Dietrich Fischer Dieskau

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Biography

Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau (28 May 192518 May 2012 Der Tagesspiegel 18 May 2012) was a German lyric baritone and conductor of classical music , one of the most famous Lied er ( art song ) performers of the post-war period, described as "one of the supreme vocal artists of the 20th century"Ted Libbey. ''The NPR Listener's Encyclopedia of Classical Music'' New York: Workman Publishing, 2006 and "the most influential singer of the 20th Century"., May 2005 Fischer-Dieskau was ranked the second greatest singer of the century (after Jussi Björling ) by Classic CD (United Kingdom) "Top Singers of the Century" Critics' Poll (June 1999).

The French dubbed him "Le miracle Fischer-Dieskau" and Elisabeth Schwarzkopf called him "a born god who has it all."Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau: the Baritone of Our Age by Richard Wigmore 6 June 2007 At his peak, he was greatly admired for his interpretive insights and exceptional control of his beautiful voice. Fischer-Dieskau also performed and recorded a great many opera tic roles. He was the most recorded singer of all time.Inc. Marquis Who's Who. Who's Who in the World: Marquis Who's Who., 2004 He dominated both the opera and concert platform for over thirty years.Matthew Boyden. The Rough Guide to Opera 3rd Edition London: Rough Guides Ltd., 2002

Recording an astonishing array of repertoire (spanning centuries) as musicologist Alan Blyth asserted, "No singer in our time, or probably any other has managed the range and versatility of repertory achieved by Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau. Opera, Lieder and oratorio in German, Italian or English came alike to him, yet he brought to each a precision and individuality that bespoke his perceptive insights into the idiom at hand." In addition, he recorded in French language|French , Russian language|Russian , Hebrew and Hungarian language|Hungarian .

Although his vocal technique was highly accomplished, Fischer-Dieskau's voice was rather light, a lyric-chamber baritone with less-than-overwhelming power. Despite this, he performed and recorded many heavy heroic baritone and bass-baritone operatic roles such as Wotan, Hans Sachs, Amfortas, Telramund, Iago, Macbeth, Scarpia, and Jokanaan.

He was most admired, though, as a singer of Franz Schubert|Schubert Lieder, particularly the cycle Winterreise . His recordings of Winterreise with accompanist Gerald Moore and Jörg Demus are still critically acclaimed half a century after their release., on Fischer-Dieskau and Winterreise

Early years

Albert Dietrich Fischer was born in 1925 in Berlin to Albert Fischer, a school principal, and Theodora (Dora) née Klingelhoffer, a teacher. In 1934, his father added the hyphenated "Dieskau" to the family name (through his mother, he was descended from the Kammerherr von Dieskau, for whom Johann Sebastian Bach wrote the " Mer hahn en neue Oberkeet, BWV 212|Peasant Cantata "). He started singing as a child and began formal voice lessons at the age of 16. When he was drafted into the Wehrmacht during World War II in 1943, tending horses on the Russian Front , Fischer-Dieskau had just completed his secondary school studies and one semester at the Berlin Conservatory. He was captured in Italy in 1945 and spent two years as an American prisoner of war . During that time, he sang Lieder in POW camps to homesick German soldiers. He had an infirm brother who was sent to an institution by the Nazi regime and Action T4|starved to death . His family home was also destroyed during the war.

Singing career

In 1947, he returned to Germany where he launched his professional career as a singer in Badenweiler , singing in Johannes Brahms|Brahms ' A German Requiem (Brahms)|Ein Deutsches Requiem without any rehearsal. (He was a last-minute substitute for an indisposed singer.) He gave his first Lieder recital in Leipzig in the autumn of 1947 and followed it soon afterwards with a highly successful first concert at Berlin's Titania-Palast.

From early in his career he collaborated with famous lyric soprano s Elisabeth Schwarzkopf and Irmgard Seefried , and the recording producer Walter Legge , issuing instantly-successful albums of Lieder by Schubert and Hugo Wolf .

In the autumn of 1948, Fischer-Dieskau was engaged as principal lyric baritone at the Städtische Oper Berlin (Municipal Opera, West Berlin ), making his debut as Posa in Giuseppe Verdi|Verdi 's Don Carlos under Ferenc Fricsay . This company, known after 1961 as the Deutsche Oper , would remain his artistic home until his retirement from the operatic stage, in 1978.

Subsequently, Fischer-Dieskau made guest appearances at the opera houses in Vienna and Munich . After 1949 he made concert tours in the Netherlands, Switzerland, France and Italy. In 1951, he made his Salzburg Festival concert debut with Gustav Mahler|Mahler 's Lieder eines fahrenden Gesellen|Lieder eines fahrenden Gesellen (Songs of a Wayfarer) under Wilhelm Furtwängler . That year, he also made his British debut, at the Royal Albert Hall in London during the Festival of Britain . In 1956, Fischer-Dieskau made his Boston performance debut for the Peabody Mason Concert series, Christian Science Monitor , 24-Oct-1956, Harold Rogers, Boston and appeared again in 1958. Boston Globe , 7-Nov-1958, Kevin Keley, "Superb German Baritone" He appeared in Frederick Delius 's A& nbsp;Mass of Life , conducted by Sir Thomas Beecham .Liner notes to Portrait of Dietriech Fischer-Dieskau , HMV, released by World Record Club He made regular opera appearances at the Bayreuth Festival between 1954 and 1961 and at the Salzburg Festival from 1956 until the early 1970s.

As an opera singer, Fischer-Dieskau performed mainly in Berlin and at the Bavarian State Opera in Munich . He also made guest appearances at the Vienna State Opera , at the Royal Opera House , Covent Garden in London, at the Hamburg State Opera , in Japan, and at the King's Theatre in Edinburgh , during the Edinburgh Festival . His first tour in the United States took place in 1955, when he was 29, with his concert debut in Cincinnati on 15 April ( Johann Sebastian Bach|J. S. Bach 's Ich will den Kreuzstab gerne tragen, BWV 56|Kreuzstab cantata ) and 16& nbsp;April ( A German Requiem (Brahms)|Ein Deutsches Requiem ). His American Lieder debut, singing Franz Schubert songs, took place in Saint Paul, Minnesota , on 19 April. His New York City debut occurred on 2 May at The Town Hall , where he sang Schubert's song cycle Winterreise without an interval. Both American recitals were accompanied by pianist Gerald Moore .

In 1951, Fischer-Dieskau made his first of many recordings of Lieder with Gerald Moore at the EMI Studios, London, including a complete Die schöne Müllerin , and they performed the work on 31 January 1952 at the Kingsway Hall , London in the Mysore Concerts of the Philharmonia Concert Society.Concert Programme, 31 Jan 1952. They gave recitals together until Moore retired from public performance in 1967. They continued, however, to record together until 1972, in which year they completed their massive project of recording all of the Schubert lieder appropriate for the male voice. Gerald Moore retired completely in 1972, and died in 1987, aged 87. Their recordings of Die schöne Müllerin and Winterreise are highly prized as examples of their artistic partnership.

Fischer-Dieskau also performed many works of 20th century classical music|contemporary music , including Benjamin Britten (who chose Fischer-Dieskau as the baritone soloist when writing War Requiem ), Samuel Barber , Hans Werner Henze , Karl Amadeus Hartmann (who wrote his Gesangsszene for him), Ernst Krenek , Witold Lutoslawski , Siegfried Matthus , Winfried Zillig , Gottfried von Einem and Aribert Reimann . He participated in the 1975 premiere and 1993 recording of Gottfried von Einem 's cantata An die Nachgeborenen , written in 1973 as a commission of the United Nations|UN , both with Julia Hamari and the Wiener Symphoniker conducted by Carlo Maria Giulini .

Beyond his recordings of Lieder and the German opera repertoire, Fischer-Dieskau also recorded performances in the Italian operatic field. His recordings of Verdi's Rigoletto (alongside Renata Scotto and Carlo Bergonzi ) and Rodrigo in Verdi's Don Carlos , are probably the most respected of these ventures. Others, such as the title role in Verdi's Macbeth (opera)|Macbeth (with Elena Souliotis ), Giorgio Germont in Verdi's La traviata , and Scarpia in Giacomo Puccini 's Tosca (with Birgit Nilsson ), are not delivered by him with the same degree of effectiveness. They display his characteristic perceptiveness and intelligence but lack idiomatic Mediterranean vocal colour and temperament - perhaps, in short, seeming too Germanic. However, as with the operatic interpretations of Schwarzkopf and Maria Callas , Fisher-Dieskau's performances on disc always seem thought out and are often true to the score. As conductor Ferenc Fricsay put it, "I never dreamed I'd find an Italian baritone in Berlin." Fischer-Dieskau retired from opera in 1978, the year he recorded his final opera, Aribert Reimann 's Lear (opera)|Lear that the composer had written at his suggestion.

Throughout his career, his musicianship and technique were flawless. As Greg Sandow of Opera News put it, "Overall, his technique is breath-taking; someone should build a monument to it."Greg Sandow. "21 Sides of Fischer-Dieskau" Opera News November 2000 He retired from the concert hall as of New Year's Day, 1993, at 67, and dedicated himself to conducting, teaching (especially the interpretation of Lieder), painting and writing books. He has still performed as a reciter, reading for example the letters of Strauss to Hugo von Hofmannsthal , read by Gert Westphal , for the Rheingau Musik Festival in 1994; and both performing and recording Strauss's melodrama Enoch Arden (Strauss)|Enoch Arden . He is also an honorary member of the Robert Schumann Society.

As 'the world's greatest Lieder singer' (Time magazine), he regularly sold out concert halls all over the world until his retirement at the end of 1992. The precisely articulated accuracy of his performances, in which text and music were presented as equal partners, established standards that endure today. The current widespread interest in German Romantic art song is mainly due to his efforts. Perhaps most admired as a singer of Schubert Lieder, Fischer-Dieskau had, according to critic Joachim Kaiser, only one really serious competitor - himself, as over the decades he set new standards, explored new territories and expressed unanticipated feelings and emotions.www.bach-cantatas.com/Bio/Fischer-Dieskau-Dietrich.htm

Few artists achieve the level of recognition, admiration, and influence of Fischer-Dieskau, and even fewer live to see that influence realized during their own lifetimes. Ushering in the modern recording era, he challenged our perceptions of how recordings could be made, explored the possibilities of modern recording and exploited the potential for the popularity of classical music - and all this while setting standards of artistic achievement, integrity, risk-taking, and of the aesthetic ideal that became our new norm. Whenever we bask in the beauty of his tone, revere the probing, questioning power of his intellect, or simply wonder at the astonishing physical abilities throughout all that he has achieved in his long recording career, we must also pause and say THANK YOU to this great artist, whose legacy, like a great and bright star lighting the way for those who follow in his passion for singing, is exemplary in every way.—Thomas Hampson, May 2012, Hall of Fame, Gramophone Magazine.

Awards

Léonie Sonning Music Prize 1975

Ernst von Siemens Music Prize 1980

Polar Music Prize 2005

Gramophone (magazine)|Gramophone Hall of Fame entrant 2012

Personal life

In 1949, Fischer-Dieskau married the cellist Irmgard Poppen. Together they had three sons: Mathias (stage designer), Martin Fischer-Dieskau|Martin (conductor), and Manuel (cellist). Irmgard died in 1963 of complications following childbirth. Afterwards, Fischer-Dieskau was married to the actress Ruth Leuwerik , from 1965 to 1967, and Christina Pugel-Schule, from 1968 to 1975. In 1977 he married the soprano Júlia Várady .

His older brother Klaus Fischer-Dieskau was a notable Berlin choral director who conducted Fischer-Dieskau several times, including in his only recording of a passion by Heinrich Schütz in 1961.

Death

On Friday, 18 May 2012, Fischer-Dieskau died in his sleep at his home in Berg, Upper Bavaria , ten days before his 87th birthday.

Partial discography

As singer

Fischer Dieskau recorded mainly on the labels EMI, DG and Orfeo.

Johann Sebastian Bach|Bach , 75 Cantatas , with Karl Richter (conductor)|Karl Richter on the Polygram label

Bach, Jesus and bass parts in the Passions under a wide host of conductors, e.g. Herbert von Karajan , Otto Klemperer , Wilhelm Furtwängler , Fritz Lehmann , and Karl Richter

Béla Bartók|Bartók , '' Bluebeard's Castle , with Ferenc Fricsay

Bartók, ''Bluebeard's Castle , with Wolfgang Sawallisch

Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven , Fidelio , with Fricsay

Beethoven, Fidelio , with Leonard Bernstein

Alban Berg , Wozzeck , with Karl Böhm

Alban Berg, Lulu (opera)|Lulu , with Karl Böhm

Johannes Brahms|Brahms , A German Requiem (Brahms)|Ein Deutsches Requiem , with Rudolf Kempe

Brahms, Ein deutsches Requiem , with Otto Klemperer and the Philharmonia Orchestra on the Angel label

Brahms, Ein deutsches Requiem , with Otto Klemperer , the Philharmonia Orchestra and Elisabeth Schwarzkopf on the EMI label 1961 recorded at Kingsway Hall in March 1961

Brahms, Liebeslieder Walzer on the Deutsche Grammophon label

Brahms, Vier ernste Gesänge , lieder, with Jörg Demus , piano on the Deutsche Grammophon label

Benjamin Britten|Britten , War Requiem , Benjamin Britten conducting, with Galina Vishnevskaya and Sir Peter Pears

Ferruccio Busoni|Busoni , Doktor Faust , conductor Ferdinand Leitner

Domenico Cimarosa|Cimarosa , Il matrimonio segreto|The Secret Marriage , with Daniel Barenboim

Claude Debussy|Debussy , Mélodies, with Hartmut Höll , piano, recorded 1988 for Claves Records, available in 2006 on Brilliant Classics

Gabriel Fauré|Fauré , Requiem (Fauré)|Requiem , Op. 48 under André Cluytens on EMI

Christoph Willibald Gluck|Gluck , Orpheus and Euridice|Orpheus ed Eurydice with Karl Richter

Gluck, Iphigenia in Aulis|Iphigenie in Aulis with Artur Rother

Gluck, Iphigenie in Aulis with Kurt Eichhorn and Anna Moffo

Joseph Haydn|Haydn , The Creation (Haydn)|The Creation , with Herbert von Karajan

Hans Werner Henze|Henze , Elegy for young lovers|Elegie für junge Liebende , with Martha Mödl , the composer conducting

Paul Hindemith , Cardillac , with Josef Keilberth

Paul Hindemith, Mathis der Maler (opera)|Mathis der Maler , with Rafael Kubelík

Paul Hindemith, '' When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd (Hindemith)|When lilacs last in the dooryard bloom'd (Requiem "for those we love") , with Wolfgang Sawallisch

Gustav Mahler|Mahler , Das Lied von der Erde , with Leonard Bernstein and the Vienna Philharmonic

Mahler, Lieder , with Daniel Barenboim, piano, on the EMI label

Mahler, Lieder eines fahrenden Gesellen and Des Knaben Wunderhorn , with Daniel Barenboim, piano, on the Sony label

Mahler, Lieder eines fahrenden Gesellen and Kindertotenlieder with orchestra, with Wilhelm Furtwängler and Rudolf Kempe, on the EMI label

Mahler, Kindertotenlieder , with Karl Böhm

Mahler, Rückert-Lieder , on the Deutsche Grammophon label

Felix Mendelssohn , Lieder, with Hartmut Höll , piano, recorded 1989 and 1991 for Claves Records, available in 2006 on Brilliant Classics

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart and Haydn Discoveries, with Reinhard Peters and the Vienna Haydn Orchestra on the Decca label

Mozart, The Magic Flute with Ferenc Fricsay

Mozart, The Magic Flute , with Karl Böhm

Mozart, The Magic Flute , with Georg Solti (as the Sprecher)

Mozart, The Marriage of Figaro , with Karl Böhm

Mozart, The Marriage of Figaro , with Ferenc Fricsay

Mozart, , with Ferenc Fricsay

Mozart, Don Giovanni , with Karl Böhm

Mozart, Così fan tutte , at least two different recordings are available, one starring Gundula Janowitz as Fiordiligi; the other starring Irmgard Seefried , both conducted by Karl Böhm.

Mozart, Mozart Requiem|Requiem , with Daniel Barenboim

Offenbach, Les contes d´Hoffmann as Lindorf/Coppelius/Miracle/Dapertutto on the EMI label

Carl Orff|Orff , Carmina Burana (Orff)|Carmina Burana , with Eugen Jochum and the Chor und Orchester der Deutschen Oper Berlin on the Deutsche Grammophon label

Giacomo Puccini|Puccini , Tosca , with Birgit Nilsson , as well as excerpts in German with Anja Silja , on Decca Records

Max Reger|Reger , Requiem (Reger)|Hebbel Requiem with the Philharmoniker Hamburg and Gerd Albrecht

Aribert Reimann|Reimann , Lear , with the Bavarian State Orchestra on the Polygram label

Othmar Schoeck|Schoeck , Lebendig begraben , with Radio-Symphonie-Orchester Berlin, on the Deutsche Grammophon label

Schoeck, Notturno , five movements für voice and string quartet, on EMI Classics

Schoeck, Lieder , with Margrit Weber (piano) and Karl Engel (piano), on the Deutsche Grammophon label

Franz Schubert|Schubert , Deutsche Messe , with Wolfgang Sawallisch and the Orchester des Bayerischen Rundfunks on the Capitol label

Schubert, Winterreise , with Gerald Moore , piano, on the Deutsche Grammophon label

Schubert, Winterreise , with Daniel Barenboim , piano, on the Deutsche Grammophon label

Schubert, Die Winterreise , with Jörg Demus , piano, on the Deutsche Grammophon label

Schubert, Die schöne Müllerin , with Gerald Moore, piano, on the Angel label

Schubert, Lieder , with Gerald Moore, piano on the Deutsche Grammophon label

Schubert, Lieder , with Sviatoslav Richter , piano on the Deutsche Grammophon label

Schubert, Missa Solemnis and Masses in C major and E flat major , with Wolfgang Sawallisch and the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra on the EMI label

Schubert, Schwanengesang , with Gerald Moore, piano on the EMI label

Schubert, Lieder, with Hartmut Höll, piano, recorded 1987 for Claves Records, available in 2006 on Brilliant Classics

Robert Schumann|Schumann , Dichterliebe , Liederkreis , and the complete lieder for male voice, with Christoph Eschenbach , piano, on the Deutsche Grammophon label

Schumann, Liederkreis , with Gerald Moore, piano, on the EMI label

Heinrich Schütz|Schütz St Matthew Passion SWV 479. Berlin Hugo-Distler Chor , dir. Klaus Fischer-Dieskau Archiv LP 1961Hans Joachim Moser Heinrich Schütz: a short account of his life and works 1967 - 121 "St. Matthew Passion (SWV 479) Soloists, Hugo-Distler-Chor, Berlin, conducted by Klaus Fischer- Dieskau Archive 198 174 (mono),"

Dmitri Shostakovich|Shostakovich , Suite on Verses of Michelangelo|Michelangelo Buonarroti and Four Verses of Captain Lebyadkin , with Vladimir Ashkenazy and the Radio Symphony Orchestra Berlin on the Polygram label

Shostakovich, Symphony No. 14 (Shostakovich)|Symphony No. 14 with Bernard Haitink and the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra|Concertgebouw Orchestra on the Decca label

Richard Strauss , Elektra (opera)|Elektra , with Karl Böhm

Strauss, Arabella , with Wolfgang Sawallisch

Strauss, Die Frau ohne Schatten , with Joseph Keilberth (Deutsche Grammophon; re-released on Brilliant Classics)

Strauss, Salome (opera)|Salome , with Karl Böhm

Strauss, Der Rosenkavalier , with Karl Böhm

Strauss, Ariadne auf Naxos , with Kurt Masur

Strauss, Capriccio (opera)|Capriccio , with Wolfgang Sawallisch

Johann Strauss II|Johann Strauss , Die Fledermaus , with Willi Boskovsky

Giuseppe Verdi|Verdi , Un ballo in maschera (in German), with Fritz Busch

Verdi, La traviata , with Lorin Maazel

Verdi, Otello

Verdi, Falstaff (opera)|Falstaff , with Leonard Bernstein

Verdi, Macbeth (opera)|Macbeth , with Elena Souliotis

Verdi, Rigoletto with Renata Scotto , Carlo Bergonzi , Rafael Kubelík and the La Scala Orchestra on the Deutsche Grammophon label

Verdi, Don Carlos , in German, with Ferenc Fricsay and Josef Greindl , 1948 (his operatic debut)

Verdi, Don Carlos , in Italian, with Georg Solti

Richard Wagner|Wagner , Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg , as Hans Sachs, with Eugen Jochum and the Berliner Staatsopernorchester on the Deutsche Grammophon label

Wagner, Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg , as Fritz Kothner the baker, with Andre Clutyens, at Bayreuth, 1956

Wagner, Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg , as Hans Sachs, with Eugen Jochum, Chor und Orchester der Deutschen Oper Berlin, 1976, Deutsche Grammophon

Wagner, Lohengrin (opera)|Lohengrin with Rudolf Kempe (EMI), as Friedrich von Telramund

Wagner, Lohengrin , with Eugen Jochum (Conductor), Bayreuth Festival Orchestra, 1954, as the Heerrufer

Wagner, Lohengrin , with Georg Solti, Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra, as the Heerrufer (Decca)

Wagner, The Flying Dutchman (opera)|The Flying Dutchman , with Franz Konwitschny (EMI)

Wagner, Tannhäuser (opera)|Tannhäuser , with Franz Konwitschny (EMI)

Wagner, Das Rheingold , with Herbert von Karajan (DG)

Wagner, Götterdämmerung , with Georg Solti and the Vienna Philharmonic|Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra on the Decca label

Wagner, Tristan und Isolde , with Wilhelm Furtwängler

Wagner, Tristan und Isolde , with Carlos Kleiber

Wagner, Parsifal , with Hans Knappertsbusch (live at Bayreuth , 1956, CD manufactured by Arkadia)

Wagner, Parsifal , in studio with Georg Solti

Carl Maria von Weber|Weber , Lieder, with Hartmut Höll, piano, recorded 1991 for Claves Records, available in 2006 on Brilliant Classics

Hugo Wolf|Wolf , Frühe Lieder , with Hartmut Höll, piano, recorded 1986 for Claves Records, available in 2006 on Brilliant Classics

Zemlinsky, Lyric Symphony (Zemlinsky)|Lyrische Symphonie , with Lorin Maazel

As reciter

Strauss, Enoch Arden (Strauss)|Enoch Arden , with Burkhard Kehring, piano

On video

Schubert, Winterreise , recorded July 1990, with Murray Perahia (piano), from Sony Classical.

Schubert, Winterreise , recorded January 1979, with Alfred Brendel (piano), Sender Freies Berlin (SFB), from TDK 2005.

Mozart, Don Giovanni , Deutsche Oper Berlin, with Ferenc Fricsay, live performance in German, recorded September 24, 1961. Cast includes Pilar Lorengar , Elisabeth Grümmer , Walter Berry (bass-baritone)|Walter Berry , Erika Köth , Donald Grobe , and Josef Greindl .

Strauss (Richard), Mahler, and Schubert: "Schwarzkopf, Irmgard Seefried|Seefried , and Fischer-Dieskau", a DVD from EMI Classics. Includes Schwarzkopf playing the Marschallin and Fischer-Dieskau singing "Der Erlkönig".

Mozart, Le nozze di Figaro Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Lorin Maazel , from the Salzburg Festival , 1963. A DVD from VAI.

As conductor

Hector Berlioz|Berlioz , Harold en Italie|Harold in Italy with viola|violist Josef Suk (violinist)|Josef Suk and the Czech Philharmonic Orchestra on the Supraphon label

Johannes Brahms|Brahms , Symphony No. 4 (Brahms)|Symphony No. 4 , with the Czech Philharmonic Orchestra on the Supraphon label

Gustav Mahler|Mahler , Das Lied von der Erde with the Radio-Sinfonieorchester Stuttgart on the Orfeo label

Franz Schubert|Schubert , Symphonies #5 and 8 "Unfinished," with the Philharmonia_Orchestra|New Philharmonia Orchestra on the EMI label

Richard Strauss , Arias from Salome (opera)|Salome , Ariadne auf Naxos , Die Liebe der Danae , and Capriccio (opera)|Capriccio , with Júlia Várady and the Bamberg Symphony Orchestra on the Orfeo label

Richard Wagner , Wesendonck Lieder with Júlia Várady, Deutschland-Sinfonie-Orchester, Orfeo

Footnotes

Books

The Fischer-Dieskau Book of Lieder: The Original Texts of over 750 Songs , translated by Richard Stokes and George Bird. Random House, 1977. (ISBN 0-394-49435-0)

Reverberations: The Memoirs of Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau , translated by Ruth Hein. Fromm International, 1989. (ISBN 0-88064-137-1)

Robert Schumann Words and Music: The Vocal Compositions , translated by Reinhard G. Pauly. Hal Leonard, 1992. (ISBN 0-931340-06-3)

''Schubert's Songs: A Biographical Study . Alfred A. Knopf, 1977. (ISBN 0-394-48048-1)

Wagner and Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche , translated by Joachim Neugroschel . Continuum International, 1976.

Jupiter und ich: Begegnungen mit Wilhelm Furtwängler|Furtwängler , Berlin University Press, 2009.

Copyright Citations

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Undetermined Music Artists