Hazel

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The hazels ( Corylus ) are a genus of deciduous tree s and large shrub s native to the temperate northern hemisphere . The genus is usually placed in the birch family Betulaceae ,Germplasm Resources Information Network: Chen, Z.-D. et al. (1999). Phylogeny and evolution of the Betulaceae as inferred from DNA sequences, morphology, and paleobotany. Amer. J. Bot . 86: 1168–1181. Available Rushforth, K. (1999). Trees of Britain and Europe . Collins ISBN 0-00-220013-9.Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening . Macmillan ISBN 0-333-47494-5. though some botanists split the hazels (with the hornbeam s and allied genera) into a separate family Corylaceae.Bean, W. J. (1976). Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles 8th ed., vol. 1. John Murray ISBN 0-7195-1790-7.Erdogan, V. & Mehlenbacher, S. A. (2002). Phylogenetic analysis of hazelnut species (Corylus, Corylacae) based on morphology and phenology. Sist. Bot. Dergisi 9: 83–100.

TOC

They have simple, rounded leaf|leaves with double-serrate margins. The flower s are produced very early in spring before the leaves, and are plant sexuality|monoecious , with single-sex catkin s, the male pale yellow and 5–12& nbsp;cm long, the female very small and largely concealed in the buds, with only the bright red 1–3& nbsp;mm long Carpel|style s visible. The seed s are Nut (fruit)|nuts 1–2.5& nbsp;cm long and 1–2& nbsp;cm diameter, surrounded by an involucre (husk) which partly to fully encloses the nut.

The shape and structure of the involucre, and also the growth habit (whether a tree or a suckering shrub), are important in the identification of the different species of hazel.

Species

There are 14–18 species of hazel. The circumscription of species in eastern Asia is disputed, with WCSP and the Flora of China differing in which taxa are accepted; within this region, only those taxa accepted by both sources are listed below.WCSP: Flora of China: Flora of North America: The species are grouped as follows:

Nut surrounded by a soft, leafy involucre . Multi-stemmed, suckering shrub s to 12m tall.

*Involucre short, about the same length as the nut.

** Corylus americana —American Hazel. Eastern North America.

** Corylus avellana —Common Hazel. Europe and western Asia.

** Corylus heterophylla —Asian Hazel. Asia.

** Corylus yunnanensis —Yunnan Hazel. Central and southern China.

*Involucre long, twice the length of the nut or more, forming a 'beak'.

** Corylus colchica —Colchican Filbert. Caucasus.

** Corylus cornuta —Beaked Hazel. North America.

** Corylus maxima —Filbert. Southeastern Europe and southwest Asia.

** Corylus sieboldiana —Asian Beaked Hazel. Northeastern Asia and Japan (syn. C. mandshurica ).

Nut surrounded by a stiff, spiny involucre. Single-stemmed tree s to 20–35 m tall.

*Involucre moderately spiny and also with glandular hairs.

** Corylus chinensis —Chinese Hazel. Western China.

** Corylus colurna —Turkish Hazel. Southeastern Europe and Asia Minor.

** Corylus fargesii —Farges' Hazel. Western China.

** Corylus jacquemontii —Jacquemont's Hazel. Himalaya.

** Corylus wangii —Wang's Hazel. Southwest China.

*Involucre densely spiny, resembling a chestnut burr.

** Corylus ferox —Himalayan Hazel. Himalaya, Tibet and southwest China (syn. C. tibetica ).

Several Hybrid (biology)|hybrids exist, and can occur between species in different sections of the genus, e.g. Corylus × colurnoides ( C. avellana × C. colurna ). The oldest confirmed hazel species is Corylus johnsonii found as fossil s in the Ypresian age rocks of Ferry County, Washington , USA .

Uses

The nuts of all hazels are edible. The Common Hazel is the species most extensively grown for its nuts, followed in importance by the Filbert . Nuts are also harvested from the other species, but apart from the Filbert, none is of significant commercial importance.Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening . Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-47494-5.

A number of cultivar s of the Common Hazel and Filbert are grown as ornamental plant s in garden s, including forms with contorted stems ( C. avellana 'Contorta', popularly known as " Harry Lauder 's walking stick" from its gnarled appearance); with weeping branches ( C. avellana 'Pendula'); and with purple leaves ( C. maxima 'Purpurea').

Hazels are used as food plants by the larva e of various species of Lepidoptera ; see list of Lepidoptera that feed on hazels .

Mythology and folklore

The Celts believed Hazelnut|hazelnuts gave one wisdom and inspiration. There are numerous variations on an ancient tale that nine hazel trees grew around a sacred pool, dropping into the water nuts that were eaten by salmon (a fish sacred to Druids) which absorbed the wisdom. The number of spots on the salmon were said to indicate how many nuts they had eaten.
A Druid teacher, in his bid to become omniscient, caught one of these special salmon and asked a student to cook the fish but not to eat it. While he was cooking it, hot liquid from the cooking fish splashed onto the pupil's thumb, which he naturally sucked to cool, thereby absorbing the fish's wisdom. This boy was called Fionn Mac Cumhail (Fin McCool) and went on to become one of the most heroic leaders in Gaelic mythology.Floriz:

The Hazel Branch , from Grimm's Fairy Tales , claims that hazel branches offer the greatest protection from snakes and other things that creep on the earth.

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