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globalize|date=July 2009 Hand-to-hand combat (sometimes abbreviated as HTH or H2H) is a lethal or nonlethal physical confrontation between two or more persons at very short range (grappling distance) that does not involve the use of firearms or other distance weapons.Hunsicker, A., Advanced Skills in Executive Protection , Boca Raton FL: Universal Publishers, ISBN 1-59942-849-0, ISBN 978-1-59942-849-9, p. 51 While the phrase "hand-to-hand" appears to refer to unarmed combat, the term is generic and may include use of striking weapons used at grappling distance such as knives, sticks, batons, or improvised weapons such as entrenching tools. While the term hand-to-hand combat originally referred principally to engagements by military personnel on the battlefield , it can also refer to any personal physical engagement by two or more combatants, including police officers and civilians.
Combat within close quarters (to a range just beyond grappling distance) is commonly termed close combat or close-quarters combat. It may include lethal and nonlethal weapons and methods depending upon the restrictions imposed by civilian law, military rules of engagement , or personal ethical codes. Close combat using firearms or other distance weapons by military combatants at the tactical level is modernly referred to as CQB|close quarter battle . The U.S. Army uses the term combatives to describe various military martial art combat systems used in hand-to-hand combat training, systems which may incorporate hybrid martial arts|hybrid techniques from several different martial art s and combat sport s.
History
history of warHand-to-hand combat is the most ancient form of fighting known. A majority of cultures have their own particular histories related to close combat, and their own methods of practice. There are many varieties within the martial art s, including boxing and wrestling . Other variations include the gladiator spectacles of ancient Rome and Tournament (medieval)|medieval tournament events such as jousting .
Military organizations have always taught some sort of unarmed combat for conditioning and as a supplement to armed combat. Soldiers in China were trained in unarmed combat as early as the Zhou Dynasty (1022 BC to 256 BC).See Shuai jiao|Jiao li .
Despite major technological changes such as the use of gunpowder, the machine gun in the Russo-Japanese War and the trench warfare of World War I , hand-to-hand fighting methods such as bayonet remained common in modern military training, though the importance of formal training declined after 1918. During the Second World War , bayonet fighting was often not taught at all among the major combatants;Citation needed|date=October 2008 by 1944 German rifles were even being produced without bayonet lugs.
Sometimes called close combat , Close Quarters Combat , or CQC , World War II-era American combatives were largely codified by William E. Fairbairn|William Ewart Fairbairn and Eric A. Sykes|Eric Anthony Sykes . Also known for their eponymous Fairbairn-Sykes fighting knife , Fairbairn and Sykes had worked in the Shanghai Municipal Police (SMP) and helped teach police officers as well as units of the U.S. Marine Corps and the Royal Marines a quick and effective and simple technique for fighting with or without weapons in melee situations. Similar training was provided to British Commando s, the Devil's Brigade , Office of Strategic Services|OSS , U.S. Army Rangers and Marine Raiders . Fairbairn at one point called this system Defendu , and later publishing an instructional training manual on the system. Defendu was later revised into a method of "quick kill" hand-to-hand combat training for soldiers by Fairbairn which he called "gutter fighting". The Fairbairn system was adopted and expanded by a U.S. military close combat instructor, Rex Applegate , for training U.S. military and paramilitary forces. Similar training was provided to British Commando s, the Devil's Brigade , Office of Strategic Services|OSS , U.S. Army Rangers and the Marine Raiders . Applegate would later describe this method of training in his own book, Kill or Get Killed.
Other combat systems having their origins in military combat include European Unifight , Chinese Sanshou , Soviet/Russian Sambo (martial art)|sambo and ::ru:????????? ?????????? ???|Rukopaschnij Boj , Israeli Kapap and Krav Maga and Indian Bison System . The prevalence and style of hand-to-hand combat training often changes based on perceived need. Elite units such as special forces and commando units tend to place higher emphasis on hand-to-hand combat training.
Although hand-to-hand fighting was accorded less importance in major militaries after World War II , insurgency conflicts such as the Vietnam War , low intensity conflict and urban warfare have prompted many armies to pay more attention to this form of combat. When such fighting includes firearms designed for close-in fighting, it is often referred to as CQB|Close Quarters Battle ( CQB ) at the platoon or squad level, or Urban warfare|Military Operations on Urban Terrain ( MOUT ) at higher tactical levels.
Modern usage
Military systems
In 2002, the United States Army|U.S. Army adopted the Modern Army Combatives (MAC) hand-to-hand combat training program with the publishing of US Army field manual (FM 3-25.150) and the establishment of the US Army Combatives School at Ft Benning , Georgia.Army Times Article http://www.armytimes.com/news/2008/05/army_combativesbrief_050108w/.
The US Air Force adopted MAC as its hand-to-hand combat system in early 2008.Air Force Times article http://www.airforcetimes.com/news/2008/01/army_combatives_080128w/.
In the U.S. Marine Corps, Marine Corps Martial Arts Program (MCMAP) replaced the Marine Corps LINE combat system in 2002. Each Marine keeps a record book that records their training, and a colored belt system (tan, gray, green, brown, and black in order of precedence) is used to denote experience and skill level, similar to many Asian martial arts.
Hand-to-hand historical battles
The Battle of Isandlwana , the first battle in the Anglo-Zulu War , turned into close combat when the British exhausted their ammunition and resulted in a decisive victory of Zulus over the modern British army.
See also
Ancillary weapon
Army hand-to-hand fight
Ninjutsu
Brazilian Jiu Jitsu
Close Quarters Battle
Eskrima
Judo
Knife fight
Kapap
Krav Maga
List of modern infantry related terms and acronyms|List of modern infantry-related terms and acronyms
Martial arts
Mixed martial arts
RBSD ( Reality-Based Self-Defense )
Sambo (martial art)|Sambo
Systema
Unifight
References
Further reading
Close Combat (MCRP 3-02B), USMC, February 1999. Commercial ISBN 1-58160-073-9
Get Tough! by William E. Fairbairn , 1942. Details basic commando techniques. Reprint ISBN 0-87364-002-0
Kill or Get Killed by Rex Applegate , 1943. Widely redistributed within the United States Marine Corps|USMC from 1991 as FMFRP 12-80. ISBN 0-87364-084-5
In Search of the Warrior Spirit: Teaching Awareness Disciplines to the Green Berets by Richard Strozzi-Heckler . 3rd edition ISBN 1-55643-425-1
Fleet Marine Force Manual (FMFM) 0-7, Close Combat , United States Marine Corps|USMC , July 1993.
Combatives : FM 3-25.150 Commercial reprint of 2002 U.S. Army manual incorporates Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu . ISBN 1-58160-448-3
http://www.bestjudo.com/brfm21-150.shtml Excerpts from 1942 War Department FM 21-150
Articles
http://www.tradoc.army.mil/pao/training_closeup/090603.htm TRADOC Public Affairs
http://www.armytimes.com/news/2008/05/army_combativesbrief_050108w/ Army Times
http://www.thebayonet.com/stories/2005/111105/08.htm Ft. Benning Bayonet
http://www.flw-guidon.com/news/honor1106.html Ft. Leonard Wood Guidon
http://www.ultimategrapplingmag.com/content/view/41/37/ Modern Army Combative in Ultimate Grappling Magazine
http://www.ngb.army.mil/assets/theonguard/2006/2006-12.pdf On The Guard , Newspaper of the National Guard (Page 8-9)
http://www.fightauthority.com/martial-arts-topics/realistic-fighting/ Unarmed Self-Defense and Hand to Hand Combat Archive
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