet , while phoneme|phonemic transcriptions typically use paired Slash (punctuation)|slashes .

Brackets can also be used in chemistry to represent the concentration of a chemical substance or to denote distributed charge in a Complex (chemistry)|complex ion .

Brackets (called move-left symbols or move right symbols ) are added to the sides of text in proofreading to indicate changes in indentation:

Move left
Center
Move up

Brackets are used to denote parts of the text that need to be checked when preparing drafts prior to finalizing a document. They often denote points that have not yet been agreed to in legal drafts and the year in which a report was made for certain case law decisions.

Curly brackets { }

Curly brackets – also called braces (US) or squiggly brackets (UK, informally ) are sometimes used in prose to indicate a series of equal choices: "Select your animal {goat, sheep, cow, horse} and follow me". They are used in specialized ways in poetry and music (to mark repeats or joined lines). The musical terms for this mark joining staves are accolade (notation)|accolade and " brace (music)|brace ", and connect two or more lines of music that are played simultaneously. Retrieved on May 3, 2009 In mathematics they delimit Set (mathematics)|sets . In many Curly bracket programming language|programming languages , they enclose groups of statement (programming)|statement s. Such languages ( C programming language|C being one of the best-known examples) are therefore called curly bracket languages . Some people use a brace to signify movement in a particular direction.
Presumably due to the similarity of the words brace and bracket (although they do not share an etymology ), many people mistakenly treat brace as a synonym for bracket . Therefore, when it is necessary to avoid any possibility of confusion, such as in computer programming, it may be best to use the term curly bracket rather than brace . However, general usage in North American English favours the latter form. Indian programmers often use the name "flower bracket".K R Venugopal, Rajkumar Buyya, T Ravishankar. Mastering C++ , 1999. p. 34. ISBN 0-07-463454-2.

In classical mechanics , curly brackets are often also used to denote the Poisson bracket between two quantities. It is defined as follows:

:

\{f,g\} = \sum_{i=1}^{N} \left

\frac{\partial g}{\partial p_{i -\frac{\partial f}{\partial p_{i \frac{\partial g}{\partial q_{i\right

Angle brackets or chevrons ? ?

Chevrons ;Some fonts don't display these characters correctly. Please refer to the image on the right instead. are often used to enclose highlighted material. Some dictionaries use chevrons to enclose short excerpts illustrating the usage of words.

In physical sciences, chevrons are used to denote an average over time or over another continuous parameter. For example,

:

\left\langle V(t)^2 \right\rangle = \lim_{T\to\infty} \frac{1}{T}\int_{-T/2}^{T/2} V(t)^2\,{\rm{dt.

The inner product of two vectors is commonly written as

\langle a, b\rangle

, but the notation (a, b) is also used.

In mathematical physics, especially quantum mechanics , it is common to write the inner product between elements as

\langle a | b\rangle

, as a short version of

\langle a |\cdot| b\rangle

, or

\langle a | \hat{O} | b\rangle

, where

\hat{O}

is an Operator (physics)|operator . This is known as Dirac notation or bra-ket notation.

In set theory , chevrons or parentheses are used to denote ordered pair s and other tuples , whereas curly brackets are used for unordered sets.

In linguistics , chevrons indicate orthography , as in "The English word is spelled ." In epigraphy , they may be used for mechanical transliterations of a text into the Latin script.

In textual criticism , and hence in many editions of pre-modern works, chevrons denote sections of the text which are illegible or otherwise lost; the editor will often insert his own reconstruction where possible within them.

Chevrons are infrequently used to denote dialogue that is thought instead of spoken, such as:
:
The mathematical or logical symbols for greater-than& nbsp;(& gt;) and less-than& nbsp;(& lt;) are inequality (mathematics)|inequality symbols, and are not punctuation marks when so used. Nevertheless, true chevrons are not available on a typical keyboard (computing)|computer keyboard , but the less-than and greater-than symbols are, so they are often substituted. They are loosely referred to as angled brackets or chevrons in this case.

Single and double pairs of comparison operators (& lt;& lt;,& nbsp;& gt;& gt;) (meaning much smaller than and much greater than ) are sometimes used instead of guillemet s (, ) (used as quotation mark s in many languages) when the proper glyph s are not available.

In comic book s, chevrons are often used to mark dialogue that has been translated notionally from another language; in other words, if a character is speaking another language, instead of writing in the other language and providing a translation, one writes the translated text within chevrons. Of course, since no foreign language is actually written, this is only notionally translated.
Chevron-like symbols are part of standard Chinese language|Chinese , and Korean language|Korean punctuation, where they generally enclose the titles of books: and or and for traditional tategaki|vertical printing , and and or and for yokogaki|horizontal printing. See also non-English usage of quotation marks .

Corner and half brackets ??, ? ?

In Non-English_usage_of_quotation_marks#Chinese.2C_Japanese_and_Korean_quotation_marks|East Asian punctuation , angle brackets are used as quotation marks. Half brackets are used in English to mark added text, such as in translations: "Bill saw ?her?".

The corner brackets ? and ? have at least two uses in mathematical logic: first, as a generalization of quotation marks, and second, to denote the gödel number of the enclosed expression.

In editions of papyrology|papyrological texts, half brackets enclose text which is lacking in the papyrus due to damage, but can be restored by virtue of another source, such as an ancient quotation of the text transmitted by the papyrus.M.L. West (1973) Textual Criticism and Editorial Technique (Stuttgart) 81. For example, Callimachus Iambus 1.2 reads: ?? t?? ???? ß??? ??????ß?? p??p??s???s??. A hole in the papyrus has obliterated ß?? p, but these letters are supplied by an ancient commentary on the poem.

Double brackets ?& nbsp;?

In Semantics of programming languages|formal semantics , double brackets, ?& nbsp;?, also called Strachey brackets, are used to indicate the semantic evaluation function. The CJK glyphs [& nbsp;] look identical except they have added width. They can be typeset in LaTeX with the package .

Computing

Encoding

Representations of various kinds of brackets in ASCII , Unicode and HTML are given below.

Usage !!colspan="2" Unicode !! SGML/ HTML/ XML entities !! Sample
Quotation (Western texts)	U+00AB
	U+00BB
	U+2039
	U+203A
General purpose	U+0028
	U+0029
	U+005B
	U+005D
Technical/ mathematical (common)	U+003C
	U+003E
	U+007B
	U+007D
Technical/ mathematical (specialized)	U+2308
	U+2309
	U+230A
	U+230B
	U+27E8
	U+27E9
Quotation (halfwidth East-Asian texts)	U+2329
	U+232A
	U+FF62
	U+FF63
Quotation (fullwidth East-Asian texts)	U+3008
	U+3009
	U+300A
	U+300B
	U+300C
	U+300D
	U+300E
	U+300F
	U+3010
	U+3011
General purpose (fullwidth East-Asian)	U+FF08
	U+FF09
	U+FF3B
	U+FF3D
Technical/ mathematical (fullwidth East-Asian)	U+FF1C
	U+FF1E
	U+FF5B
	U+FF5D

^*& amp;lang; and & amp;rang; were tied to the deprecated symbols U+2329 and U+232A in HTML4 and MathML2, but are being migrated to U+27E8 and U+27E9 for HTML5 and MathML3.

Braces (curly brackets) first became part of a character set with the 8-bit code of the IBM 7030 Stretch .

The angle brackets or chevrons at U+27E8 and U+27E9 are for mathematical use and Western languages, while U+3008 and U+3009 are for East Asian languages. The chevrons at U+2329 and U+232A are deprecated in favour of the U+3008 and U+3009 East Asian angle brackets. Unicode discourages their use for mathematics and in Western texts because they are canonically equivalent to the CJK code points U+300x and thus likely to render as double-width symbols. The less-than and greater-than symbols are often used as replacements for chevrons.

These various bracket characters are frequently used in many computer language s as operators or for other syntax markup. The more common uses follow.

Uses of "(" and ")"

are often used to define the syntactic structure of expressions, overriding operator precedence : a*(b+c) has subexpressions a and b+c, whereas a*b+c has subexpressions a*b and c

passing Parameter (computer science)|parameters or arguments to function (computer science)|function s, especially in C (programming language)|C and similar languages, and invoking a function or function-like construct: substring($val,10,1)

in Lisp programming language|Lisp , they open and close s-expressions and therefore function applications: (cons a b)

in many regular expression syntaxes parentheses create a capturing group , allowing the matched portion inside to be retrieved by the user

in Forth (programming language)|Forth , they open and close Comment (computer programming)|comments in the code.

in Fortran -family and COBOL languages, they are also used for array references

in the Perl programming language through Perl 5, they are used to define lists , static array-like structures; this idiom is extended to their use as containers of subroutine (function) arguments

in the Perl 6 programming language, they define captures , a structure that defers contextual interpretation. This usage extends to ordinary parentheses as well. They are also used to indicate arguments to function calls and to declare signatures of formal parameters or other variables.

in Python (programming language)|Python they are used to disambiguate tuple literals ( Immutable object|immutable ordered lists), which are usually formed by commas, in places where parentheses and commas would otherwise be a part of a function call.

in Tcl they are used to enclose the name of an element of an associative array variable

in joined brackets in a table form going vertically downwards, a ")" refers to repetition of a term for the number of items towards the left of this joined list of brackets.

Uses of "" and ""

to refer to elements of an array (data type)|array or associative array , and sometimes to define the number of elements in an array, especially in C (programming language)|C -like languages: queue3

in many languages, may be used to define a literal anonymous array or list: 5, 10, 15

in most regular expression syntaxes brackets denote a character class: a set of possible characters to choose from

in Forth (programming language)|Forth , "" causes the system to enter compilation state. For example, within a definition, 2 3 + literal causes the compiler to switch to the interpreter mode, calculate expression 2+3, leave the result on stack and resume compilation. As a result, a literal constant "5" will be compiled into the definition, instead of the whole expression.

in Tcl , they enclose a sub-script to be evaluated and the result substituted

in some of .NET Framework|Microsoft's .NET ( Common Language Infrastructure|CLI ) languages, most notably C sharp (programming language)|C# and C++ , they are used to denote .NET metadata|metadata attributes .

in x86 assembly implementations such as FASM , they are used to distinguish pointers from their data.

in Smalltalk , brackets are used to delineate "blocks" or "block closures", grouping of code that can be executed immediately or later via messages send such as "value" sent to the block. Blocks are full first class objects in Smalltalk.

in Objective-C , brackets are used to send a message to (i.e. call a Method (computer science)|method on) an object

on Unix , "

in JSON they are used to define an array. (an ordered sequence of comma-separated values)

in programming manuals and metalanguages (e.g. in descriptions of operator or command syntax), optional elements are enclosed in square brackets

delimiting IPv6 address es in URL s, for example http://2001:db8:3c4d:15::abcd:ef12:8080

Uses of "{" and "}"

are used in some programming languages to define the beginning and ending of block (programming)|blocks of code or data. Languages which use this convention are said to belong to the curly bracket programming language|curly bracket family of programming languages

are used to represent certain type definitions or literal data values, such as a Composite type|composite structure or associative array

in mathematics they enclose elements of a set and denote a set

in Curl (programming language)|Curl they are used to delimit Expression (programming)|expressions and Statement (programming)|statements (similar to Lisp (programming language)|Lisp 's use of parenthesis).

in Pascal programming language|Pascal they define the beginning and ending of Comment (computer programming)|comments

in most regular expression syntaxes, they are used as quantifiers, matching n repetitions of the previous group

in Perl they are also used to refer to elements of an associative array

in PHP they are used to determine structures.

in Tcl they enclose a string to be substituted without any internal substitutions being performed

in TeX / LaTeX they can be used for grouping parts sharing the same local format, wrap parameters, or definitions, depending on the local catcode value

in JSON they are used to define an object (an unordered collection of key:value pairs)

in metalanguages (e.g. in descriptions of operator or command syntax), possible alternatives are enclosed in braces, if at least one is mandatory.

These are also used in music at the start of a stave.

In Objective-C they are used to mark the start and/or end of a process.

Uses of "& lt;" and "& gt;"

These symbols are used in pairs as if they are brackets,

to set apart uniform resource locator|URL s and e-mail address es in text, such as "I found it on Example.com < http://www.example.com/>" and "This photo is copyrighted by John Smith ". This is also the computer-readable form for addresses in e-mail header s, specified by RFC 2822.

In documentation, often used to specify parameters or other user-specified information (e.g. "The command 'echo ' can be used to display ")

to enclose code tags in Standard Generalized Markup Language|SGML , HTML , and XML (e.g. & lt;div& gt;)

in C++ , C Sharp (programming language)|C# , and Java (programming language)|Java they delimit generic programming|generic arguments

in Perl through Perl 5 they are used to read a line from an input source

in Perl 6 they combine quoting and associative array lookup

in Backus–Naur Form|BNF , they're used to denote nonterminals (e.g. ::= )

in ABAP they denote field symbols – placeholders or symbolic names for other fields, which can point to any data object.

to indicate an action or status (e.g. or ), particularly in online, real-time text-based discussions (instant messaging, bulletin boards, etc). (Here, asterisks can also be used to signify an action.)

When not used in pairs to delimit text (not acting as brackets):

They are used as less-than and greater-than relational operator s, possibly in combination with other marks. In some languages the pair together as & lt;& gt; denotes an inequation ("not equal to").

When doubled as & lt;& lt; or & gt;& gt; they may represent bit shift operators, or in C++, also stream input/output operators.

They indicate the redirection (computing)|redirection of input/output in various shell (computing)|command shells . Randal Bryant|Bryant, Randal E. ; O'Hallaron, David. ''Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective , 2003. p. 794. ISBN 0-13-034074-X.

Right-angle brackets are used in nested Usenet quoting and various e-mail formats, and as such are standard quotation mark glyphs .

Layout styles

In normal writing (prose) an opening bracket is rarely left hanging at the end of a line of text nor is a closing bracket permitted to start one. However, in computer code this is often done intentionally to aid readability. For example, a bracketed list of items separated by semicolons may be written with the brackets on separate lines, and the items, followed by the semicolon, each on one line.

A common error in programming is mismatching braces; accordingly, many Integrated development environment|IDE s have braces matching to highlight matching pairs.

Mathematics

In addition to the use of #Parentheses .28 .29|parentheses to specify the order of operations , both parentheses and brackets are used to denote an interval (mathematics)|interval , also referred to as a half-open range. The notation is used to indicate an interval from to that is inclusive of but exclusive of . That is, would be the set of all real numbers between 5 and 12, including 5 but not 12. The numbers may come as close as they like to 12, including 11.999 and so forth (with any finite set|finite number of 9s), but 12.0 is not included. In Europe, the notation

Copyright Citations

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1. Fairport Convention 2. Trespassers William 3. Bobby Troup 4. Yo La Tengo 5. John Zorn 6. The Standells 7. The Libertines 8. Fishbone 9. Richard Breen 10. Different Light 11. Souljacker 12. Copper Blue 13. MP4 14. Brighten the Corners 15. My Aim is True 16. Dick Dale 17. Listen Like Thieves 18. Illmatic 19. OK Computer 20. Richard Hell 21. OK 22. Eazy 23. Humble Pie 24. Abraxas 25. punk music

Undetermined Music Artists

Bracket

Biography

List of types

History

Usage

Types

Parentheses ( )Anchor|Parentheses|Parenthesis

Square brackets Anchor|square bracket|Square brackets

Curly brackets { }

Angle brackets or chevrons ? ?

Corner and half brackets ??, ? ?

Double brackets ?& nbsp;?

Computing

Encoding

Uses of "(" and ")"

Uses of "" and ""

Uses of "{" and "}"

Uses of "& lt;" and "& gt;"

Layout styles

Mathematics

Accounting

Law

Sports

Typing

See also

References

Bibliography

Copyright Citations

Undetermined Music Artists

Bracket

Biography

List of types

History

Usage

Types

Parentheses ( )Anchor|Parentheses|Parenthesis

Square brackets Anchor|square bracket|Square brackets

Curly brackets { } Anchor|Braces|Curly bracket|Curly brackets

Angle brackets or chevrons ? ?

Corner and half brackets ??, ? ?

Double brackets ?& nbsp;?

Computing

Encoding

Uses of "(" and ")"

Uses of "" and ""

Uses of "{" and "}"

Uses of "& lt;" and "& gt;"

Layout styles

Mathematics

Accounting

Law

Sports

Typing

See also

References

Bibliography

Copyright Citations

Curly brackets { }