Essex

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Essex () is a Ceremonial counties of England|ceremonial and non-metropolitan Counties of England|county in the East of England , and one of the home counties . It is located to the northeast of Greater London . It borders with Cambridgeshire and Suffolk to the north, Hertfordshire to the west, Kent to the South and London to the south west. Essex County Council is the principal local authority for much of the county, sharing functions with twelve district councils. The county town is Chelmsford . The southern Essex boroughs of Thurrock and Southend-on-Sea are governed separately as Unitary authorities of England|unitary authorities . It was Historic counties of England|established in antiquity and formed the eastern portion of the Kingdom of Essex . Sections of the county closer to London are part of the Metropolitan Green Belt , which prohibits development. It is the location of the regionally significant Lakeside Shopping Centre and London Stansted Airport ; and the New towns in the United Kingdom|new town s of Basildon and Harlow .

History

The name Essex originates in the Anglo-Saxon period of the Early Middle Ages and has its root in the Old English Eastseaxe (i.e. the "East Saxons"), the eastern kingdom of the Saxon s. Originally (in 527 AD) it occupied territory to the north of the River Thames , incorporating all of what later became Middlesex and most of what later became Hertfordshire , though its territory was later restricted to lands east of the River Lea . – Essex ancient county boundaries map Colchester in the north east of the county is Britain's oldest recorded town, dating back to before the Roman conquest, when it was known as Camulodunum and was sufficiently well-developed to have its own mint. Subsequently the Kingdom of Essex was subsumed into the Kingdom of England and Essex eventually became a county.

Essex County Council was formed in 1889. However the County Borough of West Ham and, from 1915, the County Borough of East Ham formed part of the county but were not under county council control. – Essex admin county () A few Essex parishes were transferred to other counties. In earlier times, parts were transferred to Hertfordshire near Bishops Stortford and Sawbridgeworth. At the time of the main changes around the turn of the 19th/20th centuries; parts of Helions Bumpstead and Sturmer were transferred to Haverhill, Suffolk|Haverhill Suffolk , Kedington and Ballingdon-with-Brundon both went to Suffolk , and Great Chishill, Little Chishill and Heydon to Cambridgeshire . Southend-on-Sea also formed a county borough from 1914 to 1974. – Southend-on-Sea MB/CB
Later still, part of Hadstock was transferred to Linton, Cambridgeshire , part of Ashdon to Bartlow, Cambridgeshire , part of Chrishall to Cambridgeshire , part of Great Horkesley to Nayland in Suffolk , and several other small territories were transferred to all of those three counties.

The boundary with Greater London was established in 1965 when County Borough of East Ham|East Ham and County Borough of West Ham|West Ham county boroughs and the Municipal Borough of Barking|Barking , Municipal Borough of Chingford|Chingford , Municipal Borough of Dagenham|Dagenham , Hornchurch Urban District|Hornchurch , Municipal Borough of Ilford|Ilford , Municipal Borough of Leyton|Leyton , Municipal Borough of Romford|Romford , Municipal Borough of Walthamstow|Walthamstow and Municipal Borough of Wanstead and Woodford|Wanstead and Woodford districts were transferred to form the London borough s of London Borough of Barking and Dagenham|Barking , London Borough of Havering|Havering , London Borough of Newham|Newham , London Borough of Redbridge|Redbridge and London Borough of Waltham Forest|Waltham Forest . Essex became part of the East of England Regions of England|Government Office Region in 1994 and was statistically counted as part of that region from 1999, having previously been part of the South East England region. In 1998, the boroughs of Southend-on-Sea and Thurrock were separated from the shire county of Essex becoming unitary authority|unitary boroughs .

The county of Essex is divided into a number of local government districts. They are Harlow , Epping Forest (district)|Epping Forest , Brentwood (borough)|Brentwood , Basildon (district)|Basildon , Castle Point , Rochford (district)|Rochford , Maldon (district)|Maldon , Chelmsford (borough)|Chelmsford , Uttlesford , Braintree (district)|Braintree , Colchester (borough)|Colchester , Tendring , Thurrock , and Southend-on-Sea . – District or Borough Councils The last two boroughs are unitary authority|unitary authorities which form part of the county but are not administered by the county council. – The Essex (Boroughs of Colchester, Southend-on-Sea and Thurrock and District of Tendring) (Structural, Boundary and Electoral Changes) Order 1996 Essex Police also covers the two unitary authorities. – The Essex (Police Area and Authority) Order 1997

The county council meets at the County Hall, in Chelmsford . Before 1938, it regularly met in London near Moorgate, which had been more convenient than any place in the county. It currently has 75 elected councillors. Before 1965, the number of councillors reached over 100. The County Hall, which dates largely from the mid-1930s, and is decorated with fine artworks of that period, mostly the gift of the family who owned the textile firm, Courtaulds , was made a listed building in 2007.

Geography

The highest point of the county of Essex is Chrishall Common near the village of Langley, Essex|Langley , close to the Hertfordshire border, which reaches . The ceremonial county of Essex is bounded to the south by the River Thames and its estuary (a boundary shared with Kent ); to the southwest by Greater London ; to the west by Hertfordshire with the boundary largely defined by the River Lea and the Stort Navigation|Stort ; to the northwest by Cambridgeshire ; to the north by Suffolk , a boundary mainly defined by the River Stour, Suffolk|River Stour ; and to the east by the North Sea .

The pattern of settlement in the county is diverse. The Metropolitan Green Belt has effectively prevented the further sprawl of London into the county, although it contains the new town s of Basildon and Harlow , originally developed to resettle Londoners following the destruction of London housing in World War II but since much expanded. Epping Forest also acts as a protected barrier to the further spread of London. Because of its proximity to London and the economic magnetism which that city exerts, many of Essex's settlements, particularly those on or within driving distance of railway stations, function as dormitory town s or villages where London workers raise their families.

Part of the south east of the county, already containing the major population centres of Basildon , Southend-on-Sea|Southend and Thurrock , is within the Thames Gateway and designated for further development. Parts of the south west of the county such as Buckhurst Hill and Chigwell are contiguous with Greater London and are included in the Greater London Urban Area . A small part of the south west of the county ( Sewardstone ), is the only settlement outside Greater London to be covered by a postcode district of the London postal district|London post town (). To the north of the green belt, with the exception of major towns such as Colchester and Chelmsford , the county is rural, with many small towns, villages and hamlets largely built in the traditional materials of timber and brick, with clay tile or thatched roofs.

Economy

Industry is largely limited to the south of the county, with the majority of the land elsewhere being given over to agriculture. Harlow is a centre for electronics, science and Pharmacology|pharmaceutical companies, while Chelmsford is the home of Marconi (now called telent plc and owned by Ericsson of Sweden since 2005), Basildon home to New Holland Agriculture 's European headquarters and Brentwood home to the Ford Motor Company 's European HQ. Loughton is home to a production facility for British and foreign banknotes . Chelmsford has been an important location for electronics companies since the industry was born, is also the location for a number of insurance and financial services organisations, and is the home of the soft drinks producer Britvic . Other businesses in the county are dominated by light engineering and the service sector . Colchester is a garrison town, and the local economy is helped by the British Army|Army 's personnel living there. Basildon is the location of State Street Corporation 's United Kingdom HQ International Financial Data Services, and remains heavily dependent on London for employment, due to its close proximity and direct transport routes. Southend-on-Sea is home to the Adventure Island (amusement park)|Adventure Island theme park and is one of the few still growing British Seaside resort s, benefiting from direct, modern rail links from Fenchurch Street railway station and Liverpool Street station (placing housing in high demand, especially for financial services commuters), which thereby maintains the town's commercial and general economy.

Parts of Eastern Essex suffer from high levels of deprivation, with one of the most highly deprived wards being in Clacton-on-Sea|Clacton . http://www.chelmsford.anglican.org/did-you-know-deprivation-in-chelmsford-diocese.html In the Indices of deprivation 2007 , Jaywick was identified as the most deprived Lower Super Output Area in Southern England. http://www.clactonandfrintongazette.co.uk/news/colchester/1901353.Jaywick Village __third_most_deprived_area_in_UK_ / Unemployment was estimated at 44% and many homes were found to severely lack basic amenities. The Brooklands and Grasslands area of Jaywick were found to be the third most deprived area in England; only Liverpool and Manchester rated higher. In contrast, however, South West Essex is a mostly affluent part of Eastern England, forming part of the London commuter belt . South West Essex has a large middle class and the area is widely known for its Independent schools. In 2008, The Daily Telegraph found Brentwood, Essex|Brentwood and Ingatestone to be the 19th and 14th richest towns in the UK respectively.

Transport

The main airport in Essex is London Stansted Airport , serving destinations in Europe and Asia. The Lib-Con coalition government formed in May 2010 has agreed to resist an additional runway at Stansted, so curtailing the operator's ambitions for expansion. London Southend Airport , once one of Britain's busiest airports, opened a new runway extension, terminal building and railway station in March 2012. The station is on the Shenfield to Southend Line , with a direct link to the capital. Currently the airport offers scheduled flights to Ireland , the Channel Islands and multiple destinations in Europe. There are several smaller airfields, some of which owe their origins to military bases built during World War I or World War II. These are popular for pleasure flights or flying lessons; examples include Clacton Airfield, Earls Colne Airfield , and Stapleford Aerodrome .

The Port of Tilbury is one of Britain's three major ports, while the port of Harwich links the county to the Hoek van Holland|Hook of Holland and Esbjerg (a service to Cuxhaven Having discontinued in December 2005).
Plans have been approved to build the UK's largest container terminal at Shell Haven in Thurrock and although opposed by the local authority and environmental and wildlife organisations, it now seems increasingly likely to be developed.. Retrieved 15 April 2009.Thurrock Council. (2003-02-26). . Retrieved 15 April 2009.Dredging News Online. (2008-05-18). . Retrieved 15 April 2009.

Despite the existence of the Dartford Crossing|Dartford Road Crossing to Dartford , Kent, across the Thames River , a ferry for pedestrians to Gravesend, Kent , still operates from Tilbury during limited daily hours, and ferries for pedestrians operate across some of Essex's rivers and estuaries during spring and summer. The M25 motorway|M25 and M11 motorway both cross the county in the extreme south and west, linking those parts of the county with Kent, Hertfordshire and Cambridge. The A127 road (Great Britain)|A127 and A13 road (Great Britain)|A13 trunk roads are important radial routes connecting London and the M25 to the south of Essex. The A12 road (Great Britain)|A12 runs across the county from the south west to the north east and not only carries traffic within Essex but also traffic between London and Suffolk, east Norfolk and the ports of Felixstowe and Harwich.

There is an extensive public transport network. The main railway routes in Essex include two lines from the City of London to Southend-on-Sea , operated by c2c from Fenchurch Street railway station (including a route via Tilbury) and by Greater Anglia from Liverpool Street station ; the Great Eastern Main Line from Liverpool Street connecting to Harwich and onwards into Suffolk and Norfolk ; and the West Anglia Main Line from Liverpool Street linking to Stansted and onwards into Cambridgeshire . The Epping Forest (district)|Epping Forest district is served by the London Underground Central Line . The routes operated by Greater Anglia were formerly operated by National Express East Anglia and have been previously branded as 'one'. There are also a number of branch lines including the Sunshine Coast Line linking Colchester to the seaside resorts of Clacton-on-Sea and Walton-on-the-Naze via the picturesque towns of Wivenhoe and Great Bentley . The Crouch Valley Line , another branch line, links Wickford to a number of riverside communities via South Woodham Ferrers and Burnham-on-Crouch to Southminster .

South Essex Rapid Transit is a proposed public transport scheme which would provide a fast, reliable public transport service in, and between, Thurrock, Basildon and Southend.

Education

Education in Essex is substantially provided by three authorities being Essex County Council and the two unitary authorities, Southend-on-Sea and Thurrock . In all there are some 90 state secondary schools provided by these authorities, the majority of which are comprehensive, although one in Uttlesford , two in Chelmsford , two in Colchester and four in Southend-on-Sea are selective. There are also various Independent Schools providing education in Essex.Essex County Council. (2006). . Retrieved 15 April 2009.Independent Schools Directory. (2009). . Retrieved 15 April 2009.

The University of Essex , which was established in 1963, is located just outside Colchester, with two further campuses in Loughton and Southend-on-Sea. University Campus Suffolk , with a main campus in Ipswich and five centres in the counties of Norfolk and Suffolk , is a joint venture between University of Essex and University of East Anglia . Anglia Ruskin University was awarded university status in 1992 and has campuses in Chelmsford and Cambridge .

Culture

The County's coat of arms comprises three Saxon seax knives (although looking rather more like scimitar s) arranged on a red background; the three-seax device is also used as the official logo of Essex County Council having been granted as such in 1932.Robert Young. (2009). Civic Heraldry of England and Wales. . Retrieved 16 April 2009.
The emblem was attributed to Kingdom of Essex|Anglo-Saxon Essex in Early Modern historiography. The earliest reference the arms of the East Saxon kings was by Richard Verstegan , the author of A Restitution of Decayed Intelligence (Antwerp, 1605), claiming that " Erkenwyne king of the East-Saxons did beare for his armes, three argent, in a field gules". There is no earlier evidence substantiating Verstegan's claim, which is an anachronism for the Anglo-Saxon period seeing that heraldry only evolved in the 12th century, well after the Norman conquest.
John Speed in his Historie of Great Britaine (1611) follows Verstegan in his descriptions of the arms of Erkenwyne, but he qualifies the statement by adding "as some or our heralds have emblazed".

Essex is also home to the Dunmow Flitch Trials, a traditional ceremony that takes place every four years and consists of a test of a married couple's devotion to one another. A common claim of the origin of the Dunmow Flitch dates back to 1104 and the Augustinian Priory of Little Dunmow, founded by Lady Juga Baynard . Lord of the Manor Reginald Fitzwalter and his wife dressed themselves as humble folk and begged blessing of the Prior a year and a day after marriage. The Prior, impressed by their devotion bestowed upon them a Flitch of Bacon . Upon revealing his true identity, Fitzwalter gave his land to the Priory on the condition a Flitch should be awarded to any couple who could claim they were similarly devoted.
By the 14th century, the Dunmow Flitch Trials appear to have achieved a significant reputation outside the local area. The author William Langland , who lived on the Welsh borders, mentions it in his 1362 book The Vision of Piers Plowman in a manner that implies general knowledge of the custom among his readers.

Landmarks

Over 14,000 buildings have listed building|listed status in the county, and around 1000 of those are recognised as of Grade I or II* importance.Bettley, James. (2008). Essex County Council. Retrieved 15 April 2009. The buildings range from the 7th century Saxon church of Church of St Peter-on-the-Wall|St Peter-on-the-Wall , to the Royal Corinthian Yacht Club which was the United Kingdom's entry in the "International Exhibition of Modern Architecture" held at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City in 1932.

Places of interest

Abberton Reservoir

Ashingdon (The site of the Battle of Ashingdon in 1016)

Clacton|Clacton-On-Sea

Epping Forest

Frinton|Frinton-on-Sea

Harlow|Harlow New Town

Ingatestone Hall

Kelvedon Hatch (Secret Nuclear Bunker)

Loughton

Maldon, Essex|Maldon Historic market town site of the Battle of Maldon

Marsh Farm Country Park ( South Woodham Ferrers )

Mersea Island

Mistley Towers

North Weald Airfield

Orsett Hall

Southend Pier

Thaxted

University of Essex (Wivenhoe Park, Colchester)

Notable persons

See :Category:People from Essex .

Sister counties and regions

Jiangsu , China

Picardy , France

Thuringia , Germany

Henrico County, Virginia|Henrico County , Virginia

Accra , Ghana

Copyright Citations

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