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Biography
about|the plant genus|the Italian dance group|Datura (band)|the former town in California|Datura, California|The Tori Amos song|Datura (song)taxobox|image = DaturaMetel-plant.jpg|image_caption = Datura metel |regnum = Plant ae|unranked_divisio = Flowering plant|Angiosperms |unranked_classis = Eudicots |unranked_ordo = Asterids |ordo = Solanales |familia = Solanaceae |subfamilia = Solanoideae |tribus = Datureae |genus = Datura |genus_authority = Carl Linnaeus|L. |subdivision_ranks = Species|subdivision =
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|type_species = Datura stramonium |type_species_authority = L.| Datura , is a genus of nine species of Vespertine (biology)|vespertine flowering plant s belonging to the family Solanaceae . They are known as '''Angel's Trumpets' , sometimes sharing that name with the closely related genus Brugmansia . They are also sometimes called Moonflowers , one of several plant species to be so. Daturas precise and natural distribution is uncertain, owing to its extensive Plant cultivation|cultivation and Introduced species|naturalization throughout the temperate and tropical regions of the globe. Its distribution within the Americas , however, is most likely restricted to the United States and Mexico , where the highest species diversity occurs.
Some South America n plants formerly thought of as Daturas are now treated as belonging to the distinct genus Brugmansia cite book | last = Hawkes | first = J.G. (ed.) | authorlink = | coauthors = R.N. Lester, M. Nee, N. Estrada | title = Solanaceae III – Taxonomy, Chemistry, Evolution (Proceedings of Third International Conference on Solanaceae) | publisher = Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew | year = 1991 | location = | pages = 197–210 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 0-947643-31-1 ( Brugmansia differs from Datura in that it is woody, making shrub s or small tree s, and in that it has pendulous flowers, rather than erect ones). Other related genera include Henbane|Hyoscyamus and Atropa .
Description
Datura are Herbaceous plant|herbaceous , leafy annual plant|annuals and short-lived perennial plant|perennials which can reach up to 2 meters in height. The leaf|leaves are alternate, 10–20& nbsp;cm long and 5–18& nbsp;cm broad, with a lobed or toothed margin. The flower s are erect or spreading (not pendulous like those of the closely allied Brugmansia ), trumpet-shaped, 5–20& nbsp;cm long and 4–12& nbsp;cm broad at the mouth; colors vary from white to yellow, pink, and pale purple. The fruit is a spiny capsule (fruit)|capsule 4–10& nbsp;cm long and 2–6& nbsp;cm broad, splitting open when ripe to release the numerous seed s. The seeds disperse freely over pastures, fields and even wasteland locations.
Datura belongs to the classic "witches' weeds," along with deadly nightshade , henbane , and Mandrake (plant)|mandrake . Most parts of the plants contain toxic hallucinogens, and datura has a long history of use for causing delirious states and death. It was well known as an essential ingredient of love potions and witches' brews.
The word datura comes from the Hindi dhatura ("thorn apple"); record of this name dates back to 1662 ( OED ). Nathaniel Hawthorne refers to one type in The Scarlet Letter as apple-Peru . In Mexico its common name is toloache .
The Caterpillar|larvae of some Lepidoptera ( butterfly and moth ) species, including Hypercompe|Hypercompe indecisa , eat some datura species.
Species and cultivars
It is difficult to classify a datura as to its species, and it often happens that descriptions of new species are accepted prematurely. Later it is found that these "new species" are simply varieties that have evolved due to conditions at a specific location. They usually disappear in a few years. Contributing to the confusion are the facts that various species such as D. wrightii and D. inoxia are very similar in appearance, and that the variation within a species can be extreme. For example, Datura have the property of being able to change size of plant, size of leaf, and size of flowers, all depending on location. The same species, when growing in a half-shady damp location can develop into a flowering bush half as tall as a person, but when growing in a very dry location will only grow into a thin little plant just higher than the ankles, with tiny flowers and a few miniature leaves.cite book | last = Preissel | first = Ulrike | authorlink = | coauthors = Hans-Georg Preissel | title = Brugmansia and Datura: Angel's Trumpets and Thorn Apples | publisher = Firefly Books | year = 2002 | location = Buffalo, New York | pages = 106–129 | url = http://www.amazon.com/Brugmansia-Datura-Angels-Trumpets-Apples/dp/1552095584 | doi = | id = | isbn = 1-55209-598-3
Today, experts classify only nine species of Datura :
Datura ceratocaula Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin|Jacq. & ndash; Torna Loco
Datura discolor Johann Jakob Bernhardi|Bernh. & ndash; Desert Thorn-apple
Datura ferox Carl Linnaeus|L. & ndash; Long Spined Thorn-apple
Datura leichhardtii Ferdinand von Mueller|F.Muell. ex George Bentham|Benth. (syn. D. pruinosa ) & ndash; Leichhardt's Datura
Datura metel L. & ndash; Devil's trumpet
Datura quercifolia Carl Sigismund Kunth|Kunth & ndash; Oak-leaf Thorn-apple
Datura stramonium L. (syn. D. inermis ) & ndash; Jimsonweed, Thorn-apple
Datura wrightii Eduard von Regel|Regel & ndash; Sacred Datura, Sacred Thorn-apple
American Brugmansia & Datura Society, Inc. (ABADS), is designated in the 2004 edition of the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants as the official International Cultivar Registration Authority for Datura . This role was delegated to ABADS by the International Society for Horticultural Science in 2002.
Cultivation
Datura are usually planted annually from the seed produced in the spiny pods, but with care, plants can be overwintered. Most species are suited to being planted outside or in containers. As a rule, they need warm, sunny places and soil that will keep their roots dry. When grown outdoors in good locations, the plants tend to reseed themselves and may become invasive. In containers, they should have porous, aerated potting soil with adequate drainage. The plants are susceptible to fungi in the root area, so organic enrichers such as compost and manure should be avoided.
Toxicity
All Datura plants contain tropane alkaloids such as scopolamine , hyoscyamine , and atropine , primarily in their seeds and flowers. Because of the presence of these substances, Datura has been used for centuries in some cultures as a poison and as a Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants|hallucinogen .cite journal|title=Spirit, Mind and Body in Chumash Healing |journal=Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine |date=2005-10-10|first=James D.|last=Adams, Jr.|coauthors=Cecilia Garcia|volume=2|issue=4|pages=459–463|id= |url= http://ecam.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/2/4/459|format=|accessdate=2008-01-21 | doi = 10.1093/ecam/neh130|pmid=16322802|pmc=1297503 It may be mixed with other psychoactive drug|psychoactive agents , such as the San Pedro cactus in its traditional use in South America.Cite journal |last=Bussmann |first=R.W. |last2=Sharon |first2=D. |year=2006 |title=Traditional medicinal plant use in Northern Peru: tracking two thousand years of healing culture |journal=Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=47–64 |doi=10.1186/1746-4269-2-47 There can be a 5:1 toxin variation across plants, and a given plant's toxicity depends on its age, where it is growing, and the local weather conditions. This variation makes Datura exceptionally hazardous as a drug. In traditional cultures, a great deal of experience with and detailed knowledge of Datura was critical in order to minimize harm. Many tragic incidents result from modern recreational users ingesting Datura . For example, in the 1990s and 2000s, the United States media contained stories of adolescent s and young adults dying or becoming seriously ill from intentionally ingesting Datura .cite web|url = http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5233a2.htm |title = Suspected Moonflower Intoxication (Ohio, 2002)| accessdate = September 30, 2006| publisher = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC cite news|url = http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2006-11-01-jimson_x.htm |title = Jimson weed users chase high all the way to hospital| accessdate = February 15, 2009| publisher = USA TODAY | first=Donna | last=Leinwand | date=2006-11-01 There are also several reports in the medical literature of deaths from Datura stramonium and Datura ferox intoxication.Cite journal | last1 = Michalodimitrakis | first1 = M. | last2 = Koutselinis | first2 = A. | title = Discussion of "Datura stramonium: A fatal poisoning" | journal = Journal of Forensic Sciences | volume = 29 | issue = 4 | pages = 961–962 | year = 1984 | pmid = 6502123 Cite journal | last1 = Boumba | first1 = V. A. | last2 = Mitselou | first2 = A. | last3 = Vougiouklakis | first3 = T. | title = Fatal poisoning from ingestion of Datura stramonium seeds | journal = Veterinary and Human Toxicology | volume = 46 | issue = 2 | pages = 81–82 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15080209 Cite journal | last1 = Steenkamp | first1 = P. A. | last2 = Harding | first2 = N. M. | last3 = Van Heerden | first3 = F. R. | last4 = Van Wyk | first4 = B.-E. | title = Fatal Datura poisoning: Identification of atropine and scopolamine by high performance liquid chromatography/photodiode array/mass spectrometry | doi = 10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.03.011 | journal = Forensic Science International | volume = 145 | issue = 1 | pages = 31–39 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15374592 Children are especially vulnerable to atropine poisoning, and their prognosis is likely to be fatal.cite journal | author = Taha, S. A.; Mahdi, A. H. | year = 1984 | title = Datura intoxication in Riyadh | journal = Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | volume = 78 | issue = 1 | pages = 134–135 | pmid = 6710568 cite journal | last1 = Djibo | first1 = A. | last2 = Bouzou | first2 = S. B. | title = Acute intoxication with "sobi-lobi" (Datura). Four cases in Niger | journal = Bulletin de la Societe de Pathologie Exotique (1990) | volume = 93 | issue = 4 | pages = 294–297 | year = 2000 | pmid = 11204734 In some parts of Europe and India , Datura has been a popular poison for suicide and murder . From 1950–1965, the State Chemical Laboratories in Agra , India investigated 2,778 deaths that were caused by ingesting Datura.
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported accidental poisoning resulting in hospitalization for a family of six who inadvertently ingested Datura used as an ingredient in stew.cite journal|title=Jimsonweed Poisoning Associated with a Homemade Stew – Maryland, 2008|journal=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention – Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report|date=2010-02-05|first=W|last=Bontoyan|coauthors=et al|volume=59|issue=4|pages=102–103|id= |url= http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/wk/mm5904.pdf|format=|accessdate=2010-02-11
In some places it is prohibited to buy, sell or cultivate Datura plants.
Effects of ingestion
Due to the potent combination of anticholinergic substances it contains, Datura intoxication typically produces effects similar to that of an anticholinergic delirium (as contrasted to hallucination ): a complete inability to differentiate reality from fantasy ; hyperthermia ; tachycardia ; bizarre, and possibly violent behavior; and severe mydriasis with resultant painful photophobia that can last several days. Pronounced amnesia is another commonly reported effect.cite book | last = Freye | first = E. | title = Pharmacology and Abuse of Cocaine, Amphetamines, Ecstasy and Related Designer Drugs | chapter = Toxicity of Datura Stramonium | publisher = Springer | year = 2010 | location = Netherlands | pages = 217–218 | url = http://www.springerlink.com/content/u42k03r4v3234615/ | isbn = 978-90-481-2447-3 | doi = 10.1007/978-90-481-2448-0_34
No other psychoactive substance has received as many severely negative recreational experience reports as has Datura . The overwhelming majority of those who describe their use of Datura find their experiences extremely unpleasant both mentally and physically and often physically dangerous.
Treatment
Due to their agitated behavior and confused mental state, victims of Datura poisoning are typically hospitalized. Gastric lavage (stomach pumping) and the administration of activated charcoal can be used to reduce the stomach's absorption of the ingested material. The drug physostigmine is used to reverse the effect of the poisons. Benzodiazepines can be given to curb the patient's agitation, and supportive care with oxygen, hydration, and symptomatic treatment is often provided. Observation of the patient is indicated until the symptoms resolve, usually from 24–36 hours after ingestion of the Datura .cite journal|title=Datura Plant Poisoning|journal=Clinical Toxology Review|date=March 2001|first=Molly|last=Bliss|coauthors=|volume=23|number=6|url= http://www.maripoisoncenter.com/assets/images/pdfs/ctrs/CTR%20Datura%20Plant%20Poisoning.pdf|accessdate=2009-10-12
See also
Datura bernhardii
Datura discolor
Datura ferox
Datura inoxia
Datura kymatocarpa
Datura lanosa
Datura metel
Datura reburra
Datura suaveolens
Datura stramonium , aka Jimson Weed
Datura wrightii
Donnatal , a pharmaceutical containing the active alkaloids in datura; scopolamine, hyoscyamine, and atropine, as a drug
References
reflist
Further reading
Rätsch, Christian (1998/2005). The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants, Ethnopharmacology and Its Applications . Rochester, Vt.: Park Street Press. ISBN 978-0-89281-978-2.
External links
commons categorywikispecies
http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile? symbol=DATUR USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Profile: Datura
http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl? 3415 USDA Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) Species Records of Datura
http://www.blackturtle.us/DV_PLANTS/DATURA/index.html Datura wrightii Specimen Pictures and Information
