Groundhogs

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Biography

The groundhog ( Marmota monax ), also known as a woodchuck , whistle-pig , or in some areas as a land-beaver , is a rodent of the family Sciuridae , belonging to the group of large ground squirrel s known as marmot s. Other marmots, such as the Yellow-bellied Marmot|yellow-bellied and Hoary Marmot|hoary marmots , live in rocky and mountainous areas, but the woodchuck is a lowland creature. It is widely distributed in North America and common in the northeastern and central United States . Groundhogs are found as far north as Alaska , with their habitat extending southeast to Alabama .. Pick4.pick.uga.edu. Retrieved on 2011-09-15.

Description

The groundhog is the largest sciurid in its geographical range, typically measuring long (including a tail) and weighing . In areas with fewer natural predators and large amounts of alfalfa , groundhogs can grow to and . Groundhogs are well adapted for digging, with short but powerful limbs and curved, thick claws. Unlike other sciurids, the groundhog's spine is curved, more like that of a Mole (animal)|mole , and the tail is comparably shorter as well& mdash;only about one-fourth of body length. Suited to their temperate habitat, groundhogs are covered with two coats of fur: a dense grey undercoat and a longer coat of banded guard hair s that gives the groundhog its distinctive "frosted" appearance.

Survival

In the wild, groundhogs can live up to six years, with two or three being average. In captivity, groundhogs are reported to live from 9–14 years. Common predators for groundhogs include wolf|wolves , coyote s, fox es, bobcat s, bear s, large hawk s, and dogs. Young groundhogs are often at risk for predation by snake s, which easily enter the burrow.

Diet

Mostly herbivory|herbivorous , groundhogs primarily eat wild grasses and other vegetation, including berries and agricultural crops, when available. Groundhogs also eat larva|grubs , grasshopper s, insect s, snail s and other small animals, but are not as omnivore|omnivorous as many other squirrel|Sciuridae . Like squirrels, they also have been observed sitting up eating nuts such as shagbark hickory, but unlike squirrels, do not bury them for future use. Groundhogs hydrate through eating leafy plants rather than drinking from a water source.

Burrows

Groundhogs are excellent burrowers, using burrows for sleeping, rearing young, and hibernation|hibernating . The average groundhog has been estimated to move approximately , or , of soil when digging a burrow. Though groundhogs are the most solitary of the marmots, several individuals may occupy the same burrow. Groundhog burrows usually have two to five entrances, providing groundhogs their primary means of escape from predators. Burrows are particularly large, with up to of tunnels buried up to underground, and can pose a serious threat to agricultural and residential development by damaging farm machinery and even undermining building foundations.

Behavior

Groundhogs are one of the few species that enter into true hibernation , and often build a separate "winter burrow" for this purpose. This burrow is usually in a wooded or brushy area and is dug below the frost line and remains at a stable temperature well above freezing during the winter months. In most areas, groundhogs hibernate from October to March or April, but in more temperate areas, they may hibernate as little as 3 months.. (PDF) . dem.ri.gov. Retrieved on 2011-09-15. To survive the winter, they are at their maximum weight shortly before entering hibernation. They emerge from hibernation with some remaining body fat to live on until the warmer spring weather produces abundant plant materials for food. Groundhogs are mostly diurnality|diurnal .

Despite their heavy-bodied appearance, groundhogs are accomplished swimmers and excellent tree climbers when escaping predators or when they want to survey their surroundings. They prefer to retreat to their burrows when threatened; if the burrow is invaded, the groundhog tenaciously defends itself with its two large incisor s and front claws. Groundhogs are generally Agonistic behaviour|agonistic and territorial among their own species, and may skirmish to establish dominance.

Outside their burrow, individuals are alert when not actively feeding. It is common to see one or more nearly-motionless individuals standing erect on their hind feet watching for danger. When alarmed, they use a high-pitched whistle to warn the rest of the colony, hence the name "whistle-pig".. Hww.ca. Retrieved on 2011-09-15. Groundhogs may squeal when fighting, seriously injured, or caught by an enemy. Other sounds groundhogs may make are low barks and a sound produced by grinding their teeth. When groundhogs are frightened, the hairs of the tail stand straight up, giving the tail the appearance of a hair brush.

Reproduction

Usually groundhogs biological reproduction|breed in their second year, but a small proportion may breed in their first. The breeding season extends from early March to mid- or late April, after hibernation. A mated pair remains in the same den throughout the 31–32 day. (PDF). North Caroline Wildlife gestation period . As birth of the young approaches in April or May, the male leaves the den. One litter is produced annually, usually containing two to six blind, hairless and helpless young. Young groundhogs are weaned and ready to seek their own den s at five to six weeks of age. Groundhog mothers introduce their young to the wild once their fur is grown in and they can see. They encourage their young to copy their behaviors and during this time may differ from usual routines.

Range

The groundhog prefers open country and the edges of woodland, and it is rarely far from a burrow entrance. Since the clearing of forest s provided it with much more suitable habitat (ecology)|habitat , the groundhog population is probably higher now than it was before the arrival of European settlers in North America. Groundhogs are often hunted for sport, which tends to control their numbers. However, their ability to reproduce quickly has tended to mitigate the depopulating effects of sport hunting. As a consequence, the groundhog is a familiar animal to many people in the United States and Canada.

Human relevance

Groundhogs raised in captivity can be socialized relatively easily; however, their aggressive nature can pose problems. Doug Schwartz, a zookeeper and groundhog trainer at the Staten Island Zoo , has been quoted as saying "They’re known for their aggression, so you’re starting from a hard place. natural impulse is to kill ’em all and let God sort ’em out. You have to work to produce the sweet and cuddly."

In the United States and Canada, the yearly Groundhog Day celebration has given the groundhog recognition and popularity, as has Groundhog Day (movie)|the movie of the same name . The most popularly known of these groundhogs are Wiarton Willie and Punxsutawney Phil , well kept as part of Groundhog Day festivities in Wiarton , Ontario and Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania , respectively. A famous southern groundhog, General Beauregard Lee , is based at the Yellow River Game Ranch outside Atlanta, Georgia.

Woodchucks are used in medical research on hepatitis B-induced liver cancer. When infected with woodchuck hepatitis B virus, they are at 100% risk for developing liver cancer, making them a good model for testing hepatitis B and liver cancer therapies.

Groundhog burrows have been known to reveal at least one archaeological site , the Ufferman Site in the U.S. state of Ohio .Owen, Lorrie K., ed. Dictionary of Ohio Historic Places . Vol. 1. St. Clair Shores, Michigan|St. Clair Shores : Somerset, 1999, 328. Although archaeologists have never excavation (archaeology)|excavated the Ufferman Site, numerous artifact (archaeology)|artifacts have been found because of the activities of local groundhogs. They favor the loose soil of the esker upon which the site lies, and their many diggings for their burrows have brought to the surface significant numbers of human and animal bones, pottery, and bits of stone.

Etymology

The etymology of the name woodchuck is unrelated to wood or Throwing (cricket)|chucking . It stems from an Algonquian languages|Algonquian (possibly Narragansett (tribe)|Narragansett ) name for the animal, wuchak . The similarity between the words has led to the common tongue-twister :

:How much wood would a woodchuck chuck
::if a woodchuck could chuck wood?
:A woodchuck would chuck all the wood he could
::if a woodchuck could chuck wood!. BusSongs.com. Retrieved on 2011-09-15.

In popular culture

One of Robert Frost 's best known poems is "A Drumlin Woodchuck," in which he uses the imagery of a woodchuck dug in to a small ridge as a metaphor for his emotional reticence .

A woodchuck figures prominently in the movie Groundhog Day (film)|Groundhog Day .

Copyright Citations

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