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Biography
redirect|Denali|other meanings|Denali (disambiguation)Use mdy dates|date=March 2012Infobox mountain| name = Mount McKinley| other_name = lang|koy|Denali| photo = Denali Mt McKinley.jpg| photo_caption = Mount McKinley from the north. Wonder Lake is in the foreground.| elevation_ft = 20327| elevation_ref = NGVD29.cite peakbagger | pid = 271 | name = Mount McKinley, Alaska | accessdate =February 1, 2010| prominence_ft = 20156| prominence_ref = List of peaks by prominence|Ranked 3rd | map = Alaska| map_caption = Alaska | label_position = left| listing = Seven Summits Ultra prominent peak List of countries by highest point|Nation's highest point List of U.S. states by elevation|U.S. state highest point | location = Denali National Park and Preserve , Alaska|Alaska, USA | range = Alaska Range | lat_d = 63.0695 | long_d = -151.0074 | coordinates_ref = | topo = United States Geological Survey|USGS Mt. McKinley A-3 | first_ascent = June 7, 1913 by flagicon|UK Hudson Stuck flagicon|US Henry Peter Karstens|Harry Karstens flagicon|US Walter Harper flagicon|US Robert Tatum| easiest_route = West Buttress Route (glacier/snow climb) Mount McKinley or Denali ( Koyukon language|Koyukon Athabaskan languages|Athabaskan for "The High One", Dghelaayce’e in Ahtna language|Ahtna ) in Alaska , is the Extremes on Earth|highest mountain peak in North America and in the United States , with a summit elevation of Convert|20320|ft|m|0 above sea level . Measured base-to-peak, it is the tallest mountain on land. Measured by topographic prominence , it is the List of peaks by prominence|third most prominent peak in the world after Mount Everest and Aconcagua . It is the centerpiece of Denali National Park and Preserve .
Geology and features
Mount McKinley is a granitic pluton . It has been uplifted by tectonic pressure while at the same time, erosion has stripped away the (somewhat softer) sedimentary rock above and around the mountain.
The forces that lifted Mount McKinley—the subduction of the Pacific plate beneath the North American plate —also raised great ranges across southern Alaska. As that huge sheet of ocean-floor rock plunges downward into the mantle (geology)|mantle , it shoves and crumples the continent into soaring mountains which include some of the most active volcanoes on the continent. Mount McKinley in particular is uplifted relative to the rocks around it because it is at the intersection of major active strike-slip fault s (faults that move rocks laterally across the Earth's surface) which allow the deep buried rocks to be unroofed more rapidly compared to those around them.
McKinley has a summit elevation of Convert|20320|ft|m|0 above sea level , making it the highest peak in North America.CIA World Factbook link|us|United States Retrieved September 25, 2010 Measured from base to peak, it is also the world's tallest mountain on land.Adam Helman, 2005. The Finest Peaks : Prominence and Other Mountain Measures , p. 9: "the base to peak rise of Mount McKinley is the largest of any mountain that lies entirely above sea level, some 18000 feet"McKinley sits atop a sloping plain with elevations from convert|300|m|ft|-2 to convert|900|m|ft|-2, for a base-to-peak height of convert|5300|to|5900|m|ft|-3.cite web|url= http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/denali/expedition/mission.html|title=NOVA Online: Surviving Denali, The Mission|publisher=Public Broadcasting Corporation|work=NOVA|year=2000|accessdate=June 7, 2007 ( Mount Everest , on the other hand, sits atop the Tibetan Plateau at a much higher base elevation. Base elevations for Everest range from convert|4200|m|ft|-2|abbr=on on the south side to convert|5200|m|ft|-2|abbr=on on the Tibetan Plateau , for a base-to-peak height in the range of convert|3650|to|4650|m|ft|-2. Mount Everest (1:50,000 scale map), prepared under the direction of Bradford Washburn for the Boston Museum of Science, the Swiss Foundation for Alpine Research, and the National Geographic Society , 1991, ISBN 3-85515-105-9 However, McKinley's base-to-peak height is little more than half that of the convert|10200|m|ft|-2 of the volcano Mauna Kea , which lies mostly under water.)
Layout of the mountain
Mount McKinley has two significant summits: the South Summit is the higher one, while the North Summit has an elevation of convert|19470|ft|m|0 and a prominence of approximately convert|1320|ft|m|0. The North Summit is sometimes counted as a separate peak (see e.g., the List of United States fourteeners ) and sometimes not; it is rarely climbed, except by those doing routes on the north side of the massif .
Five large glaciers flow off the slopes of the mountain. The Peters Glacier lies on the northwest side of the massif, while the Muldrow Glacier falls from its northeast slopes. Just to the east of the Muldrow, and abutting the eastern side of the massif, is the Traleika Glacier. The Ruth Glacier lies to the southeast of the mountain, and the Kahiltna Glacier leads up to the southwest side of the mountain.
Naming
main|Denali naming disputeThe Koyukon Athabaskan languages|Athabaskan people who inhabit the area around the mountain referred to the peak as Dinale or Denali ( the high one or the great one ). During the Russian ownership of Alaska, the common name for the mountain was Bulshaia Gora ( bulshaia = Russian for great ; gora = Russian for mountain ), which is the Russian translation of Denali . Dictionary of Alaska Place Names (U.S. Dept. of Interior, 1976) http://www.dggs.dnr.state.ak.us/webpubs/usgs/p/text/p0567.PDF at page 610. Of course, after the sale of Alaska to the United States, the Russian name had a problem. Bulshaia Mountain sounds similar to a well-known English vulgarism, followed by the word mountain .
In the late 1890s, a gold prospector named it McKinley as political support for then-president William McKinley . The Alaska Board of Geographic Names changed the name of the mountain to Denali , which is how it is referred to locally. However, a 1975 request by the Alaska state legislature to the United States Board on Geographic Names to do the same was blocked by Ohio congressman Ralph Regula , whose district includes McKinley's hometown. Members of the Ohio congressional delegation continue to protect the McKinley name, blocking attempts by the Alaska congressional delegation to get the Board of Geographic Names to change it to Denali . Thus, Denali is correct according to the Alaska state board, while McKinley is correct according to the national board.
History
The Koyukon language|Koyukon Athabaskan languages|Athabaskan s are the first Native Americans with access to the flanks of the mountain (living in the Yukon River|Yukon , Tanana River|Tanana and Kuskokwim basins).cite gnis | id = 1414314 | name = Mount McKinley | accessdate =January 20, 2010 The historical first European sighting of Mount McKinley took place on May 6, 1794, when George Vancouver was surveying the Knik Arm of the Cook Inlet and mentioned “distant stupendous mountains” in his journal. The Russian explorer Lavrenty Zagoskin explored the Tanana and Kuskokwim rivers in 1843 and 1844 and was probably the first European to sight the mountain from the other side.cite book | title = Mount McKinley: Icy Crown of North America | first = Fred | last = Beckey | url = http://books.google.com/books? id=w48sXjjEWbwC& dq=Mount+McKinley:+Icy+Crown+of+North+America Mount McKinley: Icy Crown of North America | isbn = 0-89886-646-4 The Mountaineers Books 1993, paper 1999.
William Dickey, a New Hampshire-born Seattle ite who had been digging for gold in the sands of the Susitna River , wrote, after his return to the lower states, an account in the New York Sun that appeared on January 24, 1897.cite news | url = http://newsminer.com/news/2009/feb/22/mount-mckinley-name-change-gets-new-wave-support/ | title = Mount McKinley Name Change Gets New Wave of Support | work = Fairbanks Daily News-Miner | date = February 22, 2009 dead link|date=September 2010dead link|date=September 2010 His report drew attention with the sentence “We have no doubt that this peak is the highest in North America, and estimate that it is over convert|20000|ft|m high.” Until then convert|18000|ft|m|sing=on Mount Saint Elias was believed to be the continent’s highest point ( Mount Logan was still unknown and Mount St Elias’ height had been overestimated to beat Pico de Orizaba Citation needed|date=September 2009). Though later praised for his estimate, Dickey admitted that other prospector parties had also guessed the mountain to be over convert|20000|ft|m.cite book | first = Bill | last = Sherwonit | title = Denali: A Literary Anthology | publisher = The Mountaineers Books | location = Seattle | isbn = 0-89886-710-X See, particularly, chapter 4 (pages 52& ndash;61): http://books.google.com/books? id=mr5CfxqLRdgC& pg=PA128& lpg=PA128& dq=%22The+Ascent+of+Denali%22 "Discoveries in Alaska", 1897, by William A. Dickey.
Climbing history
The first recorded attempt to climb Mount McKinley was by Judge James Wickersham in 1903, via the Peters Glacier and the North Face, now known as the Wickersham Wall. This route has tremendous avalanche danger and was not successfully climbed until 1963.
Famed explorer Dr. Frederick Cook claimed the first ascent of the mountain in 1906. His claim was regarded with some suspicion from the start, but was also widely believed. It was later proved false, with some crucial evidence provided by Bradford Washburn when he was sketched on a lower peak.
In 1910, four locals (Tom Lloyd, Peter Anderson, Billy Taylor, and Charles McGonagall), known as the Sourdough expedition, attempted McKinley, despite a complete lack of climbing experience. They spent approximately three months on the mountain. However, their purported summit day was impressive: carrying a bag of doughnuts each, a thermos of hot chocolate, and a 14-foot (4.2 m) spruce pole, two of them reached the North Summit, the lower of the two, and erected the pole near the top. According to them, they took a total of 18 hours – a record that has yet to be beat (as of 2006). No one believed their success (partly due to false claims that they had climbed both summits) until the true first ascent, in 1913.
In 1912, the Herschel Clifford Parker|Parker -Browne expedition nearly reached the summit, turning back within just a few hundred yards of it due to harsh weather. In fact, that probably saved their lives, as a powerful earthquake shattered the glacier they had ascended hours after they safely left it.
The first ascent of the main summit of McKinley came on June 7, 1913, by a party led by Hudson Stuck and Harry Karstens . The first man to reach the summit was Walter Harper , an Alaska Native . Robert Tatum also made the summit. Tatum later commented, "The view from the top of Mount McKinley is like looking out the windows of Heaven!"cite book | url = | title = Denali's West Buttress: A Climber's Guide to Mount McKinley's Classic Route | first1 = Colby | last1 = Coombs | first2 = Bradford | last2 = Washburn | year = 1997 | publisher = The Mountaineers Books | location = Seattle | isbn = 978-0-89886-516-5 They ascended the Muldrow Glacier route pioneered by the earlier expeditions, which is still often climbed today. Stuck confirmed, via binoculars, the presence of a large pole near the North Summit; this report confirmed the Sourdough ascent, and today it is widely believed that the Sourdoughs did succeed on the North Summit. However, the pole was never seen before or since, so there is still some doubt. Stuck also discovered that the Parker-Browne party were only about 200 feet (61 m) of elevation short of the true summit when they turned back.
''See the #Timeline|timeline below for more important events in Mount McKinley's climbing history.
The mountain is regularly climbed today; in 2003, around 58% of climbers reached the top. But by 2003, the mountain had claimed the lives of nearly 100 mountaineers over time.cite news | last = Glickman | first = Joe | url = http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html? res=9C0DE5DC1439F937A1575BC0A9659C8B63& sec=travel& pagewanted=2 | title = Man Against the Great One | work = New York Times | date = August 24, 2003 | accessdate =September 25, 2010 The vast majority of climbers use the West Buttress Route, pioneered in 1951 by Bradford Washburn , after an extensive aerial photographic analysis of the mountain. Climbers typically take two to four weeks to ascend the mountain.
Timeline
1896–1902: Surveys by Robert Muldrow, George Eldridge, Alfred Brooks.
1903: First attempt, by Judge James Wickersham.
1906: Frederick Cook falsely claims the first ascent of McKinley.
1910: The Sourdoughs ascend the North Summit.
1912: The Parker-Browne attempt almost reaches the South Summit.
1913: First ascent by Walter Harper , Henry Peter Karstens|Harry Karstens , Hudson Stuck and Robert Tatum.
1932: Second ascent, by Alfred Lindley , Harry Liek, Grant Pearson, Erling Strom. (Both peaks were climbed.)
1947: Barbara Washburn becomes the first woman to reach the summit as her husband Bradford Washburn becomes the first to summit twice.
1951: First ascent of the West Buttress Route, led by Bradford Washburn .
1954: First ascent of the very long South Buttress Route.
1959: First ascent of the West Rib, now a popular, mildly technical route to the summit.
1961: First ascent of the Riccardo Cassin|Cassin Ridge, the best-known technical route on the mountain. This was a major landmark in Alaskan climbing.
1963: Two teams make first ascents of two different routes on the Wickersham Wall.
1967: First winter ascent, via the West Buttress, by Dave Johnston, Art Davidson and Ray Genet .
1967: Seven members of Joe Wilcox's twelve-man expedition perish, while stranded for ten days near the summit, in what has been described as the worst storm on record. Up to that time, this was the third worst disaster in mountaineering history in terms of lives lost.cite book | first = James M. | last = Tabor | title = Forever on the Mountain: The Truth Behind One of Mountaineering's Most Controversial and Mysterious Disasters | publisher = W. W. Norton | year = 2007 | isbn = 0-393-06174-4 (describing the 1967 tragedy of the Wilcox team)
1970: First solo ascent by Naomi Uemura .
1972: Sylvain Saudan , "Skier of the Impossible", skis down the sheer southwest face, conquered for the first time by skier or climber.
1976: First solo ascent of the Cassin Ridge by Charlie Fowler , a climb "ahead of its time". http://www.cascadeimages.com/images/main/cassin.pdf supertopo.com
1979: First ascent by dog team achieved by Susan Butcher , Ray Genet , Brian Okonek, Joe Redington, Sr. , and Robert Stapleton.cite web | url = http://www.nps.gov/dena/planyourvisit/climbinghistory.htm | title = Historical Timeline | work = Denali National Park and Preserve | publisher = National Park Service | accessdate =September 25, 2010
1984: Uemura returns to make the first winter solo ascent, but dies after summitting. Tono Križo, František Korl and Blažej Adam from the Slovakia|Slovak Mountaineering Association climb a very direct route to the summit, now known as the Slovak Route, on the south face of the mountain, to the right of the Cassin Ridge.cite journal | work = American Alpine Journal | year = 1985 | volume = 26 | issue = 58 | page = 174 | publisher = American Alpine Club | location = Golden, Colorado | issn = 0065-6925
1988: First solo winter ascent with safe return, by Vern Tejas.
1997: First successful ascent up the West Fork of Traleika Glacier up to Karstens Ridge beneath Browne Tower. This path was named the "Butte Direct" by the two climbers Jim Wilson and Jim Blow.cite journal | work = American Alpine Journal | year = 1998 | volume = 40 | issue = 72 | pages = 117–118 | publisher = American Alpine Club | location = Golden, Colorado | issn = 0065-6925 cite book | first = R. J. | last = Secor | title = Denali Climbing Guide | publisher = Stackpole Books | location = Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania | year = 1998 | isbn = 0-8117-2717-3
Weather station
The Alpine Club installed a meteorological station on a ridge near the summit of Denali at an altitude of 5,710 m in 1990. In 1998, this weather station was donated to the International Arctic Research Center at the University of Alaska Fairbanks . In June 2002, a weather station was placed at the convert|19000|ft|m|sing=on level. This weather station was designed to transmit data in real-time for use by the climbing public and the science community. Since its establishment, annual upgrades to the equipment have been performed with instrumentation custom built for the extreme weather and altitude conditions. This weather station is one of only two weather stations in the world located above convert|18000|ft|m.
The weather station recorded a temperatures of convert|-75.5|°F|°C|abbr=on on December 1, 2003. On the previous day, November 30, 2003, a temperature of convert|-74.4|°F|°C|abbr=on combined with a wind speed of convert|18.4|mph to produce a North American record windchill of convert|-118.1|°F|°C|abbr=on.
Even in July, temperatures as low as convert|-22.9|°F|°C|abbr=on and windchills as low as convert|-59.2|°F|°C|abbr=on have been recorded by this weather station.
Historical record
unreferenced section|date=August 2011The mountain is characterized by extremely cold weather. Temperatures as low as convert|-75.5|°F|°C|abbr=on and windchills as low as convert|-118.1|°F|°C|abbr=on have been recorded by an automated weather station located at convert|18700|ft|m|-2. According to the National Park Service, in 1932 the Liek-Lindley expedition recovered a self-recording minimum thermometer left near Browne's Tower, at about convert|15000|ft|sigfig=2, on Mount McKinley by the Stuck-Karstens party in 1913. The spirit thermometer was calibrated down to 95 °F below zero and the lowest recorded temperature was below that point. Harry J. Lek took the thermometer back to Washington, D.C. where it was tested by the United States Weather Bureau and found to be accurate. The lowest temperature that it had recorded was found to be approximately convert|-100|F|C.
Subpeaks and nearby mountains
Besides the North Summit mentioned above, other less significant features on the massif which are sometimes included as separate peaks are:
South Buttress, convert|15885|ft|m|0; mean prominence = convert|335|ft|m|0
East Buttress high point, convert|14730|ft|m|0; mean prominence = convert|380|ft|m|0
East Buttress, most topographically prominent point, convert|14650|ft|m|0; mean prominence = convert|600|ft|m|0
Browne Tower, convert|14530|ft|m|0; mean prominence = convert|75|ft|m|0
None of these peaks are usually regarded as worthwhile objectives in their own right; however they often appear on lists of the highest peaks of the United States. (Only one appears on the Fourteener#List of United States fourteeners|List of United States Fourteeners on Wikipedia.)
Table of the highest major summits of North America
Table of the ultra-prominent summits of North America
Table of the most isolated major summits of North America
clear
Notes
reflist|2
References
no footnotes|section|date=September 2010
Art Davidson, Minus 148°: First Winter Ascent of Mt. McKinley , 7th ed. ( The Mountaineers Books , 2004) ISBN 0-89886-687-1
Dictionary of Alaska Place Names (U.S. Dept. of Interior, 1976) http://www.dggs.dnr.state.ak.us/webpubs/usgs/p/text/p0567.PDF at page 610.
Kaye, G. D., Using GIS to estimate the total volume of Mauna Loa Volcano, Hawaii, 98th Annual Meeting, Geological Society of America, (2002).
Dow Scoggins, Discovering Denali
Hudson Stuck , D.D., Archdeacon of the Yukon, The Ascent of Denali, The 1913 Expedition that First Conquered Mt. McKinley , ((reprinted by) Wolfe Publishing Co., 1988) ISBN 0-935632-69-7
Bradford Washburn et al., Mount McKinley: The Conquest of Denali ( Harry N. Abrams, Inc. , 1991) ISBN 0-8109-3611-9
http://www.photomountains.com/dameasy/pages/Alaska_Range/Denali/index.html PhotoMountains: High resolution aerial photographs of Denali climbing routes
http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z? c110:H.R.198: H.R. 198: A bill to provide for the retention of the name of Mount McKinley (introduced to the 110th Congress by Rep. Regula)
http://www.nps.gov/archive/dena/home/mountaineering/history.htm Timeline of Denali climbing history, National Park Service
http://www.travelthewholeworld.com/denali.html Travel The Whole World Denali 2009 Denali Trip Report - 75+ Photos
Wilson, Rodman, William J. Mills, Jr., Donald R. Rogers and Michael T. Propst, " http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi? artid=1238183 Death on Denali: Fatalities Among Climbers in Mount McKinley National Park From 1903 to 1976—Analysis of Injuries, Illnesses and Rescues in 1976," Western Journal of Medicine , 1978 June; 128(6): 471–476.
Rodway, George W., " http://www.wemjournal.org/wmsonline/? request=get-document& issn=1080-6032& volume=014& issue=01& page=0033 Paul Crews' "Accident on Mount McKinley" —A Commentary ," Wilderness and Environmental Medicine : Vol. 14 (2003), No. 1, pp.& nbsp;33–38.
Freedman, Lew,"Dangerous Steps: Vernon Tejas and the Solo Winter Ascent of Mount McKinley", Stackpole, 1990.
U.S. State Highest PointsSeven Summits DEFAULTSORT:McKinley Category:Mount McKinley|* Category:Alaska Range Category:Mountains of Alaska Category:Seven Summits Category:United States National Park high points Category:Sacred mountains Category:Landforms of Denali Borough, Alaska Category:Denali National Park and Preserve Category:Religious places of the indigenous peoples of North America Category:Highest points of U.S. states
