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A cartoon is a form of two-dimensional illustration|illustrated Visual arts|visual art . While the specific definition has changed over time, modern usage refers to a typically non- realism (arts)|realistic or semi-realistic drawing or painting intended for satire , caricature , or humor , or to the artistic style of such works. An artist who creates cartoons is called a cartoonist . Webster's Dictionary|Merriam-Webster's Dictionary

The term originated in the Middle Ages and first described a preparatory drawing for a piece of art, such as a painting, fresco , tapestry , or stained glass window. In the 19th century, it came to refer to humorous illustrations in magazines and newspapers, and in the early 20th century and onward it referred to comic strip s and Animated cartoon|animated films.Becker, Stephen. Comic Art in America . Simon & Schuster, 1959.

Fine art

A cartoon (from the Italian language|Italian "cartone" and Dutch language|Dutch word "karton", meaning strong, heavy paper or pasteboard) is a full-size drawing made on sturdy paper as a study or modello for a painting , stained glass or tapestry . Cartoons were typically used in the production of fresco es, to accurately link the component parts of the composition when painted on damp plaster over a series of days ( giornate ).

Such cartoons often have pinpricks along the outlines of the design; a bag of soot was then patted or "pounced" over the cartoon, held against the wall to leave black dots on the plaster ("pouncing"). Cartoons by Painting|painter s, such as the Raphael Cartoons in London and examples by Leonardo da Vinci , are highly prized in their own right. Tapestry cartoons, usually coloured, were followed by eye by the weaving|weavers on the loom .

Print media

In modern print media, a cartoon is a piece of art, usually humorous in intent. This usage dates from 1843 when Punch magazine|Punch magazine applied the term to satirical drawings in its pages, particularly sketches by John Leech. The first of these parodied the preparatory cartoons for grand historical frescoes in the then-new Palace of Westminster . The original title for these drawings was ''Mr Punch's face is the letter Q and the new title "cartoon" was intended to be ironic, a reference to the self-aggrandizing posturing of Westminster politicians.

Modern single-panel gag cartoons, found in magazines, generally consist of a single drawing with a typeset caption positioned beneath or (much less often) a speech balloon . Newspaper syndicates have also distributed single-panel gag cartoons by Mel Calman , Bill Holman , Gary Larson , George Lichty , Fred Neher and others. Many consider The New Yorker|New Yorker cartoonist Peter Arno the father of the modern gag cartoon (as did Arno himself). The roster of magazine gag cartoonists includes Charles Addams , Charles Barsotti and Chon Day .

Bill Hoest , Jerry Marcus and Virgil Partch began as a magazine gag cartoonists and moved on to do syndicated comic strips . Noteworthy in the area of newspaper cartoon illustration is Richard Thompson (cartoonist)|Richard Thompson , who illustrated numerous feature articles in The Washington Post before creating his Cul de Sac (comic strip)|Cul de Sac comic strip. Sports sections of newspapers usually featured cartoons, sometimes including syndicated features such as Chester "Chet" Brown's All in Sport .

Editorial cartoons are found almost exclusively in news publications and news websites. Although they also employ humor, they are more serious in tone, commonly using irony or satire . The art usually acts as a visual metaphor to illustrate a point of view on current social and/or political topics. Editorial cartoons often include speech balloons and, sometimes, multiple panels. Editorial cartoonist s of note include Herblock , David Low (cartoonist)|David Low , Jeff MacNelly , Mike Peters (cartoonist)|Mike Peters and Gerald Scarfe .

Comic strips, also known as "cartoon strips" in the United Kingdom, are found daily in newspapers worldwide, and are usually a short series of cartoon illustrations in sequence. In the United States they are not as commonly called "cartoons" themselves, but rather "comics" or " Sunday comics|funnies ". Nonetheless, the creators of comic strips—as well as comic book s and graphic novel s—are usually referred to as " cartoonist s". Although humor is the most prevalent subject matter, adventure and drama are also represented in this medium. Noteworthy cartoonists of humor strips include Scott Adams , Steve Bell (cartoonist)|Steve Bell , Charles Schulz , E. C. Segar , Mort Walker and Bill Watterson .

Books

Books with cartoons are usually reprints of newspaper cartoons. On some occasions, new gag cartoons have been created for book publication, as was the case with Think Small , a 1967 promotional book distributed as a giveaway by Volkswagen dealers. Bill Hoest and other cartoonists of that decade drew cartoons showing Volkswagens, and these were published along with humorous automotive essays by such humorists as H. Allen Smith , Roger Price (comedy)|Roger Price and Jean Shepherd . The book's design juxtaposed each cartoon alongside a photograph of the cartoon's creator.

Animation

Because of the stylistic similarities between comic strips and early animated movies, "cartoon" came to refer to animation , and the word "cartoon" is currently used to refer to both animated cartoons and gag cartoons. While "animation" designates any style of illustrated images seen in rapid succession to give the impression of movement, the word "cartoon" is most often used in reference to TV programs and short films for children featuring Anthropomorphism|anthropomorphized animals, superhero es, the adventures of child protagonists and related genres.

At the end of the 1980s, the word "cartoon" was shortened, and the word " toon " came into usage with the live action/animated feature Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988), followed two years later by the TV series Tiny Toon Adventures (1990).

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Cartoons

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