More Info on CanadianSimilar Undetermined MusicSearch Artistopia
Biography
Use Canadian English|date=March 2012other uses|Canadian (disambiguation)good articleEthnic group2nd row: Celine Dion , Thomas D'Arcy McGee , John Diefenbaker , Linda Evangelista , Patrick Chan
3rd row: Russell Peters , Cassie Steele , Michaëlle Jean , David Suzuki , Tommy Douglas ||group=Canadians |poptime= Canada formatnum:CanPopCommas (Est.The population count appearing may differ from the official estimates and projections released by Statistics Canada. Data displayed is as a rough estimate of the current Canadian population. Source: cite web|title=Canada's population clock|url= http://www.statcan.gc.ca/ig-gi/pop-ca-eng.htm|publisher=Statistics Canada ) |region1 = United States |pop1 = 1,003,850 |ref1 = cite web|title=Distribution of Canadians Abroad|format=Requires selection of location for data |publisher= Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada|year=2010|url= http://www.asiapacific.ca/distribution-of-canadians-abroad|accessdate=2010-07-12 |region2 = Hong Kong |pop2 = 200,000 |ref2 = |region3 = United Kingdom |pop3 = 72,518 |ref3 = |region4 = Taiwan |pop4 = 52,500 |ref4 = |region5 = Lebanon |pop5 = 45,000 |ref5 = |region6 = People's Republic of China |pop6 = 20,000 |ref6 = |region7 = Australia |pop7 = 27,289 |ref7 = |pop8 = 23,487 |region8 = Italy |ref8 = |pop9 = 18,913 |region9 = France |ref9 = |pop10 = 12,477 |region10 = Greece |ref10 = |region11 = Egypt |pop11 = 10,000 |ref11 = |region12 = South Korea |pop12 = 8,763 |ref12 = |region13 = Mexico |pop13 = 7,943 |ref13 = cite web|url= http://www.inegi.org.mx/inegi/contenidos/espanol/prensa/contenidos/Articulos/sociodemograficas/nacidosenotropais.pdf |title=Statistics of Mexico |format=PDF |year=2010 |accessdate=2011-09-06 |region14 = New Zealand |pop14 = 7,770 |ref14 = |region15 = Switzerland |pop15 = 7,519 |ref15 = |region16 = Philippines |pop16 = 7,500 |ref16 = |region17 = Portugal |pop17 = 7,326 |ref17 = |region18 = Japan |pop18 = 7,067 |ref18 = |region19 = Netherlands |pop19 = 8,427 |ref19 = |region20 = Belgium |pop20 = 4,145 |ref20 = |region21 = Norway |pop21 = 2,290 |ref21 = |region22 = Ireland |pop22 = 4,081 |ref22 = |region23 = Spain |pop23 = 3,810 |ref23 = |region24 = Denmark |pop24 = 2,752 |ref24 = |region25 = Sweden |pop25 = 2,742 |ref25 = cite web|url= http://www.scb.se/statistik/_publikationer/BE0101_2008A01_BR_00_BE0109TAB.pdf |title=Tables on the population in Sweden 2008 |publisher=Statistics of Sweden |year=2008|format=PDF |accessdate=2010-07-01 |langs= Official languages are English ( Canadian English ) and French ( Canadian French ). Numerous Indigenous languages of the Americas|indigenous American languages are also recognized. |rels= Religion in Canada|Multiple denominations Canadians (singular Canadian ) are the people who are identified with the country of Canada . This connection may be genetic, residential, legal, historical, cultural or ethnic. For most Canadians, several (frequently all) of those types of connections exist and are the source(s) of them being considered Canadians .
Aside from the Aboriginal peoples in Canada|Aboriginal peoples , who according to the Canada 2006 Census|2006 Canadian Census numbered 1,172,790, 3.8% of the country's total population,cite web| title=2006 Census: Aboriginal peoples| work=Statistics Canada.| publisher=Government of Canada| year=2009| url= http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/rt-td/ap-pa-eng.cfm| accessdate=2009-09-18 the majority of the population is made up of Old World Immigration to Canada|immigrants and their descendants. After the initial period of New France|French and then British colonization of the Americas|British colonization , different waves (or peaks) of immigration and settlement of non-aboriginal peoples took place over the course of nearly two centuries and continues today. Elements of Aboriginal, French, British and more recent immigrant customs, languages and religions have combined to form the culture of Canada and thus a Canadian identity . Canada has also been strongly influenced by that of its linguistic, geographic and economic neighbour, the United States .
Canadian independence grew incrementally over the course of many years since the formation of the Canadian Confederation in 1867. World War I and World War II in particular gave rise to a desire amongst Canadians to have their country recognized as a fully-fledged sovereign state with a distinct citizenship. Legislative independence was established with the passage of the Statute of Westminster 1931 , the Canadian Canadian Citizenship Act 1946|Citizenship Act of 1946 took effect on January 1, 1947, and full sovereignty was achieved with the patriation of the constitution in 1982. Canadian nationality law|Canada's nationality law closely mirrored that of the United Kingdom . Legislation since the mid 20th century represents Canadians' commitment to multilateralism and socioeconomic development .
Population
See also|Population of Canada by yearCanadians make up 0.5% of the World population|world's total population ,2010cite web|title=Environment — Greenhouse Gases (Greenhouse Gas Emissions per Person) |url= http://www4.hrsdc.gc.ca/.3ndic.1t.4r@-eng.jsp? iid=64|publisher=Human Resources and Skills Development Canada|year=2010|accessdate=2011-01-19 having relied upon immigration for population growth and social development.cite book|url= http://books.google.ca/books? id=i0d10wbGkWEC& lpg=PA100& dq=waves%20of%20immigration%20to%20Canada& pg=PA100#v=onepage& q& f=true|pages=100–105|title=Controlling immigration: a global perspective|first= Wayne A|last=Cornelius|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=2004|isbn=0-8047-4489-0 |accessdate=2011-06-01 Approximately 41% of current Canadians are first or second generation immigrants, meaning one out of every five Canadians currently living in Canada was not born in the country.cite book|url= http://books.google.ca/books? id=iZ3zu2130AUC& lpg=PP1& dq=PISA%20science%202006%3A%20implications%20for%20science%20teachers%20and%20teaching& pg=PA92#v=onepage& q& f=true|page=92|title=PISA science 2006: implications for science teachers and teaching|first1=Rodger W|last1=Bybee|first2=Barry |last2=McCrae|publisher=National Science Teachers Association|year=2009|isbn=978-1-933531-31-1|accessdate=2011-08-01 Statistics Canada projects that, by 2031, nearly one-half of Canadians above the age of 15 will be Foreign born|foreign-born or have one foreign-born parent.cite web|url= http://www.statcan.gc.ca/cgi-bin/imdb/p2SV.pl? Function=getSurvey& SDDS=5126& lang=en& db=imdb& adm=8& dis=2|title=Projections of the Diversity of the Canadian Population|publisher=Statistics Canada|accessdate=2010-03-15|date=March 9, 2010
Immigration
main|immigration to CanadaThe French people|French originally settled New France in present-day Quebec and Ontario , during the early part of the 17th century.cite book|url= http://books.google.ca/books? id=FQUbfAWhh-oC& lpg=PP1& dq=Across%20this%20land%3A%20a%20regional%20geography%20of%20the%20United%20States%20and%20Canada& pg=PA15#v=onepage& q& f=true|page=15|title=Across this land: a regional geography of the United States and Canada|first=John C|last=Hudson|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|year=2002|isbn=0-8018-6567-0|accessdate=2011-01-20 Approximately 100 Irish Quebecers|Irish-born families would settle the Saint Lawrence River|Saint Lawrence Valley by 1700, assimilating into the Canadien population and culture.cite web|author=Mark G. Mcgowan |title=Irish Catholics: Migration, Arrival, and Settlement before the Great Famine |work=The Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples |publisher= Multicultural Canada |date= |accessdate=2012-04-25|url= http://www.multiculturalcanada.ca/Encyclopedia/A-Z/i8/2|quote= cite book|author1=Paul R. Magocsi|author2=Multicultural History Society of Ontario|title=Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples|url= http://books.google.com/books? id=dbUuX0mnvQMC& pg=PA736|year=1999|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-2938-6|pages=736– The French also settled the Acadia|Acadian peninsula alongside a smaller number of other European merchants, who collectively became the Acadians .cite book|url= http://books.google.ca/books? id=cG4wSmIlziYC& lpg=PP1& dq=Acadians& pg=PA4#v=onepage& q& f=true|page=4|title=From migrant to Acadian: a North American border people, 1604-1755 |first1=Naomi |last1=Elizabeth|first2= Saundaus|last2=Griffiths|year=2005|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|isbn=0-7735-2699-4 |accessdate=2011-01-20 During the 18th and 19th century; immigration westward (to the area known as Rupert's Land ) was carried out by French settlers ( Coureur des bois ) working for the North West Company , and by British people|British ( English people|English and Scottish people|Scottish ) settlers representing the Hudson's Bay Company .cite book|url= http://books.google.ca/books? id=0wcCxtLgrqwC& lpg=PA42& dq=North%20West%20Company%2C%20and%20%20the%20Hudson's%20Bay%20Company%20and%20%20settlers& pg=PA42#v=onepage& q& f=true|title=The development of Western Canada|first=Frances |last=Stanford|page=42|publisher=S& S Learning Materials|year=2000|isbn=1-55035-681-X |accessdate=2011-01-20 This led to the creation of the Métis people (Canada)|Métis , an ethnic group of mixed European and First Nations parentage.cite web | title = Ethno-Cultural and Aboriginal Groups | publisher = Library and Archives Canada (Canadian Genealogy Centre) | year = 2008 | url = http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/genealogie/022-905.004-e.html | accessdate =2011-01-20
The British conquest of New France was proceeded by small number of Germans and Swedes who settled alongside the Scottish in Port Royal, Nova Scotia , while some Irish people|Irish immigrated to the Colony of Newfoundland .cite book|author=John Powell|title=Encyclopedia of North American immigration|url= http://books.google.com/books? id=VNCX6UsdZYkC& pg=PA154|accessdate=19 November 2011|date=31 March 2005|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-4658-4|page=154 In the wake of the Invasion of Canada (1775)|1775 invasion of Canada by the newly-formed Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War , approximately 60,000 United Empire Loyalist fled to British North America , a large portion of whom migrated to New Brunswick .cite book|url= http://books.google.ca/books? id=Hlyz-YK4oG8C& lpg=PA172& dq=60%2C000%20United%20Empire%20Loyalists%20fled%20to%20British%20North%20America& pg=PA172#v=onepage& q& f=true|page=172|title=Liberty, equality, power : a history of the American people|first=John M |last=Murrin|publisher=Thomson & Wadsworth|year=2009|isbn=978-0-495-56634-2|accessdate=2011-01-17 After the War of 1812 , British (included British army regulars), Scottish and Irish immigration was encouraged throughout Rupert's Land, Upper Canada and Lower Canada .cite book|url= http://books.google.ca/books? id=57k295ba3wEC& pg=PA19& dq=Britain+and+Ireland+was+encouraged+to+settle+in+Canada+after+the+War+of+1812,#v=onepage& q& f=true|page=19|title=This side of heaven: determining the Donnelly murders|year=1880|first=Norman N|last=Feltes|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=1999|isbn=0-8020-4486-7|accessdate=2011-01-19
Between 1815 and 1850 some 800,000 immigrants came to the colonies of British North America, mainly from the British Isles as part of the Great Migration of Canada|great migration of Canada .cite book|url= http://books.google.ca/books? id=KE2ddOJieM8C& lpg=PA177& dq=800%2C000%20immigrants%20came%20to%20the%20colonies%20of%20British%20North%20America%2C& pg=PA177#v=onepage& q& f=true|page=177|title=Builders of empire: Freemasons and British imperialism, 1717-1927|first=Jessica |last=Harland-Jacobs|year=2007|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|isbn=978-0-8078-3088-8|accessdate=2011-01-19 These included some Canadian Gaelic|Gaelic-speaking Highland Scots displaced by the Highland Clearances to Nova Scotia .cite book|url= http://books.google.ca/books? id=Writa2bcjaEC& lpg=PA122& dq=Highland%20Scots%20displaced%20by%20the%20Highland%20Clearances%20to%20Canada& pg=PA122#v=onepage& q& f=true|page=112|title=An Unstoppable Force: The Scottish Exodus to Canada|first=Lucille H|last=Campey|publisher=Dundurn|year=2008|isbn= 1550028111 |accessdate=2011-01-19 The Irish Potato Famine of the 1840s significantly increased the pace of Irish immigration to Prince Edward Island and the Province of Canada , with over 35,000 distressed individuals landing in Toronto in 1847 and 1848.cite book|first=Mark |last=McGowan|title=Death or Canada: the Irish Famine Migration to Toronto 1847|publisher= Novalis Publishing Inc|year= 2009|page= 97|isbn=2-89646-129-9cite book|url= http://books.google.ca/books? id=LzJN9ee6YbYC& lpg=PP1& dq=Irish%20Migrants%20in%20the%20Canadas& pg=PA106#v=onepage& q& f=true|page=106|title=Irish migrants in the Canadas: a new approach|first=Bruce S|last=Elliott|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|year=2004|isbn=077352321|accessdate=2011-01-14 Beginning in late 1850s, Chinese people|Chinese immigrants into the Colony of Vancouver Island and Colony of British Columbia peaked with the onset of the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush .cite book|url= http://books.google.ca/books? id=xdfX7UCyDuQC& lpg=PA9& dq=first%20substantial%20wave%20of%20Chinese%20immigrants%201858& pg=PA9#v=onepage& q& f=true|page=9|title=Anti-Asian violence in North America : Asian American and Asian Canadian reflections on hate, healing, and resistance|first1=Patricia Wong |last1=Hall |first2=Victor M|last2=Hwang|publisher=AltaMira Press|year=2001|isbn=0-7425-0458-1|accessdate=2011-01-20 The Chinese Immigration Act of 1885 eventually placed a head tax on all Chinese immigrants, in hopes of discouraging Chinese immigration after completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway .cite book|url= http://books.google.ca/books? id=x9sVX209FW0C& pg=PA107& dq=head+tax+on+all+Chinese+immigrants#v=onepage& q& f=true|page=107|title=The silent spikes : Chinese laborers and the construction of North American railroads|first=Annian |last=Huang|publisher=China Intercontinental Press|year=2006|isbn=7-5085-0988-9|accessdate=2011-01-20
The Population of Canada by year|population of Canada has consistently risen, doubling approximately every 40 years, since the establishment of the Canadian Confederation in 1867.cite web|url= http://www4.hrsdc.gc.ca/.3ndic.1t.4r@-eng.jsp? iid=35|title=Canadians in Context — Population Size and Growth |publisher=Human Resources and Skills Development Canada|year=2010|accessdate=2010-12-17 From the mid to late 19th century Canada had a policy of assisting European Canadian|immigrants from Europe , including an estimated 100,000 unwanted " Home Children " from Britain.cite book|url= http://books.google.ca/books? id=LH30IGx2tlQC& lpg=PA33& dq=Canada's%20100%2C000%20%22Home%20Children%20from%20Britain& pg=PA33#v=onepage& q& f=true|page=33|title=Child labor : a world history companion|first1=Sandy |last1=Hobbs|first2= Michael |last2=Lavalette|first3= Jim |last3=MacKechnie|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=1999|isbn=0-87436-956-8|accessdate=2011-01-18 Block settlement communities were established throughout western Canada between the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Some were planned and other were spontaneously created by the settlers themselves.cite book|url= http://books.google.ca/books? id=njiFCaSIbzIC& pg=PA28& dq=Block+settlement++Canada#v=onepage& q& f=true|title=The Canadian alternative|first=Klaus|last=Martens|pages=28–29|publisher=Königshausen|year=2004|isbn=3-8260-2636-5|accessdate=2011-01-14 Canada was now receiving a large amount of European immigrants predominately Italians , Germans , Scandinavia ns, Dutch people|Dutch and Ukrainians .cite book|url= http://books.google.ca/books? id=S4bPrHKui5EC& pg=PA124& dq=Block+settlement++Canada#v=onepage& q& f=true|title=Multiculturalism and the history of Canadian diversity|pages=24–25|first=Richard J. F|last=Day|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2000|isbn=0-7425-0034-9|accessdate=2011-01-14
Legislative restrictions on immigration (such as the Continuous journey regulation and Chinese Immigration Act, 1923|Chinese Immigration Act ) that had favoured British and other European immigrants were amended in the 1960s, opening the doors to immigrants from all parts of the world.cite book|url= http://books.google.ca/books? id=GdvsIo7V9HgC& lpg=PA407& dq=multiculturalism%20patterns%20Canada& pg=PA407#v=onepage& q& f=true|page=407|title=Conflict, order and action, readings in sociology|first1=Edward |last1=Ksenych|first2= David|last2= Liu|publisher= Canadian Scholars' Press|year=2001|isbn=1-55130-192-X|accessdate=2011-01-18 While the 1950s had still seen high levels of immigration by Europeans, by the 1970s immigrants increasingly were Chinese, Indian people|Indian , Vietnamese people|Vietnamese , Jamaican and Haiti an.cite web|title=Immigration Policy in the 1970s|url= http://www.multiculturalcanada.ca/Encyclopedia/A-Z/i2/10|publisher=Canadian Heritage (Multicultural Canada)|year=2004| accessdate =2010-04-12 During the late 1960s and early 1970s, Canada received many People of the United States|American Vietnam War draft dissenters.cite book|url= http://books.google.ca/books? id=0MnNYvkmBnoC& lpg=PP1& dq=American%20draft%20dodgers%20to%20CAnada& pg=PA2#v=onepage& q& f=true|page=2|title=All American boys: draft dodgers in Canada from the Vietnam War|first=Frank |last=Kusch|publisher=Praeger|year=2001|isbn=0-275-97268-2|accessdate=2011-01-14 Throughout the late 1980s and 1990s Canada's growing Pacific trade brought with it a large influx of South Asian ethnic groups|South Asians , that tended to settle in British Columbia .cite book|url= http://books.google.ca/books? id=FLjQlXsO0pcC& pg=PA182& dq=Chinese+immigration+into+canada+in+the+1980s+and+1990s#v=onepage& q& f=true|page=182|title=Interrogating race and racism|first=Vijay |last=Agnew|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-8020-9356-1|accessdate=2011-01-15
In 2009, Canada received 252,179 " Permanent resident (Canada)|permanent residents " - the top ten source countries were People's Republic of China|China (29,049), the Philippines (27,277), India (26,122), the United States (9,723), the United Kingdom (9,566), France (7,300), Pakistan (6,214), Iran (6,065), South Korea (5,864), and Morocco (5,222).cite web|url= http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/statistics/facts2009/permanent/10.asp|publisher=Citizenship and Immigration Canada|title=Facts and figures 2009 – Immigration overview|year=2010|accessdate=2011-01-20 These countries were followed closely by Algeria (4,785), United Arab Emirates (4,640), and Iraq (4,567) with Sri Lanka , Colombia , and Germany each contributing over 4,000 individuals. Immigrants of all backgrounds tend to settle in the List of the 100 largest metropolitan areas in Canada|major urban centres .cite book|url= http://books.google.ca/books? id=ff4NAAAAQAAJ& lpg=PA200& dq=Canadian%20immigrants%20of%20all%20backgrounds%20tend%20to%20settle%20in%20the%20major%20urban%20centres& pg=PA200#v=onepage& q& f=true|page=200|title=In celebration of play: an integrated approach to play and child development|first=Paul F|last=Wilkinson|publisher=C. Helm |year=1980|isbn=0-7099-0024-4 |accessdate=2011-01-18cite book|url= http://books.google.ca/books? id=ngMCCV64WrkC& lpg=PP1& dq=Municipalities%20and%20multiculturalism%3A%20the%20politics%20of%20immigration%20in%20Toronto%20...%20%20By%20Kristin%20R.%20Good& pg=PR13#v=onepage& q& f=true|page=xiii-Preface|title=Municipalities and multiculturalism : the politics of immigration in Toronto and Vancouver|first=Kristin |last=Good |publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4426-4017-7|accessdate=2011-01-16
The majority of illegal immigration|illegal immigrants come from the Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China|southern provinces of the People's Republic of China , with Asia as a whole, Eastern Europe , Caribbean , Africa and the Middle East all contributing to the illegal population.cite book|url= http://books.google.ca/books? id=ZO8jKSn25DAC& lpg=PP1& dq=Iced%3A%20The%20Story%20of%20Organized%20Crime%20in%20Canada%20%20By%20Stephen%20Schneider& pg=PA367#v=onepage& q& f=true|page=367|title=Iced: The Story of Organized Crime in Canada|first=Stephen |last=Schneider|publisher=Wiley & Sons|year=2009|isbn=978-0-470-83500-5|accessdate=2011-01-17 Estimates of illegal immigrants range between 35,000 and 120,000.cite news|url= http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/news/story.html? id=f86690ed-a2ed-447c-8be8-21ba5a3dd922|title=Canadians want illegal immigrants deported: poll|newspaper=Ottawa Citizen|publisher=CanWest MediaWorks Publications Inc.|date=20 October 2007|accessdate=2010-10-18 A 2008 report by the Auditor General of Canada Sheila Fraser , stated that Canada has lost track of approximately 41,000 illegal immigrants whose Visa policy of Canada|visas have expired.cite news|url= http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/article683411.ece |title=Thousands of illegal immigrants missing: A-G |work=Globe and Mail |location=Canada |date=May 6, 2008|accessdate=2011-01-19|location=Toronto|first1=Steven|last1=Chase|first2=Bill|last2=Curry|first3=Gloria|last3=Galloway
Citizenship
main|Canadian nationality law Canadian nationality law|Canadian citizenship is typically obtained by birth in Canada, birth abroad when at least one parent is a Canadian citizen and was born in Canada, or by adoption abroad by at least one Canadian citizen.cite web|url= http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/C-29/page-2.html#anchorbo-ga:l_I|title=Citizenship Act (R.S., 1985, c. C-29) |year=2010|publisher=Department of Justice Canada|accessdate=2010-07-11 It can also be granted to a permanent resident (Canada)|permanent resident who lives in Canada for three out of four years and meets specific requirements. Canada History of Canadian nationality law|established its own nationality law in 1946 with the enactment of the Canadian Citizenship Act 1946|Canadian Citizenship Act , which took effect on January 1, 1947.cite web|url= http://dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/Collection-R/LoPBdP/BP/bp445-e.htm|title=Canadian Citizenship Act and current issues -BP-445E|publisher=Government of Canada - Law and Government Division|year=2002|accessdate=2010-07-11 The Immigration and Refugee Protection Act , was passed by the Parliament of Canada in 2001 as Bill C-11, which replaced the Immigration Act, 1976|Immigration Act of 1976 as the primary federal legislation regulating immigration.cite web|url= http://dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/Collection-R/LoPBdP/LS/371/c11-e.htm#GENERALtxt|title=Bill C-11 : Immigration and Refugee Protection Act|first1=Jay|last1=Sinha|first2=Margaret|last2=Young|publisher=Law and Government Division, Government of Canada|date=31 January 2002|accessdate=2009-12-12 Prior to the conferring of legal status on Canadian citizenship, History of Canadian nationality law|Canada's naturalization laws consisted of a multitude of Acts beginning with the Immigration Act of 1910.cite book|url= http://books.google.ca/books? id=DOMJDXAm2lEC& pg=PA269& dq=Canadian+nationality+law#v=onepage& q& f=true|page=269 note:23|title=Becoming a citizen : incorporating immigrants and refugees in the United States and Canada|first=Irene |last=Bloemraad|publisher=University of California Press|year=2006|isbn=0-520-24899-6|accessdate=2011-09-01
According to Citizenship and Immigration Canada there are three main classifications for immigrants: Family class (closely related persons of Canadian residents), Economic class (admitted on the basis of a point system that account for age, health and labour-market skills required for cost effectively inducting the immigrants into Canada's labour market) and Refugee class (those seeking protection by applying to remain in the country by way of the Canadian immigration and refugee law ).cite web|url= http://www.canadaimmigrationvisa.com/visatype.html|title=Canadian immigration|publisher=Canada Immigration Visa|year=2009|accessdate=2010-12-12 In 2008, there were 65,567 immigrants in the family class, 21,860 refugees, and 149,072 economic immigrants amongst the 247,243 total immigrants to the country.cite web |url= http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/statistics/facts2008/permanent/01.asp |title=Canada& nbsp;– Permanent residents by gender and category, 1984 to 2008 |work=Facts and figures 2008& nbsp;– Immigration overview: Permanent and temporary residents |publisher= Citizenship and Immigration Canada |date=August 25, 2009 |accessdate=2009-12-04 Canada resettles over one in 10 of the world’s refugee scite web|url= http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/media/nr/2010/nr20101021-6-eng.aspx|title=Canada's Generous Program for Refugee Resettlement Is Undermined by Human Smugglers Who Abuse Canada's Immigration System |publisher=Public Safety Canada|accessdate=2010-12-12 and has one of the highest per-capita immigration rates in the world.cite book|url= http://books.google.ca/books? id=kv4nlSWLT8UC& lpg=PA13& dq=Canada%20%20By%20Karla%20Zimmerman& pg=PA51#v=onepage& q& f=true|page=51|title=Canada|first=Karla |last=Zimmerman|publisher=Lonely Planet Publications|year=2008|edition=10th|isbn=978-1-74104-571-0|accessdate=2011-01-19
The majority of Canadian citizens live in Canada; however, there are approximately 2,800,000 Canadians abroad as of November 1, 2009.cite news|url= http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2009/10/28/canada-emigration-c.html |title=CBC News - Canada - Estimated 2.8 million Canadians live abroad |publisher=CBC |location=Canada |date=October 29, 2009 |accessdate=2010-07-01 This represents about 7.5% of the total Canadian population. Of those abroad the United States, Hong Kong, the United Kingdom, Taiwan, China, and Lebanon have the largest Canadian diaspora . Canadians in United States are the greatest single expatriate community at over 1 million in 2009, representing 35.8% of all Canadians abroad.cite web|url= http://www.asiapacific.ca/sites/default/files/filefield/Fact_Sheet_US.pdf|format=PDF|title=United States Total Canadian Population: Fact Sheet|publisher= Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada|year=2010|accessdate=2010-07-12 Under current Canadian law , Canada does not restrict dual citizenship but Passport Canada encourages its citizens to travel abroad on their Canadian passport , so they can access Canadian consulate|consular services .cite book|author=Douglas Gray|title=The Canadian Snowbird Guide: Everything You Need to Know about Living Part-Time in the USA and Mexico|url= http://books.google.com/books? id=lursH-rClmsC& pg=PT302|date=5 January 2010|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|isbn=978-0-470-73942-6|page=302
Ethnic ancestry
main|Ethnic origins of people in CanadaCanada has thirty four ethnic groups with at least one hundred thousand members each, of which eleven have over 1,000,000 people and numerous others are represented in smaller amounts. According to the 2006 census, the largest self-reported ethnic origin is Canadian/Canadien (32%),All citizens of Canada are classified as "Canadians" as defined by Canadian nationality law|Canada's nationality law s. However since 1996 "Canadian" as an ethnic group has been added to census questionnaires for possible ancestry. "Canadian" was included as an example on the English questionnaire and "Canadien" as an example on the French questionnaire. "The majority of respondents to this selection are from the eastern part of the country that was first settled. Respondents generally are visibly European (Anglophones and Francophones), however no-longer self identify with their ethnic ancestral origins. This response is attributed to a multitude and/or generational distance from ancestral lineage. Source 1: cite web|title=Our ‘Cense’ of Self: the 2006 Census saw 1.6 million ‘Canadian’|url= http://www.acs-aec.ca/pdf/polls/12154527016855.pdf|author=Jack Jedwab |publisher=Association for Canadian Studies|date=April 2008|accessdate=2011-03-07 Source 2: cite book|author=Don Kerr|title=The Changing Face of Canada: Essential Readings in Population|url= http://books.google.com/books? id=CofPBh5BRhwC& pg=PA313|accessdate=11 July 2011|date=April 2007|publisher=Canadian Scholars' Press|isbn=978-1-55130-322-2|pages=313–317 followed by English Canadian|English (21%), French Canadian|French (15.8%), Scottish Canadian|Scottish (15.1%), Irish Canadian|Irish (13.9%), Canadians of German ethnicity|German (10.2%), Italian Canadians|Italian (4.6%), Chinese Canadian|Chinese (4.3%), First Nations|North American Indian (4.0%), Ukrainian Canadian|Ukrainian (3.9%), and Canadians of Dutch descent|Dutch (Netherlands) (3.3%).cite web |url= http://www.statcan.ca/Daily/English/080402/d080402a.htm |title=2006 Census: Ethnic origin, visible minorities, place of work and mode of transportation |work=The Daily |publisher= Statistics Canada |date=April 2, 2008 |accessdate=2008-10-07 |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080823042843/ http://www.statcan.ca/Daily/English/080402/d080402a.htm |archivedate=August 23, 2008 In the 2006 census, over five million Canadians identified themselves as a member of a visible minority . Together, they make up 16.2% of the total population: most numerous among these are Canadians of Asian ancestry|South Asian (4.0%), Black Canadian|Black (2.5%), and Filipino Canadian|Filipino (1.1%). Aboriginal peoples are not considered a visible minority under the Employment equity (Canada)|Employment Equity Act ,cite web | title = Classification of visible minority | work = Statistics Canada | publisher = Government of Canada | date = July 25, 2008 | url = http://www.statcan.gc.ca/concepts/definitions/minority01-minorite01a-eng.htm | accessdate = 2009-09-18 and is the definition that Statistics Canada also uses.
North American Indian The category "North American Indian" includes respondents who indicated that their ethnic origins were from a Canadian First Nation, or another, non-Canadian aboriginal group (excluding Inuit and Métis). Source: cite web
British Canadian (British Isles not included elsewhere) small>
1.29%
nts
Yukon (2.3%)
Swedish Canadian
1.07%
nts
Saskatchewan (3.5%)
Spanish Canadian
1.04%
nts
British Columbia (1.3%)
American Canadian
1.01%
nts
Yukon (2.0%)
Hungarian Canadian (Magyar)
1.01%
nts
Saskatchewan (2.9%)
Jewish Canadian (From all continents) small>
1.01%
nts
Ontario (1.5%)
::::For a complete list see: Ethnic origins of people in Canada#Larger ethnic origins (200,000 or more individuals per group)|Canadian ethnic groups
Culture
Main|Culture of CanadaCanada's culture, like that of most any country in the world, is a product of its language(s), religion(s), Politics of Canada|political and Law of Canada|legal system (s). Being a settler nation, Canada has been shaped by waves of migration that have combined to form a unique blend of Canadian art|art , Canadian cuisine|cuisine , Canadian literature|literature , Canadian humour|humour and Music of Canada|music .cite book|url= http://books.google.ca/books? id=gPEItATPByoC& pg=PA4& dq=Canada+and+its+people#v=onepage& q& f=true|title=Canada: The Culture |first=Bobbie |last=Kalman|publisher=Crabtree Pub|year=2010|pages=4–7 |isbn=978-0-7787-9284-0|accessdate=2010-12-16 Today, Canada has a diverse makeup of nationalities and constitutional protection for policies that promote multiculturalism rather than cultural assimilation or a single national myth.cite book|url= http://books.google.ca/books? id=Eqg8e7LLEOYC& lpg=PP1& dq=From%20Sea%20to%20Sea%20to%20Sea%3A%20A%20Newcomer's%20Guide%20to%20Canada& pg=PA13#v=onepage& q& f=true|title=From Sea to Sea to Sea: A Newcomer's Guide to Canada|first1=David |last1=DeRocco|first2=John F|last2=Chabot|publisher=Full Blast Productions|year=2008|page=13|isbn=978-0-9784738-4-6|accessdate=2011-01-24 In Quebec, cultural identity is strong, and many French-speaking commentators speak of a Culture of Quebec|Quebec culture as distinguished from English Canadian culture.cite book|url= http://books.google.ca/books? id=NtvKidOH9pgC& lpg=PA61& dq=Quebec%20culture%20is%20distinguished%20from%20English%20Canadian%20culture& pg=PA61#v=onepage& q& f=true|page=61|title=Political culture and constitutionalism: a comparative approach|first1=Daniel P|last1=Franklin|first2=Michael J|last2=Baun|publisher=Sharpe cop|year=1995|isbn=1-56324-416-0|accessdate=2011-01-16 However as a whole Canada is a cultural mosaic a collection of several regional, aboriginal, and ethnic subcultures.cite book|url= http://books.google.ca/books? id=z1OcatV808wC& lpg=PA111& dq=Cultural%20mosaic%20Canada& pg=PA111#v=onepage& q& f=true|pages=111–115|title=Understanding military culture: a Canadian perspective|first=Allan |last=Douglas |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|year=2004|isbn=0-7735-2664-1|accessdate=2011-01-16cite book|url= http://books.google.ca/books? id=TuggI-Ye_AUC& lpg=PA31& dq=Cultural%20mosaic%20Canada& pg=PA31#v=onepage& q& f=true|page=31|title=Guide to Western Canada|edition=7th|first1=Ann Carroll|last1= Burgess|first2=Tom |last2=Burgess|publisher=Globe Pequot Press|year=2005|isbn=0-7627-2987-2|accessdate = 2011-01-16 Canadian society is often depicted as being "very progressive, diverse, and multicultural".cite book|author=Anne-Marie Mooney Cotter|title=Culture clash: an international legal perspective on ethnic discrimination|url= http://books.google.com/books? id=0AcvVUevrMYC& pg=PA176|date=28 February 2011|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-1-4094-1936-5|page=176
Canadian government policies such as Official bilingualism in Canada|official bilingualism , Health care in Canada|publicly-funded health care , Income taxes in Canada|higher and more progressive taxation , outlawing Capital punishment in Canada|capital punishment , strong efforts to eliminate poverty in Canada|poverty , an emphasis on multiculturalism, imposing strict Gun politics in Canada|gun control , leniency in regard to drug use, and, most recently, legalizing Same-sex marriage in Canada|same-sex marriage are social indicators of how Canada's political and cultural evolution differ from that of the United States.cite book| first1=Darrell| last1=Bricker| first2=John| last2=Wright| title=What Canadians think about almost everything| publisher=Doubleday Canada| year=2005| isbn=0-385-65985-7| url = http://books.google.ca/books? id=oCWHHfJhUvEC& lpg=PA1& dq=Canadians& pg=PT16#v=onepage& q& f=true| pages=8–23| accessdate=2011-01-15 American media and entertainment are popular, if not dominant, in English Canada; conversely, many Canadian cultural products and entertainers are successful in the United States and worldwide.cite web |first=John D |last=Blackwell |url= http://www.iccs-ciec.ca/blackwell.html#culture |title=Culture High and Low |year=2005 |accessdate=2006-03-15 |publisher=International Council for Canadian Studies World Wide Web Service The Government of Canada has also influenced culture with programs, laws and institutions. It has created Crown corporations of Canada|Crown corporations to promote Canadian culture through media and has also tried to Canadian cultural protectionism|protect Canadian culture by setting legal minimums on Canadian content .cite book|url= http://books.google.ca/books? id=v8uRPaM_VoAC& lpg=PA144& dq=air%20multicultural%20programming%20in%20Canada& pg=PA144#v=onepage& q& f=true|page=144|title=Broadcasting Policy in Canada|first=Robert |last=Armstrong|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4426-4096-2 |accessdate=2011-01-15
Canadian culture has historically been influenced by Aboriginal peoples in Canada#Culture|Aboriginal , French culture|French and British culture s and traditions. Most of Canada's territory was inhabited and developed later than other European colonies in the Americas, with the result that themes and symbols of pioneers, trappers, and traders were important in the early development of the Canadian identity .cite web| url= http://www2.canadiana.ca/citm/themes/pioneers/pioneers3_e.html| title=Canada in the Making: Pioneers and Immigrants| publisher=The History Channel| date=August 25, 2005| accessdate=2006-11-30 First Nations played a critical part in the development of Former colonies and territories in Canada|European colonies in Canada , particularly for their role in assisting exploration of the continent during the North American fur trade .cite book|author=Richard White|title=Power and place in the North American West|url= http://books.google.com/books? id=Y2qFeaC_ojQC& pg=PA67|year=1999|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-97773-7|page=67 The British conquest of New France in the mid 1700s brought a large Francophone population under Canada under British Imperial control|British Imperial rule , creating a need for compromise and accommodation.cite book|url= http://books.google.ca/books? id=jnDRXZFYwIcC& pg=PA25& dq=British+conquest+of+New+France#v=onepage& q& f=true|page=27|title=A Canadian challenge |first=Christian |last=Dufour|publisher=Oolichan Books |work=Institute for Research on Public Policy|year=1990|isbn=0-88645-113-2|accessdate=2011-01-19 The new British rulers left alone much of the religious, political, and social culture of the French-speaking habitants , guaranteeing the right of the Canadiens to practise the Catholic faith and to the use of Law of France|French civil law (now Quebec law ) through the Quebec Act of 1774.cite web|title=Original text of The Quebec Act of 1774|url= http://www.solon.org/Constitutions/Canada/English/PreConfederation/qa_1774.html|publisher=Canadiana (Library and Archives Canada)|date=2004 (1774)|accessdate=2010-04-11
The Constitution Act, 1867|Constitution Act of 1867 was designed to meet the growing calls of Canadians for autonomy from British rule, while avoiding the overly-strong decentralization that contributed to the American Civil War|Civil War in the United States.cite encyclopedia|url= http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm? PgNm=TCE& Params=A1ARTA0000174|title=American Civil war|publisher=Historica Founcation|encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia|year=2003|accessdate=2006-11-30 The compromises made by the Fathers of Confederation set Canadians on a path to Multilingualism|bilingualism , and this in turn contributed to an acceptance of diversity that later led to both multiculturalism and the recognition of Aboriginal contributions to Canadian society.cite book|author=François Vaillancourt, Olivier Coche|title=Official Language Policies at the Federal Level in Canada:costs and Benefits in 2006|url= http://books.google.com/books? id=QCZm8op2bjQC& pg=PA11|publisher=The Fraser Institute|page=11|id=GGKEY:B3Y7U7SKGUDcite book|url= http://books.google.ca/books? id=GkAuYRVjlE8C& lpg=PP1& dq=Aboriginal%20peoples%20%20Canada& pg=PA3#v=onepage& q& f=true|page=3|title=Aboriginal peoples of Canada: a short introduction|first=Paul R|last= Magocsi|publisher= University of Toronto Press|year=2002|isbn=0-8020-3630-9|accessdate=2011-01-14
The Canadian Forces and overall civilian participation in the Military history of Canada during World War I|First World War and Military history of Canada during World War II|Second World War helped to foster Canadian nationalism ,cite book|url= http://books.google.ca/books? id=xMXPu7CD9bEC& lpg=PA38& dq=WWI%20%20Canadian%20national%20sense%20of%20identity& pg=PA38#v=onepage& q& f=true|title=Exploring Canada|page=38|publisher=Learning Materials|year=2003|isbn=1-55035-750-6|accessdate = 2010-04-10cite web|last=Nersessian |first=Mary |date=April 9, 2007|url= http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20070402/vimy_90years_070402 |title=Vimy battle marks birth of Canadian nationalism|publisher=CTV Television Network|accessdate=2011-01-16cite web |url= http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/publications/legacy/chap-5.asp |title=Forging Our Legacy: Canadian Citizenship And Immigration, 1900–1977 – The growth of Canadian nationalism|publisher=Citizenship and Immigration Canada|year=2006|accessdate=2011-01-16 however in 1917 and 1944 Conscription Crisis of 1917|conscription crisis's caused a considerable rift along ethnic lines between Anglophones and Francophones.cite book|url= http://books.google.ca/books? id=_vA0o0e0PdgC& pg=PA522& dq=The+Conscription+Crisis+of+1917#v=onepage& q& f=true|page=522|title=Quebec, a history, 1867-1929|first1=Paul André |last1=Linteau|first2=René |last2=Durocher |first3=Jean-Claude |last3=Robert|publisher=J. Lorimer|year=1983|isbn=0-88862-604-5|accessdate=2011-01-15 As a result of the First and Second World Wars, the Government of Canada became more assertive and less deferential to British authority.cite web|url= http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/encyclopedia/LeagueofNation.htm |title=Canada and the League of Nations |publisher=Faculty.marianopolis.edu |year=2007 |accessdate=2010-08-10 With the gradual loosening of political ties to the United Kingdom and the modernization of Canadian immigration policies, in the 20th century immigrants with African people|African , Caribbean and Ethnic groups in Asia|Asian nationalities have added to the Canadian identity and its culture.cite book|author1=Örn Bodvar Bodvarsson|author2=Hendrik Van den Berg|title=The economics of immigration: theory and policy|url= http://books.google.com/books? id=yZNBMfwi968C& pg=PA380|date=May 1, 2009|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-540-77795-3|page=380 The multiple origins immigration pattern continues today with the arrival of large numbers of immigrants from non British or French backgrounds.cite book|author=Giuliana B. Prato|title=Beyond multiculturalism: views from anthropology|url= http://books.google.com/books? id=ny7fs5qL23sC& pg=PA50|date=August 6, 2009|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-7173-2|page=50
Multiculturalism in Canada was adopted as the official policy of the government during the premiership of Pierre Elliot Trudeau in the 1970s and 1980s.cite book|author1=James S. Duncan|author2=David Ley|title=Place/culture/representation|url= http://books.google.com/books? id=XsINAAAAQAAJ& pg=PA205|year=1993|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-09451-1|page=205 The Canadian government has often been described as the instigator of multicultural ideology because of its public emphasis on the Economic impact of immigration to Canada|social importance of immigration .cite web|url= http://www.geography.ryerson.ca/jmaurer/030_108art/030Multiculturalism.pdf|format=PDF|title=Immigration, Multiculturalism and National Identity in Canada|publisher=University of Toronto Department of Political Science|first=Shara|last=Wayland|year=1997|accessdate=2010-09-12 Multiculturalism is administered by the Department of Canadian Heritage and reflected in the law through the Canadian Multiculturalism Act cite web|url= http://www.efc.ca/pages/law/charter/charter.text.html|title=Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (Being Part I of the Constitution Act, 1982)|publisher=Electronic Frontier Canada|year=2008|accessdate=2010-09-12 and section 27 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms .cite web|url= http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/C-18.7/FullText.html|title=Canadian Multiculturalism Act (1985, c. 24 (4th Supp.)|date=Act current to November 14, 2010|publisher=Department of Justice Canada|accessdate=2010-09-12 In parts of Canada, especially the major urban areas, multiculturalism itself is the cultural norm and diversity is a force that unites the community.cite book|author=Catalyst|title=Career Advancement in Corporate Canada: A Focus on Visible Minorities ~ Workplace fit and stereotyping|url= http://books.google.com/books? id=WI_qCAsAUt8C& pg=PA6|publisher=Catalyst|isbn=978-0-89584-280-0|page=6cite book|author1=Rob Wilson|author2=Wimal Dissanayake|title=Global/local: cultural production and the transnational imaginary|url= http://books.google.com/books? id=ldRaZaJCuKAC& pg=PA219|date=May 27, 1996|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-1712-8|page=219
Religion
main|Religion in CanadaCanada as a nation is religiously diverse, encompassing a wide range of groups, beliefs and customs.cite book|url= http://books.google.ca/books? id=O3Y9-P_Sj7oC& pg=PA440& dq=religiously+diverse+in+Canada#v=onepage& q& f=true|page=440|title=An Invitation to Health|first1=Dianne R|last1=Hales |first2=Lara |last2=Lauzon|publisher=Nelson Education, |year=2010 |edition=2nd Canadian|isbn=978-0-17-650009-2|accessdate=2011-05-02 The preamble to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms references "God", and the Monarchy of Canada|monarch carries the title of " Fidei defensor|Defender of the Faith ".cite book|author1=Colin MacMillan Coates|author2=University of Edinburgh. Centre of Canadian Studies|title=Majesty in Canada: essays on the role of royalty|url= http://books.google.com/books? id=FhFyvhpPx8MC& pg=PA143|accessdate=29 May 2011|year=2006|publisher=Dundurn Press Ltd.|isbn=978-1-55002-586-6|page=143 However Canada has no official religion and support for religious pluralism ( Freedom of religion in Canada ) is an important part of Political culture of Canada|Canada's political culture .cite web|url= http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/charter/1.html#anchorbo-ga:l_I-gb|title=Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (Part I of the Constitution Act, 1982)|publisher=Department of Justice Canada|year=2010|accessdate=2010-09-10cite book|url= http://books.google.ca/books? id=0q8OSvcfqBkC& lpg=PR15& dq=religious%20pluralism%20in%20Canada& pg=PR15#v=onepage& q& f=true|title=For Canada's sake: public religion, centennial celebrations, the re-making ...|first=Gary R|last= Miedema |publisher= McGill-Queen's University Press|year=2005|page=xv|isbn=0-7735-2877-6|accessdate=2010-07-12 With Christianity on the decline, having once been central and integral to Canadian culture and daily life;cite book|url= http://books.google.ca/books? id=VymssyK1Hs0C& lpg=PP1& dq=Religion%20and%20Ethnicity%20in%20Canada& pg=PA3#v=onepage& q& f=true|page=3|title=Religion and Ethnicity in Canada|first1=Paul |last1=Bramadat|first2=David |last2=Seljak|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4426-1018-7|accessdate=2011-02-06 it has been recently suggested that Canada has come to enter a Postchristianity|post-Christian period in a secularity|secular state, where the practice of religion has "moved to the margins of public life", with irreligion in Canada on the rise.cite news|url= http://content.usatoday.com/communities/Religion/post/2010/02/christian-churches-in-canada-fading-out-usa-next/1|first=Cathy Lynn |last=Grossman |title=Christian churches in Canada fading out: USA next? |work=USA Today |accessdate=2011-05-02 |date=February 11, 2010
The Canada 2001 Census|2001 Canadian census reported that 77.1% of Canadians identify as being Christians ; of this, Catholicism|Catholics make up the largest group (43.6%).cite web|url= http://www40.statcan.gc.ca/l01/cst01/demo30a-eng.htm|title=Population by religion, by province and territory (2001 Census)|date=January 25, 2005|publisher=Statistics Canada|accessdate=2010-01-19 The largest Protestant denomination is the United Church of Canada (9.5%), followed by the Anglican Church of Canada|Anglicans (6.8%), Baptists (2.4%), Lutherans (2%), and other Christians (4.4%). About 16.5% of Canadians declare Irreligion|no religious affiliation, including Agnosticism|agnostics , Atheism|atheists , Humanism|humanists , and other groups. The remaining 6.3% are affiliated with non-Christian religions, the largest of which is Islam (2.0%), followed by Judaism (1.1%).cite web|url= http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/standard/themes/RetrieveProductTable.cfm? Temporal=2001& PID=55822& APATH=3& GID=431515& METH=1& PTYPE=55440& THEME=56& FOCUS=0& AID=0& PLACENAME=0& PROVINCE=0& SEARCH=0& GC=99& GK=NA& VID=0& VNAMEE=& VNAMEF=& FL=0& RL=0& FREE=0 |title=Ethnic Origin of Canadians by Provinces and Territories|format= 2001 detailed census last long form |publisher=Statistics Canada |date=March 9, 2010 |accessdate=2010-09-10
Before the arrival of Europeans, First Nations followed a wide array of mostly Native American religion|animistic religions .cite book |url= http://books.google.ca/books? id=LBKoyY455PQC& lpg=PP1& dq=Native%20North%20American%20spirituality%20of%20the%20eastern%20woodlands%3A%20sacred%20myths& pg=PA20#v=onepage& q& f=true|page=20|title=Native North American spirituality of the eastern woodlands|first=Elisabeth|last=Tooker |publisher=Paulist Press|year=1979|isbn=0-8091-0304-4|accessdate=2011-05-02 During the colonial period, the French settled along the shores of the Saint Lawrence River , specifically Latin Rite|Latin rite Roman Catholicism|Roman Catholic s, including a number of Jesuit missions in North America|Jesuits dedicated to converting Aboriginal peoples in Canada|Aboriginals ; an effort that eventually proved successful.cite book|url= http://books.google.ca/books? id=D8ZHHz7AQN8C& lpg=PP1& dq=What%20Happened%3F%3A%20An%20Encyclopedia%20of%20Events%20That%20Changed%20America%20Forever& pg=PA52#v=onepage& q& f=true|page=52|title=What happened? : an encyclopedia of events that changed America forever|first1=John E |last1=Findling|first2=Frank W |last2=Thackeray|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2011|isbn=978-1-59884-621-8|accessdate=2011-05-02 The first large Protestantism|Protestant communities were formed in the Maritimes after the British conquest of New France, followed by American Protestant settlers displaced by the American Revolution.cite book|url= http://books.google.ca/books? id=K_tfubwEbb0C& lpg=PR17& dq=A%20meeting%20of%20the%20people%3A%20school%20boards%20and%20Protestant%20communities%20in%20Quebec& pg=PA23#v=onepage& q& f=true|title=A meeting of the people : school boards and Protestant; communities in Quebec, 1801-1998|first1=Roderick |last1=MacLeod|first2=Mary Anne |last2=Poutanen|publisher= McGill-Queen's University Press|year=2004|isbn= 0-7735-2695-1|accessdate=2011-05-02 The late nineteenth century saw the beginning of a large shift in Canadian immigration patterns. Large numbers of Irish and Southern Europeans immigrants were creating new Roman Catholic communities in English Canada.cite book|url= http://books.google.ca/books? id=VNCX6UsdZYkC& lpg=PP1& dq=Encyclopedia%20of%20North%20American%20immigration& pg=PA152#v=onepage& q& f=true|page=152|title=Encyclopedia of North American immigration|first=John |last=Powell|publisher=Facts On File, |year=2005|isbn=0-8160-4658-1|accessdate=2011-05-02 The settlement of the west brought significant Eastern Orthodox immigrants from Eastern Europe and Mormon and Pentecostal immigrants from the United States.cite book|url= http://books.google.ca/books? id=71Wnflm9lYgC& lpg=PP1& dq=Ukrainians%20in%20Canada%3A%20the%20formative%20period%2C%201891-1924& pg=PR28#v=onepage& q& f=true|page=xxviii|title=Ukrainians in Canada: the formative period, 1891-1924|first=Orest T|last=Martynowych|publisher=Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies|year=1991|isbn=0-920862-76-4|accessdate=2011-02-05
The earliest documentation of Judaism in Canada|Jews in Canada are the 1754 British Army records from the French and Indian War . In 1760, General Jeffrey Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst attacked and won Montreal for the British. In his regiment there were several Jews, including four among his officer corps, most notably Lieutenant Aaron Hart (businessman)|Aaron Hart who is considered the father of Canadian Jewry.cite book|url= http://books.google.ca/books? id=vVETCrICwO8C& lpg=PP1& dq=The%20Jewish%20world%20in%20the%20modern%20age& pg=PA255#v=onepage& q& f=true|page=255|title=The Jewish world in the modern age|first=Jon |last=Bloomberg|publisher=KTAV Pub. House|year=2004|isbn=0-88125-844-X|accessdate=2011-05-02 The Islam in Canada|Islamic , Sikhism in Canada|Sikhism and Buddhism in Canada|Buddhism communities although small, are as old as the nation itself. The 1871 Canadian Census ( Census in Canada|first "Canadian" national census ) indicated thirteen Muslims among the populace,cite book|url= http://books.google.ca/books? id=un5ytiNTS3kC& lpg=PP1& dq=Religion%20and%20ethnicity%3A%20essays& pg=PA95#v=onepage& q& f=true|page=95|title=Religion and ethnicity|first=Harold|last= Barclay|publisher=Calgary Institute for the Humanities by Wilfrid Laurier University Press|year=1977|isbn=0-88920-064-5|accessdate=2011-05-02 with approximately 5000 Sikh by 1908.cite book|url= http://books.google.ca/books? id=Zsj7MfYXSZ4C& lpg=PP1& dq=The%20South%20Asian%20religious%20diaspora%20in%20Britain%2C%20Canada%2C%20and%20the%20United%20States& pg=PA192#v=onepage& q& f=true|page=192|title=The South Asian religious diaspora in Britain, Canada, and the United States|first1=Harold |last1=Coward|first2= John R|last2=Hinnells|first3=Raymond Brady |last3=Williams|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=2000|isbn=0-7914-4509-7|accessdate=2011-02-05 The first Canadian mosque was constructed in Edmonton, Alberta|Edmonton in 1938, when there were approximately 700 Muslims in Canada.cite book|url= http://books.google.ca/books? id=4nAO4Phkho0C& lpg=PP1& dq=Muslim%20families%20in%20North%20America& pg=PA15#v=onepage& q& f=true|page=15|title=Muslim families in North America|first1=Earle H|last1=Waugh|first2=Sharon |last2=McIrvin |first3=Abu-|last3=Laba|first4= Regula |last4=Qureshi|publisher=University of Alberta Press|year=1991|isbn=0-88864-225-3|accessdate=2011-02-05 Buddhism first arrived in Canada when Japanese immigrated during the late 19th century.cite book|url= http://books.google.ca/books? id=VymssyK1Hs0C& lpg=PP1& dq=Religion%20and%20Ethnicity%20in%20Canada& pg=PA102#v=onepage& q& f=true|page=102|title=Religion and Ethnicity in Canada|first1=Paul |last1=Bramadat|first1=David |last2=Seljak|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=2009|isbn= 9781442610187|accessdate=2011-05-02 The first Japanese Buddhist temple in Canada was built in Vancouver in 1905.cite book|url= http://books.google.ca/books? id=mE1VabcuBMIC& lpg=PP1& dq=Japanese%20Canadian%20Journey%3A%20The%20Nakagama%20Story& pg=PA17#v=onepage& q& f=true|page=17|title=Japanese Canadian Journey: The Nakagama Story|first=N. Rochelle |last=Yamagishi|publisher=Trafford On Demand Pub|year=2010|isbn=1-4269-2937-4|accessdate=2011-02-05 The influx of immigrants in the late 20th century with Sri Lanka n, Japanese people|Japanese , Indian people|Indian and Southeast Asian customs, has contributed to the recent expansion of the Sikhism and Buddhist communities.cite book|url= http://books.google.ca/books? id=0Bo0Rjlp-0QC& lpg=PP1& dq=Thoughts%20and%20philosophy%20of%20Doctor%20B.R.%20Ambedkar& pg=PA32#v=onepage& q& f=true|page=32|title=Thoughts and philosophy of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar|first=C D |last=Naik|publisher=Sarup |year=2003|edition=1st|isbn=81-7625-418-5|accessdate=2011-05-02
Languages
main|Languages of Canada A multitude of languages are used by Canadians, with Canadian English|English and Canadian French|French (the official languages) being the first language|mother tongues of 59.7% and 23.2% of the population respectively.cite web|url= http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/as-sa/97-555/p1-eng.cfm|title=2006 Census: The Evolving Linguistic Portrait, 2006 Census: Highlights|publisher=Statistics Canada|year=2006 (2010)|accessdate=2010-10-12 Approximately twenty percent or over six million people in Canada list a non-official language as their mother tongue.cite book|url= http://books.google.ca/books? id=uW2rM_6I3gMC& pg=PA22& dq=Approximately+twenty+percent+or+over+six+million+people+in+Canada+list+a+non-official+language+as+their+mother+tongue#v=onepage& q& f=true|page=22|title=The English Language in Canada: Status, History and Comparative Analysis|first=Charles |last=Boberg|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-511-78981-6|accessdate=2011-02-02 Some of the most common first languages include: Chinese language|Chinese (3.1%), Italian language|Italian (1.4%), German language|German (1.2%), Spanish language|Spanish (1.2%), Panjabi language|Punjabi (1.1%), Tagalog language|Tagalog (0.9%), Tamil language|Tamil (0.8%), Gujarati language|Gujarati (0.6%).cite web |publisher= Statistics Canada |url= http://www40.statcan.gc.ca/l01/cst01/demo11a-eng.htm |title=Population by mother tongue, by province and territory|date=Last modified: 2007-12-11|accessdate=2011-01-16 Less than one percent of Canadians (just over 250,000 individuals) can speak an Languages of Canada#Aboriginal languages|aboriginal language . About half this number (129,865) reported using an aboriginal language on a daily basis.Citation | last = Gordon | first = Raymond G Jr. | title = Ethnologue: Languages of the world | place = Dallas, TX | publisher = SIL International | year = 2009 | edition = 15 | url = http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp? name=CA | isbn =1-55671-159-X | accessdate = 2011-01-20
English and French are recognized by the Constitution of Canada as official languages.cite web|url= http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/O-3.01/page-1.html|title=Official Languages Act - 1985, c. 31 (4th Supp.) |work=Act current to July 11th, 2010|publisher=Department of Justice|accessdate=2010-08-15 Thus all federal government laws are enacted in both English and French with government services available in both languages. Two of Canada's territories give official status to indigenous languages. In Nunavut , Inuktitut and Inuinnaqtun language|Inuinnaqtun are official languages alongside the national languages of English and French, and Inuktitut is a common vehicular language in territorial government.cite web|url= http://www.langcom.nu.ca/nunavuts-official-languages|work=Office of the Languages Commissioner of Nunavut|title=Nunavut's Languages | accessdate =2009-11-16 In the Northwest Territories , the Official Languages Act declares that there are eleven different languages: Dene Suline language|Chipewyan , Cree language|Cree , English, French, Gwich’in language|Gwich’in , Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun , Slavey language|North Slavey , Slavey language|South Slavey and Dogrib language|Tlicho .cite web | title = Highlights of the Official Languages Act | publisher= Legislative Assembly of the NWT | year = 2003 | url = http://www.assembly.gov.nt.ca/_live/pages/wpPages/olahighlights.aspx | accessdate =2010-10-12 Multicultural media in Canada|Multicultural media offers specialty television channels, newspapers and other publications in many minority languages, that are widely accessible across the county.cite book|url= http://books.google.ca/books? id=WmJjvuIm8K8C& pg=PA62& dq=Canadian+media+in+many+foreign+languages#v=onepage& q& f=true|page=62|title=Webcasting Worldwide, Business Models of an Emerging Global Medium|first1=Louisa S|last1=Ha|first2= Richard J|last2= Ganahl|publisher=Routledge |year=2006|isbn=0-8058-5916-0|accessdate=2011-01-18
In Canada as elsewhere in the world of History of colonialism|European colonization , the frontier of European exploration and settlement tended to be a linguistically diverse and fluid place, as cultures using different languages met and interacted. The need for a common means of communication between the indigenous inhabitants and new arrivals for the purposes of trade and (in some cases) intermarriage led to the development of Mixed language|hybrid languages .cite book|url= http://books.google.ca/books? id=Lc1DFju-FlYC& lpg=PP1& dq=An%20introduction%20to%20contact%20linguistics& pg=PA183#v=onepage& q& f=true|page=183|title=An introduction to contact linguistics|first=Donald |last=Winford|publisher=Blackwell |year=2003|isbn=0-631-21250-7|accessdate=2011-02-02 Languages like Michif language|Michif , Chinook Jargon and Bungi creole tended to be highly localized and were often spoken by only a small number of individuals who were frequently capable of speaking another language.cite book|url= http://books.google.ca/books? id=glU0vte5gSkC& lpg=PA1491& dq=Michif%20Chinook%20Bungee& pg=PA1491#v=onepage& q& f=true|page=1491 (sub-index)|title=Atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas|first1=S A |last1=Wurm|first2=Peter |last2=Mühlhäusler|first3=D T |last3=Tryon|publisher=International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies - Mouton de Gruyter|year=1996|isbn=3-11-013417-9|accessdate=2011-02-02 -
See also
Portal box|CanadaWikipedia books|Canada
Canuck
Demographics of Canada
List of Canadians
Persons of National Historic Significance
-
Notes
reflist|group="Note"
References
Reflist|colwidth=30em
Further reading
main|Bibliography of Canadarefbegin
citation |last = Beaty |first =Bart |coauthor= Derek Briton |year =2010 |title =How Canadians Communicate III: Contexts of Canadian Popular Culture |url = http://books.google.ca/books? id=jjqitK-cRb4C& lpg=PA183& dq=Contemporary%20Canadian%20Art& pg=PP1#v=onepage& q& f=true |publisher=Athabasca University Press |isbn=978-1-897425-59-6
cite book
|first =J. M | last =Bumsted |title =Canada's diverse peoples: a reference sourcebook |edition = |publisher =Library of Congress ( ABC-CLIO) |year =2003 |isbn =1-57607-672-5 |url = http://books.google.ca/books? id=Pb5AvfpCZZkC& lpg=PA42& dq=The%20people%20of%20Canada& pg=PP1#v=onepage& q& f=true
citation |last = Carment |first =David |coauthor= David Jay Bercuson |year = 2008|title = The world in Canada: diaspora, demography, and domestic politics
citation |last = Kelley |first =Ninette|edition=2nd |coauthor= Michael J. Trebilcock |year =2010 |title =The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy
|url = http://books.google.ca/books? id=3IHyRvsCiKMC& lpg=PP1& dq=Immigration%20to%20Canada%E2%80%8E& pg=PP1#v=onepage& q& f=true |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-0-8020-9536-7
Cite book
|first=Philip |last=Resnick |title=The European Roots Of Canadian Identity |publisher=Broadview Press |location=Peterborough, Ont. |isbn=1-55111-705-3 |year=2005 |url= http://books.google.ca/books? id=JJLOERVCUg0C& lpg=PP1& dq=The%20European%20Roots%20Of%20Canadian%20Identity& pg=PP1#v=onepage& q& f=true
cite book
|first =Madeline | last =Richard |title =Ethnic history and marital assimilation in Canada, 1871 and 1971 |edition = |publisher = University of British Columbia Press |year =1992 |isbn =0-7748-0431-9 |url = http://books.google.ca/books? id=y00ho38YLGMC& lpg=PA164& dq=Ethnic%20origins%20of%20people%20in%20Canada& pg=PP1#v=onepage& q& f=true
citation|author1="CBC"|author2=Don Gillmor|author3=Pierre Turgeon|title=Canada: A People's History Vol-1|url= http://books.google.com/books? id=PPdMoARR46wC& pg=PA1|date=1 October 2002|publisher=McClelland & Stewart|isbn=978-0-7710-3324-7|vol=1
citation|author1="CBC"|author2= Don Gillmor|author3=Pierre Turgeon|author4=Achille Michaud|title=Canada: A People's History Vol-2|url= http://books.google.com/books? id=Z_72vh91NlIC& pg=PA1|date=1 October 2002|publisher=McClelland & Stewart|isbn=978-0-7710-3336-0
refend
External links
Commons category|People of Canada|CanadiansWikiquote|Canada|Canadians
http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-402-x/11-402-x2010000-eng.htm Canada Year Book 2010 - Statistics Canada
http://www.cbc.ca/history/ Canada: A People's History - Teacher Resources - Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
http://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/lhn-nhs/page1_E.asp? nhslisttype=persons& nhslistsort=name& list1=Generate+List Persons of National Historic Significance in Canada - Parks Canada
http://www.multiculturalcanada.ca/ Multicultural Canada - Department of Canadian Heritage
http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/immigrants/index-e.html The Canadian Immigrant Experience - Library and Archives Canada
http://www.biographi.ca/index-e.html The Dictionary of Canadian Biography – Library and Archives Canada
http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/canadiana/index-e.html Canadiana: The National Bibliography of Canada – Library and Archives Canada