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Biography

David (; ISO 259-3 Dawid ; Strong's Concordance|Strong's Daveed ; beloved; or ?? ) was, according to the Hebrew Bible , the second king of the Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)|United Kingdom of Israel and, according to the Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Luke , an ancestor of Jesus . Islamic views on David|David is seen as a major Prophets of Islam|Prophet in Islam ic traditions. His life is conventionally dated to c. 1040–970 BC, his reign over Kingdom of Judah|Judah c. 1010–1003 BC, and his reign over the United Kingdom of Israel c. 1003–970 BC. The Books of Samuel , Books of Kings|1 Kings , and Books of Chronicles|1 Chronicles are the only sources of information on David, although the Tel Dan stele records "House of David", which some take as confirmation that there was the existence in the mid-9th century BC of a Judean Royal house|royal dynasty called the "House of David".

David is very important to Jewish , Christian and Islamic culture. In Judaism, David, or David HaMelekh, is the King of Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)|Israel , and the Jewish people. Jewish tradition maintains that a direct descendant of David will be the Jewish messianism|Messiah . In Islam, he is known as Dawud , considered to be a Prophets of Islam|prophet and the king of a nation. He is depicted as a righteous king, though not without faults, as well as an acclaimed warrior, musician, and poet, traditionally credited for composing many of the psalms contained in the Book of Psalms .

Historicity

Archaeological evidence

Tel Dan Stele and Mesha Stele

A fragment of an Arameans|Aramean victory stele discovered in 1993 at Dan (ancient city)|Tel Dan and dated c.850–835 BC contains the phrase ( bytdwd ). Because the ancient Aramaic alphabet|Aramaic script is written without nikkud|vowels , different readings are possible. Scholars agree that the first part should be read ( beyt ), meaning "house". However, the second part can be read as ( dod ), which means "uncle" or "beloved" or as ( David ). The phrase therefore can mean either "House of the beloved", "House of the uncle" or "House of David".* "If the reading of on the Tel Dan stele is correct, (...) then we have solid evidence that a 9th-century BC Aramean king considered the founder of the Judean dynasty to be a ruler named . P. 132 states that "Although interpreters are free to favor possibilities . . . other than "the house of David," these other meanings remain largely theoretical, rather than demonstrable." Since the stele recounts the victory of an Aramean king over "the king of Israel", Tel Dan Stele the translation of "" as "the House of David" is not illogical.Biran, Avraham and Naveh, J. "An Aramaic Stele Fragment From Tel Dan." Israel Exploration Journal 43 (1993)., Christopher Heard, Associate Professor of Religion at Pepperdine University . See also Israeli journalist Daniel Gavron's for a useful overview.

The Mesha Stele from Moab , dating from approximately the same period, may also contain the name David, in two places: in line 12, where the interpretation is uncertain, and ???? in line 31, where one destroyed letter must be supplied (here it is bracketed in the middle). Kenneth Kitchen has proposed that an inscription of c. 945 BC by the Egyptian Pharaoh Shoshenq I mentions "the highlands of David."K. A. Kitchen, "A Possible Mention of David in the Late Tenth Century BC, and Deity *Dod as Dead as the Dodo? " Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 76 (1997): 29–44, especially 39–41. Although a reference to King David in this geographical name is not certain, some scholars suggest it is reasonable.

City of David and Judah, ca. 1000 BC onward

The Bronze age|Bronze and Iron Age remains of the City of David , the original urban core of Jerusalem identified with the reigns of David and Solomon, were investigated extensively in the 1970s and 1980s under the direction of Yigal Shiloh of the Hebrew University , but failed to discover significant evidence of occupation during the 10th century BC,See David Ussishkin , "Solomon's Jerusalem: The Text and the Facts on the Ground," in: A.G. Vaughn and A.E. Killebrew (eds.), Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology: The First Temple Period , (Society of Biblical Literature, Symposium Series, No. 18), Atlanta, 2003, pp. 103–115. See also Cahill, J., "David's Jerusalem, Fiction or Reality? The Archaeological Evidence Proves It," and Steiner, M., "David's Jerusalem, Fiction or Reality? It's Not There: Archaeology Proves a Negative," both in Biblical Archaeology Review 24 (July/August 1998). (These two scholars argue opposite sides of the case for a Jerusalem in keeping with the biblical portrayal). In 2005, Eilat Mazar found a Large Stone Structure which she claimed was David's palace, but the archaeology is contaminated and impossible to date accurately.See Eilat Mazar , "Did I find David's Temple? " in Biblical Archeology Review, Jan/Feb 2006 Finkelstein and Silberman feel the archaeological evidence from surface surveys indicates that Judah at the time of David was a small tribal kingdom, although both do accept that David and Solomon were likely historical figures in Judah about the 10th century BC. They describe the earliest tales of David as a "classical bandit tale".Finkelstein, Israel; Neil Asher Silberman''David and Solomon: In Search of the Bible's Sacred Kings and the Roots of the Western Tradition Simon & Schuster Ltd (16 October 2006) ISBN 978-0-7432-4362-9 p32

The biblical account

The biblical account about David comes from the book of Samuel and the book of Chronicles (each of which are divided into two books in Jewish and Christian traditions). While almost half of the Psalms are headed "A Psalm of David", the headings are later additions, and no psalm can be attributed to David with certainty.. Chronicles merely retells Samuel from a different theological vantage point, and contains little if any information not available there, and the biblical evidence for David is therefore dependent almost exclusively on the material contained in the chapters from 1 Samuel 16 to 1 Kings 2.

Since Martin Noth put forward his analysis of the Deuteronomistic History , biblical scholars have accepted that these two books form part of a continuous history of Israel, compiled no earlier than the late 7th century BC, but incorporating earlier works and fragments. Samuel's account of David "seems to have undergone two separate acts of editorial slanting." The original writers show a strong bias against Saul, and in favour of David and Solomon. Many years later the Deuteronomists edited the material in a manner that conveyed their religious message, inserting reports and anecdotes that strengthened their monotheistic doctrine. Some of the materials in Samuel I and II — notably the boundary, allotment and administrative lists — are believed to be very early, since they correspond closely to what we know of the territorial conditions of the late Davidic-early Solomonic period.Norman K. Gottwald, Tribes of Yahweh: A Sociology of the Religion of Liberated Israel, 1250–1050 BCE, Continuum 1999 pp.156–157, p.162.

Beyond this, the full range of possible interpretations is available. The late John Bright (biblical scholar)|John Bright , whose History of Israel , which went through four editions from 1959 to 2000, takes Samuel at face value, but Donald B. Redford thinks all reconstructions from Biblical sources for the Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)|United Monarchy period are examples of 'academic wishful thinking',Donald B. Redford, Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times, Princeton University Press, 1992 pp.301–307, p.301. and Thomas L. Thompson measures Samuel against the archaeological evidence and concludes that "an independent history of Judea during the Iron I and Iron II periods has little room for historicizing readings of the stories of I-II Samuel and I Kings.". Some interesting studies of David have been written: Baruch Halpern has pictured David as a lifelong vassal of Achish , the Philistine king of Gath;Baruch Halpern, "David's Secret Demons", 2001.. Israel Finkelstein and Neil Asher Silberman have identified as the oldest and most reliable section of Samuel those chapters which describe David as the charismatic leader of a band of outlaws who captures Jerusalem and makes it his capital.Finkelstein and Silberman, "David and Solomon", 2006. See review . Steven McKenzie, Associate Professor of the Hebrew Bible at Rhodes College and author of King David: A Biography , states the belief that David actually came from a wealthy family, was "ambitious and ruthless" and a tyrant who murdered his opponents, including his own sons.

Biblical narrative

Chosen by God

God withdraws his favour from Saul , king of Israel, "It repenteth me that I have set up Saul to be king, for he is turned back from following me, and has not performed my commandments." The prophet Samuel seeks a new king from the sons of Jesse of Bethlehem . Seven of Jesse's sons are led before Samuel, but Samuel says, " Yahweh has not chosen these." "And Samuel said unto Jesse, Are here all thy children? And he said, There remaineth yet the youngest, and, behold, he keepeth the sheep. And Samuel said unto Jesse, Send and fetch him: for we will not sit down till he come hither. And he sent, and brought him in. Now he was ruddy, and withal of a beautiful countenance, and goodly to look to. And the LORD said, Arise, anoint him: for this is he."

At the court of Saul

God sends an evil spirit to torment Saul () and his attendants suggest he send for David, a young warrior famed for his bravery and for his skill with the harp. Saul does so and makes David one of his armor-bearers and "whenever the spirit from God came upon Saul, David would take his harp and play. Then relief would come to Saul; he would feel better, and the evil spirit would leave him."

David and Goliath

The Israelites , under King Saul , faced the Philistines in the Valley of Elah . He heard the Philistine giant Goliath challenge the Israelites to send their own champion to decide the outcome in single combat. David told Saul he was prepared to face Goliath and Saul allowed him to make the attempt. He was victorious, striking Goliath in the forehead with a stone from his Sling (weapon)|sling . Goliath fell, and David killed him with his own sword and beheaded him; the Philistines fled in terror. Saul inquired about the name of the young champion, and David told him that he is the son of Jesse. 1 Samuel 17:1–58.

David and Jonathan

Saul makes David a commander over his armies and offers him his daughter Michal in marriage for bringing more than 200 foreskins of the Philistines to him. David is successful in many battles, and his popularity awakes Saul's fears — "What more can he have but the kingdom? " By various stratagems the jealous king seeks his death, but the plots only endear David the more to the people, and especially to Saul's son Jonathan (1 Samuel)|Jonathan , who David and Jonathan|loves David (1 Samuel 18:1, 2 Samuel 1:25–26). See David and Jonathan . There is debate amongst some scholars on whether this relationship might have been platonic, romantic or sexual. The Hebrew word 'ahav, meaning "love," has a very broad range of meanings, including simply the opposite of "hate" (The New Brown-Driver-Briggs-Gesenius Hebrew and English Lexicon , p. 12), which can be shown by loyalty, as in 1 Samuel 18:16, "All Israel and Judah loved David, because he led them in their campaigns." Boswell, John. Same-sex Unions in Premodern Europe . New York: Vintage, 1994; Martti Nissinen, Homoeroticism in the Biblical World , Minneapolis, 1998; When Heroes Love:. The Ambiguity of Eros in the Stories of Gilgamesh and David (New York & Chichester, Columbia University Press, 2005); Homosexuality and Liminality in the Gilgamesh and Samuel (Amsterdam, Hakkert, 2007); Gagnon, The Bible and Homosexual Practice. Texts and Hermeneutics (Nashville, Abingdon Press, 2001); Markus Zehnder, "Observations on the Relationship Between David and Jonathan and the Debate on Homosexuality", Westminster Theological Journal 69 (2007) Nevertheless, the Biblical narrative depicts their relationship favourably. Warned by Jonathan, David flees into the wilderness, where he gathers a band of followers and becomes the champion of the oppressed while evading the pursuit of Saul. He accepts the town of Ziklag from the Philistine king Achish of Gath (city)|Gath , but continues secretly to champion the Israelites. Achish marches against Saul, but David is excused from the war on the accusation of the Philistine nobles that his loyalty to their cause cannot be trusted.

Anointed king

Jonathan and Saul are killed in battle with the Philistines at Mount Gilboa . David mourns their deaths, especially that of Jonathan, his friend. He goes up to Hebron , where he is Anointing|anointed king over Kingdom of Judah|Judah . In the north, Saul's son Ish-Bosheth becomes king of the tribes of Israel. War ensues between Ish-Bosheth and David, until Ish-Bosheth is murdered. The assassins bring the head of Ish-Bosheth to David hoping for a reward, but David executes them for their crime against the Lord's anointed. Yet with the death of the son of Saul, the elders of Israel come to Hebron and David, who is 30 years old, is anointed King over Israel and Judah.

Jerusalem and the Davidic Covenant

David conquers the Jebusite fortress of Jerusalem , and makes it his capital, and " King Hiram I|Hiram king of Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre sent messengers to David, and cedar trees, also carpenters and masons who built David a house." David brings the Ark of the Covenant to Jerusalem, intending to build a temple, but God, speaking to the prophet Nathan (Prophet)|Nathan , is pleased, saying the temple will be built. God makes a covenant with David, promising that he will establish the house of David : "Your throne shall be established forever."

With God's help, David is victorious over his people's enemies. The Philistines are subdued, the Moabites to the east pay tribute, along with Hadadezer of Zobah , from whom David takes gold shields and bronze vessels. 2 Samuel 8:7

Bathsheba and Uriah the Hittite

David commits adultery with Bathsheba , the wife of Uriah the Hittite .Stassen, Glen Harold & Gushee, David P. , InterVarsity Press, 2003. p. 200. Bathsheba becomes pregnant. David sends for Uriah, who is with the Israelite army at the siege of Rabbah , so that he may lie with his wife and conceal the identity of the child's father. Uriah refuses to do so while his companions are in the field of battle and David sends him back to Joab , the commander, with a message instructing him to abandon Uriah on the battlefield, "that he may be struck down, and die." David marries Bathsheba and she bears his child, "but the thing that David had done displeased the Lord." The prophet Nathan (prophet)|Nathan confronts David, saying: "Why have you despised the word of God, to do what is evil in his sight? You have smitten Uriah the Hittite with the sword, and have taken his wife to be your wife." Nathan presents three punishments from God for this sin. First, that the "sword shall never depart from your house" (2 Samuel 12:10) second, that "Before your very eyes I will take your wives and give them to one who is close to you, and he will sleep with your wives in broad daylight. 12 You did it in secret, but I will do this thing in broad daylight before all Israel., (2 Samuel 12:12) and finally, that "the son born to you will die."David repents , yet God "struck the child ... and it became sick ... on the seventh day the child died." David leaves his lamentations, dresses himself, goes to the House of the Lord and worships, and then returns home to eat. His servants ask why he wept when the baby was alive, but ends his mourning when the child dies. David replies: "While the child was still alive, I fasted and wept. I thought, 'Who knows? The may be gracious to me and let the child live.' But now that he is dead, why should I fast? Can I bring him back again? I will go to him, but he will not return to me."

David's son Absalom rebels

David's son Absalom rebels against his father, and they come to battle in the Wood of Ephraim . Absalom is caught by his hair in the branches of an oak and David’s general Joab kills him as he hangs there. When the news of the victory is brought to David, he does not rejoice, but is instead shaken with grief: "O my son Absalom, my son, my son Absalom& #33; Would I had died instead of you, O Absalom, my son, my son!", King James Version

Old age

When David has become old and bedridden, Adonijah , his eldest surviving son and natural heir, declares himself king and worthy to marry Abishag . Bathsheba, David's favorite wife, and Nathan (prophet)|Nathan the prophet , fearing that they will be killed by Adonijah, go to David and procure his agreement that Solomon , Bathsheba's son, should sit on the throne. And so the plans of Adonijah collapse, and Solomon becomes king. It is to Solomon that David gives his final instructions, including his promise that the line of Solomon and David will inherit the throne of Judah forever, and his request that Solomon kill his oldest enemies on his behalf.
David dies and is buried in the City of David , having ruled forty years over Israel, seven in Hebron and thirty-three in Jerusalem.

Religious view

Judaism

David is an important figure in Judaism. Historically, David's reign represented the formation of a coherent United Monarchy|Jewish kingdom centered in Jerusalem . David is an important figure within the context of Jewish messianism . In the Tanakh|Hebrew Bible , it is written that a human descendant of David will occupy the throne of a restored kingdom and usher in a messianic age .

David is also viewed as a tragic figure; his acquisition of Bathsheba, and the loss of his son are viewed as his central tragedies.

Many legends have grown around the figure of David. According to one Rabbinic tradition, David was raised as the son of his father Jesse and spent his early years herding his father's sheep in the wilderness while his brothers were in school. Only at his anointing by Samuel – when the oil from Samuel's flask turned to diamonds and pearls – was his true identity as Jesse's son revealed.

David's adultery with Bathsheba was only an opportunity to demonstrate the power of repentance, and some Talmud|Talmudic authors stated that it was not adultery at all, quoting a Jewish practice of divorce on the eve of battle. However, in tractate Sanhedrin, David's broken heart pleads and numerous actions for forgiveness are discussed, God ultimately forgives but would not remove his sins from Scripture.

Furthermore, according to David's apologists, the death of Uriah was not to be considered murder, on the basis that Uriah had committed a capital offence by refusing to obey a direct command from the King.

According to midrashim , Adam gave up 70 years of his life for the life of David.Zohar Bereishis 91b Also, according to the Talmud Yerushalmi , David was born and died on the Jewish holiday of Shavuot (Feast of Weeks). His piety was said to be so great that his prayers could bring down things from Heaven.

Christianity

The concept of the Messiah is important in Christianity. Originally an earthly king ruling by divine appointment ("the anointed one", as the title Messiah had it), the "son of David" became in the last two pre-Christian centuries the apocalyptic and heavenly one who would deliver Israel and usher in a new kingdom. This was the background to the concept of Messiahship in early Christianity, which interpreted the career of Jesus "by means of the titles and functions assigned to David in the mysticism of the Zion cult, in which he served as priest-king and in which he was the mediator between God and man." article from Encyclopædia Britannica Online The early Church believed that "the life of David the life of Christ; Bethlehem is the birthplace of both; the shepherd life of David points out Christ, The Good Shepherd (Christianity)|the Good Shepherd ; the five stones chosen to slay Goliath are Typology (theology)|typical of the Holy Wounds|five wounds ; the betrayal by his trusted counsellor, Ahitophel|Achitophel , and the passage over the Kidron Valley|Cedron remind us of Christ's Passion (Christianity)|Sacred Passion . Many of the Davidic Psalms, as we learn from the New Testament, are clearly Typology (theology)|typical of the future Messiah ."John Corbett (1911) The Catholic Encyclopedia (New York: Robert Appleton Company)
In the Middle Ages , " Charlemagne thought of himself, and was viewed by his court scholars, as a 'new David'. not in itself a new idea, but content and significance were greatly enlarged by him.", The linking of David to earthly kingship was reflected in later Medieval cathedral windows all over Europe through the device of the Tree of Jesse , its branches demonstrating how divine kingship descended from Jesse, through his son David, to Jesus.

Latin liturgical rites|Western Rite churches (Roman Catholic, Lutheran) celebrate his feast day on 29 December, Eastern-rite on 19 December. for December 29 at St. Patrick Catholic Church, Washington, D.C. The Eastern Orthodox Church and Eastern Catholic Churches celebrate the feast day of the "Holy Righteous Prophet and King David" on the Sunday of the Holy Forefathers (two Sundays before the Great Feast of the Christmas|Nativity of the Lord ), when he is commemorated together with other genealogy of Jesus|ancestors of Jesus . He is also commemorated on the Sunday after the Nativity, together with Saint Joseph|Joseph and James, the Brother of the Lord .

Mormonism

The Doctrine and Covenants of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints cites David as one directed by God to practice polygamy , but who sinned in committing adultery with Bathsheba and having Uriah killed. (see highlighted portions).

Islam

Main article Islamic view of David

David ( Arabic ????, Dawud ) is a highly important figure in Islam as one of the major prophet s sent by God to guide the Israelites . David is mentioned several times in the Qur'an , often with his son Solomon . In the Qur'an : David kills Goliath (II: 251) and God grants him kingship and wisdom and enforces it (XXXVIII: 20). David is made God's " vicegerent on earth" (XXXVIII: 26) and God further gives David sound judgment (XXI: 78; XXXVII: 21–24, 26) as well as the Psalms , which are regarded as books of divine wisdom (IV: 163; XVII, 55). The birds and mountains unite with David in ushering praise to God (XXI: 79; XXXIV: 10; XXXVIII: 18), while God instructs David in the art of fashioning chain-mail out of iron (XXXIV: 10; XXI: 80). Together with Solomon, David gives judgment in a case of damage to the fields (XXI: 78) and David judges in the matter between two disputants in his prayer chamber (XXXVIII: 21–23). Since there is no mention in the Qur'an of the wrong David did to Uriah the Hittite|Uriah nor is there any reference to Bathsheba , Muslim s reject this narrative.A-Z of Prophets in Islam and Judaism, Wheeler, David

Muslim tradition and the hadith stress David's zeal in daily prayer Encyclopedia of Islam , Dawud as well as in fasting . Qur'an commentators, historians and compilers of the numerous Stories of the Prophets elaborate upon David's concise Qur'anic narratives and specifically mention David's gift in singing his Psalms as well as his musical and vocal talents. His voice is described as having had a captivating power, weaving its influence not only over man but over all beasts and nature, who would unite with him to praise God . Stories of the Prophets , Ibn Kathir, Story of David

Baha'i Faith

David is described as a minor prophet who came in the shadow of the Dispensationalism|dispensation of Moses to develop and consolidate the process he set in motion.

Succession

Genealogy

According to and , David is the eleventhNote, 'eleventh' – counting Judah as first – like the example in the book of Jude where Enoch is said to be the 'seventh from Adam', which makes Adam first. generation from Judah (Bible)|Judah , the fourth son of the patriarch Jacob (Israel). The genealogical line runs as follows: (1) Judah (Bible)|Judah ? (2) Pharez ? (3) Hezron ? (4) Ram (Biblical figure)|Ram ? (5) Amminadab ? (6) Nahshon ? (7) Salmon (Biblical figure)|Salmon ? (8) Boaz (the husband of Ruth (biblical figure)|Ruth ) ? (9) Obed (Biblical figure)|Obed ? (10) Jesse ? (11) David.

Family

David was born in Bethlehem , in the territory of the Tribe of Judah . His father was named Jesse . His mother is not named in the Bible, but the Talmud identifies her as Nitzevet daughter of Adael.Talmud Tractate Bava Batra 91a David had seven brothers and was the youngest of them all. He had eight wives: Michal , the second daughter of King Saul ; Ahinoam the Jezreelite; Abigail the Carmelite, previously wife of Nabal ;|1|Samuel|25 Maachah , daughter of Talmai , king of Geshur ; Haggith ; Abital ; Eglah ; and Bathsheba , previously the wife of Uriah the Hittite .

The Book of Chronicles lists David's sons by various wives and concubine s. In Hebron he had six sons : Amnon , by Ahinoam; Daniel (son of David)|Daniel , by Abigail; Absalom , by Maachah; Adonijah , by Haggith; Shephatiah , by Abital; and Ithream , by Eglah. By Bathsheba, his sons were: Shammua; Shobab ; Nathan (son of David)|Nathan ; and Solomon . His sons born in Jerusalem by other wives included: Ibhar ; Elishua; Eliphelet ; Nogah; Nepheg; Japhia ; Elishama; and Eliada . According to , Jerimoth , who is not mentioned in any of the genealogies, is mentioned as another of David's sons. According to , David adopted Jonathan's son Mephibosheth as his own.

David also had at least one daughter, Tamar (2 Samuel)|Tamar by Maachah, who was raped by Amnon, her half-brother. Her rape leads to Amnon's death. Absalom, Amnon's half-brother and Tamar's full-brother, waits two years, then avenges his sister by sending his servants to kill Amnon at a feast to which he had invited all the king's sons.

Legend and legacy

In European Christian culture of the Middle Ages , David was made a member of the Nine Worthies , a group of heroes encapsulating all the ideal qualities of chivalry . His life was thus proposed as a valuable subject for study by those aspiring to chivalric status. This aspect of David in the Nine Worthies was popularised firstly through literature, and was thereafter adopted as a frequent subject for painters and sculptors.

The musician

In various biblical passages, David is referred to as “the favorite of the songs of Israel,”2 Samuel 23:1 the one who soothed Saul with music,1 Samuel 16:17–23 and the founder of Temple singing.2 Chronicles 23:18Nehemiah 12:24,36, 45–46 A Psalms scroll from the Dead Sea Scrolls (11QPs^a) attributes 3600 tehilim (songs of praise) plus other compositions to David.Introduction to Psalms (pp. 1280, 1281), The Jewish Study Bible, Tanakh Translation. Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Fishbane, Michael, eds. Jewish Publication Society, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-529751-2 Seventy-three of the 150 Psalms in the Bible are attributed to David."David" and "Psalms, Book of," New Bible Dictionary , second edition,1982. Douglas, J.D. (organizing editor), Wheaton, Illinois: Tyndale Press. ISBN 0-8423-4667-8 The supreme kingship of YHWH|Yahweh is the most pervasive theological concept in the book of Psalms,Introduction to Psalms (p. 1013), NIV Study Bible ,1995. Barker, Kenneth, Burdick, Donald; Stek John; Wessel, Walter; Youngblood, Ronald, eds. Zondervan. Grand Rapids, MI, USA ISBN 0-310-92709-9"Psalms, Book of," New Bible Dictionary , second edition,1982. Douglas, J.D. (organizing editor), Wheaton, Illinois: Tyndale Press. ISBN 0-8423-4667-8 and many psalms attributed to David are directed to Yahweh by name,"Psalms, Book of", New Bible Dictionary , second edition,1982. Douglas, J.D. (organizing editor), Wheaton, Illinois: Tyndale Press. ISBN 0-8423-4667-8 whether in praise or petition, suggesting a relationship.Introduction to Psalms (p. 1284), The Jewish Study Bible, Tanakh Translation , 2004. Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Fishbane, Michael, eds. Jewish Publication Society, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-529751-2 According to the Midrash Tehillim , King David was prompted to the Psalms by the Ruach HaKodesh|Holy Spirit that rested upon him.Midrash Psalms 24

In addition to ascribing authorship to David, several Psalms are identified with specific events in David’s life.Psalms 3, 7, 18, 34, 51, 52, 54, 56, 57, 59, 60, 63 and 142, Commentary on II Samuel 22, The Anchor Bible, Vol. 9. II Samuel . P. Kyle McCarter, Jr., 1984. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-06808-5 is attributed to David on the occasion of his escape from the Abimelech (king) Achish by pretending to be insane.Psalm 34, Interlinear NIV Hebrew-English Old Testament. Kohlenberger, J.R, 1987. Grand Rapids, Michigan:Zondervan Publishing House ISBN 0-310-40200-X According to the narrative in 1 Samuel 21, instead of killing the man who had exacted so many casualties from him, Abimelech allows David to depart, exclaiming, “Am I so short of madmen that you have to bring this fellow here to carry on like this in front of me? Must this man come into my house? "1 Samuel 21:15 (NIV) Psalm 34 is one of seven acrostic Psalms in the original Hebrew; most English translations do not retain the acrostic form.Explanatory Notes on Psalm 34, ‘’Treasury of David’’ (1885), Charles H. Spurgeon , Hendrickson Publishers, 1988. ISBN 0-917006-25-9 The first part of Psalm 34 is directed toward Yahweh in complete and humble gratitude (David does not even mention his own royal status); the second part confidently directs others to Yahweh.Commentary on Psalm 34, The Jewish Study Bible, Tanakh Translation. Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Fishbane, Michael, eds. Jewish Publication Society, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-529751-2

In contrast, Psalm 18 is not related to a specific incident but rather to God’s faithful deliverance from “all of his enemies and from the hand of Saul.”Commentary on II Samuel 22, The Anchor Bible, Vol. 9: II Samuel . P. Kyle McCarter, Jr., 1984. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-06808-5Commentary on Psalm 18: The Anchor Bible, Vol. 16. Psalms I. Mitchell Dahood, 1995. New York:Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-52250-9 The text of this Psalm was thought to date to the 10th century BC even before the discovery of the Dead Sea ScrollsFeinberg, Charles Lee, Th.D., Ph.D., 1947. The Date of the Psalms. Bibliotheca Sacra 104: 426–40 Dallas Theological Seminary Department of Semitics and Old Testament, p. 429 and is very similar to that of 2 Samuel 22.2 Samuel 22 and Psalm 18, Interlinear NIV Hebrew-English Old Testament. Kohlenberger, J.R, 1987. Grand Rapids, Michigan:Zondervan Publishing House ISBN 0-310-40200-X In this Psalm, David recalls being in deadly situations: “The cords of death entangled me, the torrents of destruction overwhelmed me.”Psalm 18:4 (NIV) He cries out to God for help, and God rescues David.
The Scottish theologian Samuel Rutherford (1600–1661) notes that crying out to God is mentioned in many Psalms attributed to David.For example, “At noon, will I pray, and cry aloud” Ps 55:17. “In my distress I cried to the ” Ps 18:6. “Unto thee have I cried, O ” Ps 88:13. “Out of the depths have I cried” Ps 130:1. “Unto thee will I cry, O my rock” Ps 28:1. He comments, “Fervour is a heavenly ingredient in prayer. An arrow drawn with full strength hath a speedier issue.” quoted in Explanatory Notes on Psalm 34, ‘’Treasury of David’’ (1885), Charles H. Spurgeon , Hendrickson Publishers, 1988. ISBN 0-917006-25-9 The Midrash Tehillim teaches from Psalm 4 “that the mere mechanical application to the Throne of Mercy is not efficacious is plainly seen from the words of King David, who says God is nigh to all that call upon Him, and … he adds the important words, 'to those who call upon Him in truth .'”Midrash Psalms 4, emphasis is in the source.

According to Psalm 40, David’s cries to God were heartfelt though not necessarily impatient; the poignant combination of a cry for help with a confident expression of faith echo today in the song 40 (song)|“40” by the rock group U2 and that encapsulates David’s experience with his God:

Representation in art and literature

Art

Famous sculptures of David include (in chronological order) those by:

Donatello ( c. 1430 – 1440), David (Donatello)| David (Donatello)

Andrea del Verrocchio (1476), David (Verrocchio)| David (Verrocchio)

Michelangelo (1504), David (Michelangelo)| David (Michelangelo)

Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1624), David (Bernini)| David (Bernini)

Antonin Mercié (1873)

Literature

John Dryden|Dryden 's long poem Absalom and Achitophel is an allegory that uses the story of the rebellion of Absalom against King David as the basis for his satire of the contemporary political situation, including events such as the Monmouth Rebellion (1685), the Popish Plot (1678) and the Exclusion Crisis .

Elmer Davis 's novel Giant Killer (1928, The John Day company) retells and embellishes the Biblical story of David, casting David as primarily a poet who managed always to find others to do the "dirty work" of heroism and kingship. In the novel, Elhanan son of Jair|Elhanan in fact killed Goliath but David claimed the credit; and Joab , David's cousin and general, took it upon himself to make many of the difficult decisions of war and statecraft when David vacillated or wrote poetry instead.

Gladys Schmitt wrote a novel titled "David the King" (1946, Doubleday Books) which proceeds as a richly embellished biography of David's entire life. The book took a risk, especially for its time, in portraying David's relationship with Jonathan as overtly homoerotic , but was ultimately panned by critics as a bland rendition of the title character.

In Thomas Burnett Swann 's Biblical fantasy novel How are the Mighty Fallen (1974, DAW), David and Jonathan are explicitly stated to be lovers. Moreover, Jonathan is a member of a winged semi-human race (possibly nephilim ), one of several such races co-existing with humanity but often persecuted by it.

Joseph Heller wrote a novel based on David, God Knows (novel)|God Knows (1984, Simon & Schuster). Told from the perspective of an aging David, the humanity — rather than the heroism — of various biblical characters is emphasized. The portrayal of David as a man of flaws such as greed, lust, selfishness, and his alienation from God, the falling apart of his family is a distinctly 20th century interpretation of the events told in the Bible.

Juan Bosch , Dominican political leader and writer, wrote "David: Biography of a King" (1966, Hawthorn, NY) a realistic approach to David's life and political career.

Allan Massie wrote "King David" (1996, Sceptre), a novel about David's career which portrays the king's relationship to Jonathan and others as openly Homosexuality|homosexual .

Madeleine L'Engle 's novel Certain Women (1993, HarperOne) explores family, the Christian faith, and the nature of God through the story of King David's family and an analogous modern family's saga.

Sir Arthur Conan Doyle used the story of David and Bathsheba as the main structure for the Sherlock Holmes story The Adventure of the Crooked Man . The betrayal of the Crooked Man is paralleled with David's betrayal of Uriah the Hittite, carried out in order to win Bathsheba.

Stefan Heym 's "The King David Report" (1998, Northwestern University Press) is a fiction depicting the writings of the Bible historian Ethan, upon King Solomon's orders, of a true and authoritative report on the life of David, Son of Jesse.

Malachi Martin 's 1980 factional novel King of Kings: A Novel of the Life of David relates the life of David, Adonai's champion in his battle with the Philistine deity Dagon.

William Faulkner 's " Absalom, Absalom! "(1936) refers to the story of Absalom, David's son; his rebellion against his father and his death at the hands of David's general, Joab. In addition it parallels Absalom's vengeance for the rape of his sister Tamar by his half-brother, Amnon.

Dan Jacobson 's The Rape of Tamar (1970) is an imagined account, by one of David's courtiers Yonadab, of the rape of Tamar by Amnon.

Film

Gregory Peck played King David in the 1951 film David and Bathsheba , directed by Henry King (director)|Henry King . Susan Hayward played Bathsheba and Raymond Massey played the prophet Nathan.

Jeff Chandler (actor)|Jeff Chandler played David in the 1960 film A Story of David

Finlay Currie played an aged King David in the 1959 film Solomon and Sheba , directed by King Vidor . Yul Brynner played Solomon and Gina Lollobrigida played the Queen of Sheba.

Richard Gere portrayed King David in the 1985 film King David (film)|King David directed by Bruce Beresford .

Music

Josquin des Prez 's Planxit autem David is a polyphonic setting of 2 Samuel Chapter I verses 17–27, David's lamentation for the dead Saul and Jonathan. His Absalon fili mi is a polyphonic lamentation from David's perspective on the death of his son.

George Frideric Handel 's oratorio Saul (Handel)|Saul features David as one of its main characters

Arthur Honegger 's oratorio Le roi David (Honegger)|Le Roi David ('King David'), with a libretto by Rene Morax, was composed in 1921 and instantly became a staple of the choral repertoire; it is still widely performed.

Leonard Cohen 's song " Hallelujah (Leonard Cohen song)|Hallelujah " has references to David ("there was a secret chord that David played and it pleased the Lord", "The baffled king composing Hallelujah") and Bathsheba ("you saw her bathing on the roof") in its opening verses.

"Mad About You", a song on Sting (musician)|Sting's 1991 album The Soul Cages , explores David's obsession with Bathsheba from David's perspective.

Doolittle (album)|Dead by the Pixies is a retelling of David's adultery and repentance.

Herbert Howells (1892–1983) composed an artsong for voice and piano called " List of compositions by Herbert Howells|King David ".

Eric Whitacre composed a choral piece, "When David Heard," chronicling the death of Absalom and David's grief over losing his son.

Musical theater

King David (musical)|King David , a modern oratorio, with a book and lyrics by Tim Rice and music by Alan Menken .

Television

Nathaniel Parker portrayed King David in the 1997 TV film David , with Leonard Nimoy as Samuel and Jonathan Pryce as Saul.

Max von Sydow portrayed an older King David in the TV film Solomon , a sequel to David above, with Ben Cross as Solomon.

In 2009, NBC introduced the series Kings (U.S. TV series)|Kings , which was explicitly designed as a modern retelling of the David story.

In the PBS television series Wishbone (TV series)|Wishbone the episode " List of Wishbone episodes|Little Big Dog " recounts the story of David, his favor with Saul, and his triumphant battle over Goliath.

The season two episode of Xena: Warrior Princess " List of Xena: Warrior Princess episodes|Giant Killer " features David and his killing of Goliath.

Trivia

For a considerable period, starting in the 15th century and continuing until the 19th, French playing card manufacturers assigned to each of the court cards names taken from history or mythology. at the Urban Legends Reference Pages , by David Madore, with illustrations of the Anglo-American and French court cards In this context, the King of Spades was often known as "David".

Copyright Citations

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