Hope

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Biography

Hope is the emotional state which promotes the belief in a positive outcome related to events and circumstances in one's life. Despair is the opposite of hope. . (n.d.). The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language , Fourth Edition. Retrieved March 18, 2008, from Dictionary.com. Hope is the "feeling that what is wanted can be had or that events will turn out for the best" or the act of "look forward to something with desire and reasonable confidence" or "feel that something desired may happen". http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/hope Accessed on July 22, 2011 Other definitions are "to cherish a desire with anticipation"; "to desire with expectation of obtainment"; or "to expect with confidence". http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hope Accessed on July 22, 2011 In the English language the word can be used as either a noun or a verb, although hope as a concept has a similar meaning in either use.Oxford English Dictionary hope, n.1
Second edition, 1989; online version June 2011. ; accessed 19 August 2011. Earlier version first published in New English Dictionary, 1899. hope, v. 1

In psychology

Dr. Barbara L. Fredrickson, Principal Investigator of the Positive Emotions and Psychophysiology Lab and Professor at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill,Barbara L. Fredrickson. Biography at http://www.unc.edu/peplab/barb_fredrickson_page.html Accessed on February 16, 2012 argues that hope "...comes into play when our circumstances are dire", when "things are not going well or at least there’s considerable uncertainty about how things will turn out". She states that "ope literally opens us up... removes the blinders of fear and despair and allows us to see the big picture become creative" and have "elief in better future".Barbara L. Fredrickson. "Why Choose Hope? " March 23, 2009. http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/positivity/200903/why-choose-hope Accessed on July 22, 2011

"Psychologist, C.R. Snyder and his colleagues say that hope is cultivated when we have a goal in mind, determination that a goal can be reached, and a plan on how to reach those goals".Elisha Goldstein. "Breaking down Barack Obama’s Psychology of Hope and how it may help you in trying times". http://www.mentalhelp.net/poc/view_doc.php? type=doc& id=28966& cn=110 Accessed July 22, 2011 Hopeful people are "like the little engine that could, they keep telling themselves "I think I can, I think I can". http://www.mentalhelp.net/poc/view_doc.php? type=doc& id=28966& cn=110 Accessed July 22, 2011

Hope is distinct from positive thinking , which refers to a therapeutic or systematic process used in psychology for reversing pessimism . The term "false hope" refers to a hope based entirely around a fantasy or an extremely unlikely outcome.

History of hope

Alfred Adler said: “We cannot think, feel, will, or act without the perception of a goal” Snyder, Charles D. The Psychology of Hope: You Can Get Here from There. New York:
The Free Press, 1994, pg.3

Hope can first be seen in ancient Greek mythology with the story of Zeus and Promethius. Promethius stole fire from the god Zeus, which infuriated the supreme god. In turn, Zeus created a box that contained all manners of evil, unbeknownst to the receiver of the box. Pandora opened the box after being warned not to, and those evils were released into the world; hope, which lay at the bottom of the box, remained. This is the beginning of the tale of hope.Magaletta, Philip R., & Oliver, J.M (April 1999). The Hope Construct, Will, and Ways:
Their Relations with Self-Efficacy, Optimism, and General Well-Being. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55, 539-551. < http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/
doi/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(199905)55:5%3C539::AID-JCLP2%3E3.0.CO;2-G/pdf>, pg.539

Understanding hope

Charles Snyder, Ph.D, one of the first developers of positive psychology, embellished upon the overlaying topic of “hope” relaying its subject matter within a psychological construct. Snyder created his “hope theory” while on sabbatical from the University of Kansas. Instead of finding evidence in a book in the library, he was inspired to observe people and interact with them. Through his observations, Snyder was able to determine his own definition of "hope"; “Hope is the sum of the mental willpower and waypower that you have for your goals” Snyder, Charles D. The Psychology of Hope: You Can Get Here from There. New York: The Free Press, 1994, pg. 7
Snyder continues his definition with these 3 underlying concepts:

• Goals: “Goals are objects, experiences, or outcomes that we imagine and desire in our minds." Snyder determines that “the goals involving hope fall somewhere between an impossibility and a sure thing.” Snyder, Charles D. The Psychology of Hope: You Can Get Here from There. New York: The Free Press, 1994, pg.8

• Willpower: “Willpower is the driving force in hopeful thinking” (pg.9) Willpower draws on the perception of our desired goal as well as one’s mental energy. It also depends on how well we understand our goal. Within psychotherapy, techniques are used to hone in on one’s desires and wishes, on how to focus on our goals, on how to obtain or attain them, “…based on tacit knowledge." Snyder, Charles D. The Psychology of Hope: You Can Get Here from There. New York: The Free Press, 1994, pg.10

• Waypower: “Waypower reflects the mental plans or road maps that guide hopeful thought” Snyder, Charles D. The Psychology of Hope: You Can Get Here from There. New York:
The Free Press, 1994, pg.10 There are important versus less important goals that play a part in one’s ability to plan through a goal, to map out a plan. Snyder says that hope is the “mental willpower and waypower for goals” Snyder, Charles D. The Psychology of Hope: You Can Get Here from There. New York: The Free Press, 1994, pg.13 Research has found that “persons with willpower thinking may not have waypower thoughts to their goals”.Snyder, Charles D. The Psychology of Hope: You Can Get Here from There. New York: The Free Press, 1994, pg.13

Measuring hope

Several researchers, after defining their concept of hope, have devised ways of how to measure the actual psychological construct. Snyder’s proposed “Hope Scale” Snyder, C. R., Harris, C., Anderson, J. R., Holleran, S. A., Irving, L. M.,Sigmon, S. T., et al. (1991). The will and the ways: Development and validation of an individual-differences measure of hope. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 570 –585. < http://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm? fa=fulltext.journal& jcode=psp& vol=60& issue=4& page=570& format=HTML> measures a person’s intended succession in congruence to their goals. Overall, their determination to achieve their goal is their measured hope. http://www.ppc.sas.upenn.edu/hopescale.pdf

Fibel and Hale measure hope by combining Snyder’s Hope Scale with their own Generalized Expectancy for Success Scale (GESS) to empirically measure hope.Hunt, Teresa L. (May 1, 1997). Self-concept, Hope and Achievement: A look at the relationship between the individual self-concept, level of hope, and academic achievement. Missouri Western State College, < http://www.missouriwestern.edu/psychology/research/psy302/spring97/teresa_hunt.html>

In Snyder’s book, “Hope Theory”, a differentiation between adult-measured hope and child-measured hope is given. The adult Hope Scale by Snyder contains 12 questions; 4 measuring ‘pathways thinking’, 4 measuring ‘agency thinking’, and 4 that are simply fillers. Each subject responds to each question using an 8-point scale.Snyder, C. R., Rand, K. L., & Sigmon, D. R. (2002). Hope Theory: A Member of the Positive Psychology Family. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 257–276). New York: Oxford University Press.

Hope versus optimism

Snyder says that “we can best understand emotion and self-esteem as a by-product of how effective we are in the pursuit of goals”.Snyder, Charles D. The Psychology of Hope: You Can Get Here from There. New York: The Free Press, 1994, pg. 26

Dr. Barbara Frederickson states that, “Because positive emotions arise in response to diffuse opportunities, rather than narrowly focused threats, positive emotions momentarily broaden people’s attention and thinking, enabling them to draw on higher-level connections and a wider-than-usual range of percepts or ideas through cognitive, psychology, physical, or social resources”. Frederickson is explaining hope in a moment of great need. With the sense of hope come positive emotions such as happiness and joy, courage, and empowerment. She describes these “positive emotions” as coming from four different areas of one’s self: from a cognitive, psychological, social, or physical perspective.Fredrickson, Barbara L., et al. (2008). Open Hearts Build Lives: Positive Emotions, Induced Through Loving-Kindness Meditation, Build Consequential Personal Resources. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 1045-1062.
< http://psycnet.apa.org.suproxy.su.edu/journals/psp/95/5/1045.pdf>

The difference between hope and optimism: hope entails pathways and thoughts to an intended goal. Optimism leads one to “expect the best, but it does not necessarily provide any critical thinking about how we are going to arrive at this improved future”.Snyder, Charles D. The Psychology of Hope: You Can Get Here from There. New York: The Free Press, 1994, pg. 19

As a literary concept

Hope is a common theme in cultural works across the world, and has a strong place in both classical and contemporary western literature as well as in works of world literature.

A classic reference which has generally entered modern language is the concept that "Hope springs eternal" taken from Alexander Pope's Essay on Man , the phrase reading "Hope springs eternal in the human breast, Man never is, but always to be blest:" Essay on Man (1733) by Alexander Pope http://books.google.com/books? id=R8pEAAAAYAAJ& dq=Essays%20on%20Man%2C%20Pope& pg=PA11#v=onepage& q& f=false p. 48 (1811 ed.,London)

Hope is a key concept in many classic and contemporary fictional works. It can be used as a plot device and is often a motivating force for change in dynamic characters. A commonly understood reference from western popular culture is the subtitle "A New Hope" from the original first installment (now considered Episode IV) in the Star Wars science fiction epic space opera . http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0076759/ The subtitle refers to one of the lead characters, Luke Skywalker, who is expected in the future to allow good to triumph over evil within the plot of the films.

In religion

Hope is a key concept in most major world religions, often signifying the "hoper" believes an individual or a collective group will reach a concept of heaven .

In Christianity

"In many traditional Christian texts, the word is an indication of certainty and a positive expectation of future reward. “Hope” in the Holy Bible means “a strong and confident expectation.” Though archaic today in modern terms, hope is akin to trust and a confident expectation". http://bible.org/article/hope Accessed on July 22, 2011 The author of the book of Romans, Paul the Apostle argued that hope was a source of salvation for Christians.Romans 8:24-25 states "For in hope we have been saved, but hope that is seen is not hope; for why does one also hope for what he sees? 25 But if we hope for what we do not see, with perseverance we wait eagerly for it". http://bible.org/article/hope

According to the Holman Bible Dictionary , hope is a "rustful expectation, particularly with reference to the fulfillment of God's promises. Hope, is the anticipation of a favorable outcome under God's guidance... the confidence that what God has done for us in the past guarantees our participation in what God will do in the future. Holman Bible Dictionary http://www.studylight.org/dic/hbd/view.cgi? number=T2841 Accessed on July 22, 2011

The concept is considered one of the three theological virtues of the Christian religion.
"hope" A Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. Edited by Elizabeth Knowles. Oxford University Press, 2006. Oxford University Press. "Hope is an essential and fundamental element of Christian life, so essential indeed, that, like faith and love, it can itself designate the essence of Christianity".''Easton's Bible Dictionary http://bible-library.com/hope Accessed on July 22, 2011

Copyright Citations

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