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cleanup|date=November 2011: "Enmity" and "Foe" redirect here. For the band, see Enmity (band) . For other uses see Foe (disambiguation) and Enemy (disambiguation) . An enemy or foe is a relativism|relativist term for an entity, whether an individual or a group, that is seen as forcefully adverse or threatening. The concept of an enemy has been observed to be "basic for both individuals and communities".Mortimer Ostow, Spirit, Mind, & Brain: A Psychoanalytic Examination of Spirituality and Religion (2007), p. 73. The term "enemy" serves the social function of designating a particular entity as a threat, thereby invoking an intense emotional response to that entity.Martha L. Cottam, Beth Dietz-Uhler, Elena Mastors, Introduction to Political Psychology (2009), p. 54. The state of being or having an enemy is enmity .
Terms
"Enemy" is a strong word, and "emotions associated with the enemy would include anger , frustration , envy , jealousy , fear , distrust , and possibly grudging respect ". As a political concept, an enemy is likely to be met with hate , violence , battle and war . The opposite of an enemy is a friendship|friend or Allies|ally . Because the term "the enemy" is a bit bellicose and militaristic to use in polite society, informal substitutes are more often used. Often the substituted terms become pejorative s in the context that they are used. In any case, the designation of an "enemy" exists solely to denote the status of a particular group of people as a threat, and to propagate this designation within the local context. Substituted terms for an enemy often go further to meaningfully identify a known group as an enemy, and to pejoratively frame that identification. A government may seek to represent a person or group as a threat to the public good by designating that person or group to be a public enemy .
The characterization of an individual or/and group as an enemy is called demonization . The propagation of demonization is a major aspect of propaganda . An "enemy" may also be conceptual; used to describe impersonal phenomena such disease , and a host of other things. Throughout religion|religious theology , "the Enemy" is typically reserved to represent the human tendency to do evil , often personified as a malicious deity , such as the devil or a demon . Conversely, in some instances God is also described as an enemy; for example, in 1 Samuel 28:16, the spirit of Samuel tells Saul: "Wherefore then dost thou ask of me, seeing the LORD is departed from thee, and is become thine enemy? "
"The enemy," as the object of social anger or repulsion, has throughout history been used as the prototypical propaganda tool to focus the fear and anxiety within a society toward a particular target. The target is often general, as with a ethnic group or Race (classification of humans)|race of people, or it can also be a conceptual target, as with an ideology which characterises a particular group. In some cases the concept of the enemy have morphed; whereas once racial and ethnic claims to support a call to war may later have changed to ideological and conceptual based claims.
During the Cold War , the terms "Communists" or "Reds" were believed by many in American society to mean "the enemy," and the meaning of the two terms could be extremely pejorative, depending on the political context, mood, or state of fear and agitation within the society at the time.
Generally, the counterpoint to an enemy is a friend or Pact|ally , although the term frenemy has been coined to capture the sense of a relationship wherein the parties are allied for some purposes and at odds with one another for other purposes.
Enemies as a function of social science
The existence or perceived existence of a collective enemy tends to increase the cohesiveness of the group.Joan Ferrante-Wallace, Sociology: A Global Perspective (2006), p. 120. However, the identification and treatment of other entities as enemies may be irrational, and a sign of a psychological dysfunction. For example, group polarization may devolve into groupthink , which may lead members of the "in" group to perceive nonmembers or other groups as enemies even where the others present neither antagonism nor an actual threat.Wayne Weiten, Psychology: Themes and Variations , p. 546. Paranoid schizophrenia is characterized by the irrational belief that other people, ranging from family members and personal acquaintances to celebrities seen on television, are personal enemies plotting harm to the sufferer.Wayne Weiten, Psychology: Themes and Variations , p. 468.Mortimer Ostow, Spirit, Mind, & Brain: A Psychoanalytic Examination of Spirituality and Religion (2007), p. 74.Irrational approaches may extend to treating impersonal phenomena not merely as conceptual enemies, but as sentient actors intentionally bringing strife to the sufferer.
The concept of the enemy is well covered in the field of Peace and conflict studies , which is available as a major at many major universities. In Peace studies, enemies are those entities who are perceived as frustrating or preventing achievement of a goal. The enemy may not even know they are being regarded as such, since the concept is one-sided.
Thus, in order to achieve peace, one must eliminate the enemy. This can be achieved by either by:
destroying the enemy
changing one's perception of an entity as enemy
achieving the goal the enemy is frustrating
Personal conflicts are frequently either unexamined (one's goals are not well defined) or examined only from one point of view. This means it is often possible to resolve conflict (to 'eliminate' the enemy) by redefining goals such that the frustration (not the person) is either eliminated, obvious, negotiated away, or decided upon.
Enemies in literature
In literature , stories are often developed by presenting a primary character, the protagonist , as overcoming obstacles presented by an antagonist who is depicted as a personal enemy of the protagonist. Serial fictional narratives of heroes often present the hero contending against an archenemy whose capabilities match or exceed those of the hero, thereby establishing tension as to whether the hero will be able to defeat this enemy. The enemy may be displayed as an evil character who plans to harm innocents, so that the reader will side with the protagonist in the need to battle the enemy.Patrick Colm Hogan, What Literature Teaches Us about Emotion (2011), p. 294.
Treatment of enemies
Various legal and theological regimes exist governing the treatment of enemies. Many religions have precepts favoring forgiveness and reconciliation with enemies. The Jewish Encyclopedia states that "hatred of an enemy is a natural impulse of primitive peoples",Kaufmann Kohler, David Philipson, Treatment of an Enemy, The Jewish Encyclopedia (1906). while "willingness to forgive an enemy is a mark of advanced moral development". It contends that the teaching of the Bible, Talmud, and other writings, "gradually educates the people toward the latter stage", stating that "indications in the Bible of a spirit of hatred and vengeance toward the enemy... are for the most part purely nationalistic expressions—hatred of the national enemy being quite compatible with an otherwise kindly spirit".
Religious doctrines on the treatment of enemies
The Book of Exodus states: "If thou meet thine enemy's ox or his ass going astray, thou shalt surely bring it back to him again. If thou see the ass of him that hateth thee lying under his burden, and thou wouldest forbear to help him, thou shalt surely help with him."Exodus 23:4-5. The Book of Proverbs similarly states: "Rejoice not when thine enemy falleth and let not thy heart be glad when he stumbleth",Proverbs 24:17. and: "If thine enemy be hungry give him bread to eat, and if he be thirsty give him water to drink. For thus shalt thou heap coals of fire upon his head, and the Lord shall reward thee".Proverbs 25:21-22. The Jewish Encyclopedia contends that the opinion that the Old Testament commanded hatred of the enemy derives from a misunderstanding of the Sermon on the Mount , wherein Jesus said: "Ye have heard that it hath been said, Thou shalt love thy neighbor and hate thine enemy. But I say unto you, Love your enemies and pray for them that persecute you".Matthew 5:43-44.
The Jewish Encyclopedia also cites passages in the Talmud stating: "If a man finds both a friend and an enemy requiring assistance he should assist his enemy first in order to subdue his evil inclination", and: "Who is strong? He who converts an enemy into a friend".
The concept of Ahimsa found in Hinduism , Jainism and Buddhism also captures this sentiment, requiring kindness and non-violence towards all living things on the basis that they all are connected. India n leader Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi strongly believed in this principle, http://newsblaze.com/story/20071014111738kuma.nb/topstory.html Gandhi's Philosophy of Ahimsa and Its Application to Current Conflicts. Newsblaze.com (2007-10-14). Retrieved on 2011-06-15. stating that "to one who follows this doctrine there is no room for an enemy". Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi , The Satyagraha Ashram , repoted in The Gandhi Reader: A Source Book of His Life and Writings , 2nd ed. (Madras: Samata Books, 1984), p. 138.
See also
Enemy combatant
Outlined enemy
Represented enemy
References
reflist
External links
wikiquote|Enemieswiktionary|enemy|foe
Kaufmann Kohler, David Philipson, http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5756-enemy-treatment-of-an Treatment of an Enemy , The Jewish Encyclopedia (1906).
