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aboutA heath or heathland is a shrubland habitat (ecology)|habitat found mainly on low quality acid ic soils, and is characterised by open, low growing woody vegetation . There are some clear differences between heath and moorland . For example moorland has a very peaty topsoil, and it is also free-draining, whereas a heath is notfact|date=January 2012. Moorland is generally related to high-ground heathscite book|last= Polunin|first= Oleg |coauthors= Walters, Martin |title= A Guide to the Vegetation of Britain and Europe |publisher= Oxford University Press |year= 1985|isbn= 0-19-217713-3|page= 220 with — especially in Great Britain — a cooler and damper climate.
Heaths are widespread worldwide. They form extensive and highly diverse communities across Australia in humid and sub-humid areas. Fire regimes with recurring burning are required for the maintenance of the heathlands.Specht, R.L. 'Heathlands' in 'Australian Vegetation' R.H. Groves ed. Cambridge University Press 1988 Even more diverse though less widespread heath communities occur in Southern Africa. Extensive heath communities can also be found in California - chaparral , New Caledonia , central Chile and along the shores of the Mediterranean Sea . In addition to these extensive heath areas, the vegetation type is also found in scattered locations across all continents, except Antarctica.
Characteristics
Heathland is favoured where climatic conditions are typically warm and dry, particularly in summer, and soils acidic, of low fertility, and often sand y and very free-draining; mire s do occur where drainage is poor, but are usually only small in extent. Heaths are dominated by low shrub s, 0.2& ndash;2& nbsp;m tall.
Heath vegetation is extremely plant-species rich, and heathlands of Australia are home to some 3,700 endemic or typical species in addition to numerous less restricted species.Specht, R.L. 'Heathlands' in 'Australian Vegetation' R.H. Groves ed. Cambridge University Press 1988 The fynbos heathlands of South Africa are second only to tropical rainforests in plant biodiversity with over 7,000 species.WWF Ecoregion profile. Montane fynbos and renosterveld (AT1203) http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/at/at1203_full.html In marked contrast the tiny pockets of heathland in Europe are extremely depauperate with a flora consisting primarily of Calluna|heather ( Calluna vulgaris ), Erica|heath ( Erica species) and gorse ( Ulex species).
The bird Fauna (animals)|fauna of heathlands are usually cosmopolitan species of the region.WWF Ecoregion profile. Montane fynbos and renosterveld (AT1203) http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/at/at1203_full.htmlSpecht, R.L. 'Heathlands' in 'Australian Vegetation' R.H. Groves ed. Cambridge University Press 1988 In the depauperate heathlands of Europe bird species tend to be more characteristic of the community and include Montagu's Harrier , and the Tree Pipit . In Australia the heathland avian fauna is dominated by nectar feeding birds such as Honeyeater|Honey-eaters and Lories and lorikeets|lorikeets although numerous other birds from emu s to eagle s are also common Australian heathlands. Australian heathlands are also home to the world's only nectar feeding terrestrial mammal: the Honey Possum . The bird fauna of the South African fynbos includes sunbird s warblers and siskins. Heathlands are also an excellent habitat for insects including ant s, moths, butterflies and wasps with many species being restricted entirely to it.
Anthropogenic heaths
human impact on the environment|Anthropogenic heaths habitats are a cultural landscape that can be found worldwide in locations as diverse as northern and western Europe, the Americas , Australia, New Zealand , Madagascar and New Guinea .
These heaths were originally created or expanded by centuries of human clearance of the natural forest and woodland vegetation, by grazing and wildfire|burning . In some cases this clearance went so far that parts of the heathland have given way to open spots of pure sand and sand dune s, with a very local desert climate that, even in Europe, can create local temperatures of 50 degrees Celsius in summer, drying the sand spot bordering the heathland and further raising its vulnerability for wildfires. Referring to heathland in England, Rackham says, "Heaths are clearly the product of human activities and need to be managed as heathland; if neglected they turn into woodland".cite book|title=The History of the Countryside|first=Oliver|last=Rackham|page=282|publisher=Phoenix|year=1997
In recent years the conservation value of even these man-made heaths has become much more appreciated, and consequently most heathlands are protected. However they are also threatened by tree incursion because of the discontinuation of traditional management techniques such as grazing and burning that mediated the landscapes. Some are also threatened by urban sprawl . Anthropogenic heathlands are maintained artificially by a combination of grazing and periodic burning (known as Swailing http://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/news/022001/23/swailing.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/news/022001/23/swailing.shtml bbc.co.uk ), or (rarely) mowing; if not so maintained, they are rapidly re-colonised by forest or woodland. The re-colonising tree species will depend on what is available as the local seed source, and thus it may not reflect the natural vegetation before the heathland became established.
See also
Portal|Plants|Environment
Bolster heath
California chaparral and woodlands
Chalk heath
Fynbos
Garrigue
Maquis shrubland
Matorral
Moorland
Scrubland
Shrubland
References
External links
commons category|Heathland
http://www.countryside.gov.uk/WiderWelcome/NCAF/NCAF4_4.asp The Countryside Agency information on types of open land
http://keithbriggs.info/heath.html Origin of the word `heath'
Category:Habitats Category:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub Category:Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands Category:Landforms Category:Land management Category:Cultural landscapes
