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Biography

: This article is about Lhasa prefecture-level city . See Chengguan District, Lhasa for the urban area of Lhasa

Lhasa (, , or ; ; sometimes spelled Lasa ) is the administrative capital and a prefecture-level city of the Tibet Autonomous Region , People's Republic of China . It is the second most populous city on the Tibetan Plateau , after Xining , and at an altitude of , Lhasa is one of the highest cities in the world. The city contains many culturally significant Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan Buddhist sites such as the Potala Palace , Jokhang temple and Norbulingka palaces, many of which are located in Chengguan District, Lhasa|Chengguan District , the city seat.

Etymology

Lhasa literally means "place of the gods". Ancient Tibetan documents and inscriptions demonstrate that the place was called Rasa , which either meant "goats' place", or, as a contraction of rawe sa , a "place surrounded by a wall,"Anne-Marie Blondeau and Yonten Gyatso, 'Lhasa, Legend and History,' in Françoise Pommaret-Imaeda (ed.) Lhasa in the seventeenth century: the capital of the Dalai Lamas, BRILL, 2003, pp.15-38, pp.21-22. or 'enclosure', suggesting that the site was originally a hunting preserve within the royal residence on Marpori Hill.John Powers, Introduction to Tibetan Buddhism, Snow Lion Publications, 2007, p.144. Lhasa is first recorded as the name, referring to the area's temple of Jowo, in a treaty drawn up between China and Tibet in 822 C.E.Anne-Marie Blondeau and Yonten Gyatso, 'Lhasa, Legend and History,' pp.21-22.

History

In CE 639 and 641, Songtsän Gampo, who by this time had conquered the whole Tibetan region, is said to have contracted two alliance marriages, firstly to a Princess Bhrikuti of Nepal and then, two years later, to Princess Wen Cheng of the Imperial Tang Dynasty|Tang court. Bhrikuti is said to have converted him to Buddhism , which was also the faith attributed to his second wife Wen Cheng. In 641 he constructed the Jokhang (or Rasa Trülnang Tsulagkhang) and Ramoche Temple s in Lhasa in order to house two Buddha statue s, the Akshobhya|Akshobhya Vajra (depicting the Buddha at the age of eight) and the Jowo (statue)|Jowo Sakyamuni (depicting Buddha at the age of twelve), respectively brought to his court by the princesses. Lhasa suffered extensive damage under the reign of Langdarma in the 9th century, when the sacred sites were destroyed and desecrated and the empire fragmented.Dorje (1999), pp. 68-9.

A Tibetan tradition mentions that after Songtsän Gampo's death in 649 C.E., Chinese troops captured Lhasa and burnt the Red Palace. Chinese and Tibetan scholars have noted that the event is mentioned neither in the Chinese annals nor in the Tibetan manuscripts of Dunhuang . Li suggested that this tradition may derive from an interpolation . Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa believes that "those histories reporting the arrival of Chinese troops are not correct."

From the fall of the monarchy in the 9th century to the accession of the 5th Dalai Lama , the centre of political power in the Tibetan region was not situated in Lhasa. However, the importance of Lhasa as a religious site became increasingly significant as the centuries progressed.Bloudeau, Anne-Mari & Gyatso, Yonten. 'Lhasa, Legend and History' in Lhasa in the Seventeenth Century: The Capital of the Dalai Lamas, 2003, pp. 24-25. It was known as the centre of Tibet where Padmasambhava magically pinned down the earth demoness and built the foundation of the Jokhang Temple over her heart.Bloudeau, Anne-Mari & Gyatso, Yonten. "Lhasa, Legend and History." In: Lhasa in the Seventeenth Century: The Capital of the Dalai Lamas . Françoise Pommaret-Imaeda, Françoise Pommaret 2003, p. 38. Brill, Netherlands. ISBN 978-90-04-12866-8.

By the 15th century, the city of Lhasa had risen to prominence following the founding of three large Gelugpa monasteries by Je Tsongkhapa and his disciples. The three monasteries are Ganden , Sera monastery|Sera and Drepung which were built as part of the puritanical Buddhist revival in Tibet.Dorje (1999), p. 69. The scholarly achievements and political know-how of this Gelugpa Lineage eventually pushed Lhasa once more to centre stage.

The fifth Dalai Lama , Lobsang Gyatso (1617–1682), unified Tibet and, in 1642, moved the centre of his administration to Lhasa, which thereafter became both the religious and political capital. In 1645, the reconstruction of the Potala Palace began on Red Hill. In 1648, the Potrang Karpo ( Potala#White Palace|White Palace ) of the Potala was completed, and the Potala was used as a winter palace by the Dalai Lama from that time onwards. The Potrang Marpo ( Potala#Red Palace|Red Palace ) was added between 1690 and 1694.The name Potala is derived from Mount Potalaka , the mythical abode of the Dalai Lama's divine prototype, the Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara . The Jokhang Temple was also greatly expanded around this time. Although some wooden carvings and lintel (architecture)|lintel s of the Jokhang Temple date to the 7th century, the oldest of Lhasa's extant buildings, such as within the Potala Palace, the Jokhang and some of the monasteries and properties in the Old Quarter date to this second flowering in Lhasa's history.

By the end of the 17th century, Lhasa's Barkhor area formed a bustling market for foreign goods. The Jesuit missionary, Ippolito Desideri reported in 1716 that the city had a cosmopolitan community of Mongol, Chinese, Muscovite, Armenian, Kashmiri, Nepalese and Northern Indian traders. Tibet was exporting musk, gold, medicinal plants, furs and yak tails to far-flung markets, in exchange for sugar, tea, saffron, Persian turquoise, European amber and Mediterranean coral.Emily T. Yeh,'Living Together in Lhasa: Ethnic Relations, Coercive Amity, and Subaltern Cosmopolitanism,' in Shail Mayaram (ed.) The other global city, Taylor & Francis US. 2009, pp.54-85, pp.58-7. In November 11 of 1750 , the murder of the regent by the Amban s triggered a Lhasa riot of 1750|riot in the city that left more than a hundred people killed, including the Ambans.

By the 20th century, Lhasa, long a beacon for both Tibetan and foreign Buddhists, had numerous ethnically and religiously distinct communities, among them Tibetan Muslims|Kashmiri Muslims , Ladakh i merchants, Islam and Sikhism|Sikh converts to Islam , and Chinese traders and officials. The Kashmiri Muslims ( Khache ) trace their arrival in Lhasa to the Muslim saint of Patna , Khair ud-Din, contemporary with the 5th Dalai Lama.John Bray, 'Trader, Middleman or Spy? The Dilemmas of a Kashmiri Muslim in Early Nineteenth-Century Tibet,' in Anna Akasoy, Charles Burnett, Ronit Yoeli-Tlalim (eds.) Islam and Tibet: Interactions Along the Musk Routes, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2011, pp.313-338, p.315. Islam in China|Chinese Muslims lived in a quarter to the south, Nepalese families to the north, of the Barkhor market. Residents of the Lubu neighbourhood were descended from assimilated Chinese vegetable farmers who stayed over after accompanying an Amban from Sichuan in the mid-nineteenth century, intermarrying with Tibetan women and adopting Tibetan language and culture.Emily T. Yeh,'Living Together in Lhasa: Ethnic Relations, Coercive Amity, and Subaltern Cosmopolitanism,' pp.59-60. The city's merchants catered to all kinds of tastes, importing even Australian butter and British whisky. In the 1940s, according to Heinrich Harrer :-
:

'There is nothing one cannot buy, or at least order. One even finds the Elizabeth Arden specialties, and there is a keen demand for them. . .You can order, too, sewing machines, radio sets and gramophones and hunt up Bing Crosby records.' Heinrich Harrer , Seven Years in Tibet, Penguin 1997 p.140, cited in Peter Bishop, The myth of Shangri-La: Tibet, travel writing, and the western creation of sacred landscape, University of California Press, 1989 p.192.

Such markets and consumerism came to an abrupt end after the arrival of Chinese government troops and administrative cadres in 1950.Robert Barnett, Lhasa: Streets with Memories, Columbia University Press, 2010 p.65 Food rations and poorly stocked government stores replaced the old markets, until the 1990s when commerce in international wares once more returned to Lhasa,Emily T. Yeh,'Living Together in Lhasa: Ethnic Relations, Coercive Amity, and Subaltern Cosmopolitanism,' p.58. and arcades and malls with a cornucopia of goods sprang up.Robert Barnett, Lhasa: Streets with Memories, p.104.

Of the 22 parks ( lingka s) which surrounded the city of Lhasa, most of them over half a mile in length, where the people of Lhasa were accustomed to picnic, only three survive today: the Norbulingka|Dalai Lama's Summer Palace , constructed by the 7th Dalai Lama ; a small part of the Shugtri Lingka (now the 'People's Park'); and the Lukhang . Dormitory blocks, offices and army barracks are built over the rest.Robert Barnett, Lhasa: Streets with Memories, Columbia University Press, 2010 p.67.

The Guan Yu|Guandì miào:(???) or Epic of King Gesar|Gesar Lhakhang temple was erected by the Amban in 1792 atop Mount Bamare 3 kilometres south of the Potala to celebrate the defeat of an invading Gurkha army.Emily T. Yeh,'Living Together in Lhasa: Ethnic Relations, Coercive Amity, and Subaltern Cosmopolitanism,' p.60; The monument however does not commemorate the Tibetan epic hero, but the Chinese figure. See Lara Maconi, ‘Gesar de Pékin? Le sort du Roi Gesar de Gling, héros épique tibétain, en Chinese (post-) maoïste,’ in Judith Labarthe, Formes modernes de la poésie épique: nouvelles approches, Peter Lang, 2004 pp.371-419, p.373 n.7. Relying on H. Richardson, and R. A. Stein, Maconi says that this was erected by the Chinese general Fú kang'an (???).

The main gate to the city of Lhasa used to run through the large Pargo Kaling chorten and contained holy relics of the Buddha Mindukpa.Tung (1980), p.21 and caption to plate 17, p. 42.

Between 1987–1989 Lhasa experienced major demonstrations, led by monks and nuns, against the Chinese Government. After Deng Xiao Ping 's southern tour in 1992, however, Lhasa was declared a special economic zone . All government employees, their families and students are forbidden to practice their religion, while monks and nuns are forbidden from entering government offices and the Tibet University campus. Subsequent to the introduction of the special economic zone, the influx of migrants has dramatically altered the city's ethnic mix in Lhasa.Emily T. Yeh,'Living Together in Lhasa: Ethnic Relations, Coercive Amity, and Subaltern Cosmopolitanism,' p.70.

In 2000 the urbanised area covered 53 sq.kilometres, with a population of around 170,000. Official statistics of the metropolitan area report that 70% are Tibetan, 34.3 are Han, and the remaining 2.7 Hui, though outside observers suspect that non-Tibetans account for some 50-70%. Among the Han immigrants, Lhasa is known as ‘Little Sichuan'.

Geography

Lhasa Prefecture covers an area of close to . It has a central area of National Geographic Atlas of China (2007), p. 88. National Geographic, Washington, D.C. ISBN 978-1-4262-0136-3. and a total population of 500,000; 250,000 of its people live in the urban area. Lhasa is home to the Tibetan people|Tibetan , Han (people)|Han , and Hui people|Hui peoples, as well as several other ethnic groups, but overall the Tibetan ethnic group makes up a majority of the total population.

Located at the bottom of a small basin surrounded by the Himalaya Mountains , Lhasa has an elevation of about National Geographic Atlas of China . (2008), p. 88. National Geographic, Washington D.C. ISBN 978-1-4262-0136-3. and lies in the centre of the Tibetan Plateau with the surrounding mountains rising to . The air only contains 68% of the oxygen compared to sea level.Dorje (1999), p. 68. The Kyi River (or Kyi Chu ), a tributary of the Yarlung Zangbo River ), runs through the southern part of the city. This river, known to local Tibetans as the "merry blue waves,", flows through the snow-covered peaks and gullies of the Nyainqêntanglha mountains, extending , and emptying into the Yarlung Zangbo River at Qüxü County|Qüxü , forms an area of great scenic beauty. The marshlands, mostly uninhabited, are to the north. Ingress and egress roads run east and west, while to the north, the road infrastructure is less developed.

Climate

Due to its very high elevation, Lhasa has a cool semi-arid climate ( Köppen climate classification|Köppen BSk ) with frosty winters and mild summers, yet the valley location protects the city from intense cold or heat and strong winds. The city enjoys nearly 3,000 hours of sunlight annually and is thus sometimes called the "sunlit city" by Tibetans. The coldest month is January with an average temperature of and the warmest month is June with a daily average of , though nights have generally been warmer in July. The annual mean temperature is , with extreme temperatures ranging from .. Accessed 2010-10-20 Lhasa has an annual precipitation of with rain falling mainly in July, August and September. The driest month is January at and the wettest month is August, at . The rainy season is widely regarded the "best" of the year as rains come mostly at night and Lhasa is still sunny during the daytime.

Government and politics

Administratively speaking, Lhasa is a prefecture-level city that consists of one district of China|district and seven County (People's Republic of China)|counties . Chengguan District is the main urban area of Lhasa. The mayor and vice-mayor of Lhasa are Doje Cezhug and Jigme Namgyal , respectively.

Map	#	Name	Hanzi	Hanyu Pinyin	Tibetan	Wylie	Population (2003 est.)	Area (km²)
City proper
1	Chengguan District	???	Chéngguan Qu	bo-textonly>?????????????	khrin kon chus	140,000	525	267
Rural
2	Lhünzhub County	???	Línzhou Xiàn	bo-textonly>???????????????	lhun grub rdzong	60,000	4,100	14
3	Damxung County	???	Dangxióng Xiàn	bo-textonly>?????????????	dam gzhung rdzong	40,000	10,234	4
4	Nyêmo County	???	Nímù Xiàn	bo-textonly>????????????	snye mo rdzong	30,000	3,266	9
5	Qüxü County	???	Qushui Xiàn	bo-textonly>????????????	chu shur rdzong	30,000	1,624	18
6	Doilungdêqên County	?????	Duilóngdéqìng Xiàn	bo-textonly>??????????????????????	stod lung bde chen rdzong	40,000	2,672	15
7	Dagzê County	???	Dázi Xiàn	bo-textonly>?????????????	stag rtse rdzong	30,000	1,361	22
8	Maizhokunggar County	?????	Mòzhúgongka Xiàn	bo-textonly>????????????????????	mal gro gung dkar rdzong	40,000	5,492	7

Economy

Competitive industry together with feature economy play key roles in the development of Lhasa. With the view to maintaining a balance between population growth and the environment, tourism and service industries are emphasised as growth engines for the future.
Many of Lhasa's rural residents practice traditional agriculture and animal husbandry . Lhasa is also the traditional hub of the Tibetan trading network. For many years, chemical and car making plants operated in the area and this resulted in significant pollution, a factor which has changed in recent years. Copper , lead and zinc are mined nearby and there is ongoing experimentation regarding new methods of mineral mining and geothermal heat extraction.

Agriculture and animal husbandry in Lhasa are considered to be of a high standard. People mainly plant highland barley and winter wheat . The resources of water conservancy, geothermal heating , solar energy and various mines are abundant. There is widespread electricity together with the use of both machinery and traditional methods in the production of such things as textile s, leather s, plastics, matches and embroidery . The production of national handicrafts has made great progress.

With the growth of tourism and service sectors, the sunset industries which cause serious pollution are expected to fade in the hope of building a healthy ecological system. Environmental problems such as soil erosion , Soil acidification|acidification , and loss of vegetation are being addressed. The tourism industry now brings significant business to the region, building on the attractiveness of the Potala Palace, the Jokang , the Norbulingka Summer Palace and surrounding large monasteries as well the spectacular Himalaya n landscape together with the many wild plants and animals native to the high altitudes of Central Asia . Tourism to Tibet dropped sharply following the crackdown on protests in 2008, but as early as 2009, the industry was recovering.Xinhua, , 2009-02-13. Chinese authorities plan an ambitious growth of tourism in the region aiming at 10 million visitors by 2020; these visitors are expected to be domestic. With renovation around historic sites, such as the Potala Palace, UNESCO has expressed "concerns about the deterioration of Lhasa's traditional cityscape."
Lhasa contains several hotels. Lhasa Hotel is a 4-star hotel located northeast of Norbulingka in the western suburbs of the city. Completed in September 1985, it is the flagship of CITS's installations in Tibet. It accommodates about 1000 guests and visitors to Lhasa. There are over 450 rooms (suites) in the hotel, and all are equipped with air conditioning , mini-bar and other basic facilities. Some of the rooms are decorated in traditional Tibetan style. The hotel was operated by Holiday Inn from 1986 to 1997 http://hotels.lonelyplanet.com/china/lhasa-r1973718/lhasa-hotel-p1037396/ and is the subject of the book: The Hotel on the Roof of the World . Another hotel of note is the historical Banak Shöl Hotel , located at 8 Beijing Road in the city. It is known for its distinctive wooden veranda s. The Nam-tso Restaurant is located in the vicinity of the hotel and is frequented especially by Chinese tourists visiting Lhasa.
Lhasa contains several businesses of note. Lhasa Carpet Factory , a factory south of Yanhe Dong Lu near the Tibet University produces traditional Tibetan rug s that are exported worldwide It is a modern factory; the largest manufacturer of rugs throughout Tibet employing some 300 workers. Traditionally Tibetan women were the weavers, and men the spinners, but both work on the rugs today.

The Lhasa Brewery Company was established in 1988 on the northern outskirts of Lhasa, south of Sera Monastery and is the highest commercial brewery in the world at and accounts for 85% of contemporary beer production in Tibet. The brewery, consisting of five story buildings, cost an estimated US$20–25& nbsp;million, and by 1994, production had reached 30,000 bottles per day, employing some 200 workers by this time. Since 2000, the Carlsberg Group|Carlsberg group has increased its stronghold in the Chinese market and has become increasingly influential in the country with investment and expertise. Carlsberg invested in the Lhasa Brewery in recent years and has drastically improved the brewing facility and working conditions, renovating and expanding the building to what now covers 62,240 square metres (15.3 acres).

Demographics

Demographics in the past

The 11th edition of Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica published between 1910–1911 noted the total population of Lhasa, including the lamas in the city and vicinity was about 30,000; a census in 1854 made the figure 42,000, but it is known to have greatly decreased since. Britannica noted that within Lhasa, there were about a total of 1,500 resident Tibetan laymen and about 5,500 Tibetan women. The permanent population also included Chinese families (about 2,000). The city's residents included people from Nepal and Ladak (about 800), and a few from Bhutan, Mongolia and other places. The Britannica noted with interest that the Chinese had a crowded burial-ground at Lhasa, tended carefully after their manner and that the Nepalese supplied mechanics and metal-workers at that time.
In the first half of the 20th century, several Western culture|Western explorers made celebrated journeys to the city, including William Montgomery McGovern , Francis Younghusband , Alexandra David-Néel and Heinrich Harrer . As Lhasa was the centre of Tibetan Buddhism nearly half of its population were monk s.

The majority of the pre 1950 Chinese population of Lhasa were merchants and officials. In the Lubu section of Lhasa, the inhabitants were descendants of Chinese men who married Tibetan women. They came to Lhasa in the 1840s-1860s when a Chinese was appointed to the position of Amban . and they grow vegetables around Lubu, and identify themselves as Tibetans. Many of the children of the Lubu citizens went to the Lhasa Kuomintang school.

According to one writer, the population of the city was about 10,000, with some 10,000 monks at Drepung and Sera monasteries in 1959Dowman (1988), p. 39. Hugh Richardson, on the other hand, puts the population of Lhasa in 1952, at "some 25,000–30,000—about 45,000–50,000 if the population of the great monasteries on its outskirts be included."Richardson (1984), p. 7.

Contemporary demographics

The total population of Lhasa Prefecture-level City is 521,500 (including known migrant population but excluding military garrisons). Of this, 257,400 are in the urban area (including a migrant population of 100,700), while 264,100 are outside. Nearly half of Lhasa Prefecture-level City's population lives in Chengguan District, which is the administrative division that contains the urban area of Lhasa (i.e. the actual city).

In terms of ethnic makeup, the exile Central Tibetan Administration asserts that ethnic Tibetans are a minority in Lhasa. An ethnic dynamic was speculated to have influenced the 2008 Tibetan unrest .
However, according to the November 2000 census, the ethnic distribution in Lhasa Prefecture-level City was as follows:

Major ethnic groups in Lhasa Prefecture-level City by district or county, 2000 censusDepartment of Population, Social, Science and Technology Statistics of the National Bureau of Statistics of China (???????????????) and Department of Economic Development of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission of China (??????????????), eds. Tabulation on Nationalities of 2000 Population Census of China («2000?????????????»). 2 vols. Beijing: Nationalities Publishing House (?????), 2003. (ISBN 7-105-05425-5)
	Total	Tibetans		Han Chinese		others
Lhasa Prefecture-level City	474,499	387,124	81.6%	80,584	17.0%	6,791	1.4%
Chengguan District	223,001	140,387	63.0%	76,581	34.3%	6,033	2.7%
Lhünzhub County	50,895	50,335	98.9%	419	0.8%	141	0.3%
Damxung County	39,169	38,689	98.8%	347	0.9%	133	0.3%
Nyêmo County	27,375	27,138	99.1%	191	0.7%	46	0.2%
Qüxü County	29,690	28,891	97.3%	746	2.5%	53	0.2%
Doilungdêqên County	40,543	38,455	94.8%	1,868	4.6%	220	0.5%
Dagzê County	24,906	24,662	99.0%	212	0.9%	32	0.1%
Maizhokunggar County	38,920	38,567	99.1%	220	0.6%	133	0.3%

Architecture and cityscape

Lhasa has many sites of historic interest, including the Potala Palace , Jokhang Temple , Sera Monastery and Norbulingka . The Potala Palace, Jokhang Temple and the Norbulingka are UNESCO world heritage sites. In the surrounding prefecture of Lhasa are Sera Monastery and its many hermitages, many of which overlook Lhasa from the northern hill valleys and Drepung Monastery , amongst many others of historical importance.
However, many important sites were damaged or destroyed mostly, but not solely, during China's Cultural Revolution of the 1960s.Bradley Mayhew and Michael Kohn. Tibet . 6th Edition (2005), pp. 36-37. Lonely Planet. ISBN 1-74059-523-8Keith Dowman. ''The Power-Places of Central Tibet: The Pilgrim's Guide , (1988) pp. 8-13. Routledge & Kegan Paul, Ltd., London and New York. ISBN 0-7102-1370-0.Laird, Thomas. (2006). The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama , pp. 345-351.Grove Press, New York. ISBN 978-0-8021-1827-1. Many have been restored since the 1980s.

The Potala Palace , named after Mount Potala, the abode of Chenresig or Avalokitesvara ,Stein, R. A. Tibetan Civilization (1962). Translated into English with minor revisions by the author. 1st English edition by Faber & Faber, London (1972). Reprint: Stanford University Press (1972), p. 84 was the chief residence of the Dalai Lama . After the 14th Dalai Lama fled to India during the 1959 Tibetan uprising , the government converted the palace into a museum. The site was used as a meditation retreat by King Songtsen Gampo , who in 637 built the first palace there in order to greet his bride Princess Wen Cheng of the Tang Dynasty of China. Lozang Gyatso, 5th Dalai Lama|Lozang Gyatso , the Great Fifth Dalai Lama, started the construction of the Potala Palace in 1645Laird, Thomas. (2006). The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama , pp. 175. Grove Press, New York. ISBN 978-0-8021-1827-1. after one of his spiritual advisers, Konchog Chophel (d. 1646), pointed out that the site was ideal as a seat of government, situated as it is between Drepung and Sera Monastery|Sera monasteries and the old city of Lhasa.Karmay, Samten C. (2005). "The Great Fifth", p. 1. Downloaded as a pdf file on 16 December 2007 from: The palace underwent restoration works between 1989 to 1994, costing RMB55& nbsp;million (US$6.875& nbsp;million) and was inscribed to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1994.

The graceful Lhasa Zhol Pillar , below the Potala, dates as far back as circa 764 CE.Richardson (1985), p. 2. and is inscribed with what may be the oldest known example of Tibetan writing. The pillar contains dedications to a famous Tibetan general and gives an account of his services to the king including campaigns against China which culminated in the brief capture of the Chinese capital Chang'an (modern Xian ) in 763 CESnellgrove and Richardson (1995), p. 91. during which the Tibetans temporarily installed as Emperor a relative of Princess Jincheng Gongzhu (Kim-sheng Kong co), the Chinese wife of Trisong Detsen 's father, Me Agtsom .Richardson (1984), p. 30.Beckwith (1987), p. 148.

Chokpori , meaning 'Iron Mountain', is a sacred hill , located south of the Potala. It is considered to be one of the four holy mountains of central Tibet and along with two other hills in Lhasa represent the "Three Protectors of Tibet.", Chokpori ( Vajrapani ), Pongwari ( Manjushri ), and Marpori ( Chenresig or Avalokiteshvara ).Stein, R. A. (1972). Tibetan Civilization , p. 228. Translated by J. E. Stapleton Driver. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California. ISBN 0-8047-0806-1 (cloth); ISBN 0-8047-0901-7 (paper). It was the site of the most famous medical school Tibet, known as the Mentsikhang , which was founded in 1413. It was conceived of by Lobsang Gyatso , the "Great" 5th Dalai Lama, and completed by the Regent Sangye Gyatso (Sangs-rgyas rgya-mtsho)Dowman, Keith. (1988). ''The Power-Places of Central Tibet: The Pilgrim's Guide , p. 49. Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd., London. ISBN 0-7102-1370-0. shortly before 1697.

Lingkhor is a sacred path, most commonly used to name the outer pilgrim road in Lhasa matching its inner twin, Barkhor. The Lingkhor in Lhasa was long enclosing Old Lhasa, the Potala and Chokpori hill. In former times it was crowded with men and women covering its length in prostration s, beggar s and pilgrim s approaching the city for the first time. The road passed through willow-shaded parks where the Tibetans used to picnic in summer and watch open air operas on festival days. New Lhasa has obliterated most of Lingkhor, but one stretch still remains west of Chokpori.

The Norbulingka palace and surrounding park is situated in the west side of Lhasa, a short distance to the southwest of Potala Palace and with an area of around , it is considered to be the largest man made garden in Tibet.
It was built from 1755.Tibet (1986), p.71 and served as the traditional summer residence of the successive Dalai Lama s until the 14th's self-imposed exile. Norbulingka was declared a ‘National Important Cultural Relic Unit”, in 1988 by the State council. In 2001, the Central Committee of the Chinese Government in its 4th Tibet Session resolved to restore the complex to its original glory. The Sho Dun Festival (popularly known as the "yogurt festival") is an annual festival held at Norbulingka during the seventh Tibetan month in the first seven days of the Full Moon period, which corresponds to dates in July/August according to the Gregorian calendar .

The Barkhor is an area of narrow streets and a public square in the old part of the city located around Jokhang Temple and was the most popular devotional circumabulation for pilgrims and locals. The walk was about one kilometre long and encircled the entire Jokhang , the former seat of the Nechung Oracle|State Oracle in Lhasa called the Muru Nyingba Monastery , and a number of nobles' houses including Tromzikhang and Jamkhang . There were four large incense burners ( sangkangs ) in the four cardinal directions, with incense burning constantly, to please the gods protecting the Jokhang.Dowman, Keith (1998). ''The Power-Places of Central Tibet: The Pilgrim's Guide , pp. 40-41. Routledge & Kegan Paul, London and New York. ISBN 0-7102-1370-0. Most of the old streets and buildings have been demolished in recent times and replaced with wider streets and new buildings. Some buildings in the Barkhor were damaged in the 2008 unrest.
The Jokhang is located on Barkhor Square in the old town section of Lhasa. For most Tibetans it is the most sacred and important temple in Tibet. It is in some regards pan-sectarian, but is presently controlled by the Gelug school. Along with the Potala Palace , it is probably the most popular tourist attraction in Lhasa. It is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site "Historic Ensemble of the Potala Palace," and a spiritual centre of Lhasa. This temple has remained a key center of Buddhist pilgrimage for centuries. The circumabulation route is known as the "kora" in Tibetan and is marked by four large stone incense burners placed at the corners of the temple complex. The Jokhang temple is a four-story construction, with roofs covered with gilded bronze tiles. The architecture|architectural style is based on the Indian vihara design, and was later extended resulting in a blend of Nepal ese and Tang Dynasty styles. It possesses the statues of Chenresig , Padmasambhava and King Songtsan Gambo and his two foreign brides, Princess Wen Cheng (niece of Emperor Taizong of Tang China ) and Princess Bhrikuti of Nepal and other important items.
Ramoche Temple is considered the most important temple in Lhasa after the Jokhang Temple. Situated in the northwest of the city, it is east of the Potala and north of the Jokhang,Dowman, Keith. 1988. ''The Power-Places of Central Tibet: The Pilgrim's Guide, p. 59. Routledge & Kegan Paul. London. ISBN 0-7102-1370-0 (ppk). covering a total area of 4,000 square meters (almost one acre). The temple was gutted and partially destroyed in the 1960s and its famous bronze statue disappeared. In 1983 the lower part of it was said to have been found in a Lhasa rubbish tip, and the upper half in Beijing. They have now been joined and the statue is housed in the Ramoche Temple, which was partially restored in 1986, and still showed severe damage in 1993. Following the major restoration of 1986, the main building in the temple now has three stories.
The Tibet Museum (Lhasa)|Tibet Museum in Lhasa is the official museum of the Tibet Autonomous Region and was inaugurated on October 5, 1999. It is the first large-sized modern museum in the Tibet Autonomous Region and has a permanent collection of around 1000 artefacts, from examples of Tibetan art to architectural design throughout history such as Tibetan doors and beams. It is located in an L-shaped building, located directly below the Potala Palace on the corner of Norbulingkha Road . The museum is structured into three main sections: a main exhibition hall, a folk cultural garden and an administrative quarter.
The Monument to the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet was unveiled in the Potala Square in May 2002 to celebrate the 51st anniversary of the Seventeen Point Agreement for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet , and the work in the development of the autonomous region since then. The 37-metre-high concrete monument is shaped as an abstract Mount Everest and its name is engraved with the calligraphy of former president Jiang Zemin, while an inscription describes the socioeconomic development experienced in Tibet in the past fifty years.

Culture

Music and dance

There are some night spots that feature cabaret acts in which performers sing in English language|English , Chinese language|Chinese , Tibetan language|Tibetan , and Nepalese language|Nepalese , and dancers wear traditional Tibetan costume with long flowing cloth extending from their arms. There are a number of small bars that feature live music, although they typically have limited drink menus and cater mostly to foreign tourists.

Education

Tibet University

Transport

Rail

The Qinghai–Tibet Railway which proceeds north and then east to Xining, some 2000& nbsp;km, goes up to 5,072 meters above sea level, is the highest railway in the world. Five trains arrive at and depart from Lhasa railway station each day. Train numbered T27 takes 43 hours, 51 minutes from Beijing West Railway Station|Beijing West , arrives in Lhasa at 16:00 every day. T28 from Lhasa to Beijing West departs at 13:45 and arrives in Beijing at 08:06 on the third day, taking 42 hours, 21 minutes. There are also trains from Chengdu , Chongqing , Lanzhou , Xining, Guangzhou , Shanghai and other cities. To counter the problem of altitude differences giving passengers altitude sickness , extra oxygen is pumped in through the ventilation system, and personal oxygen masks are available on request.

For onward rail travel in South Asia , the closest major station in India is New Jalpaiguri , Siliguri in West Bengal . However, extension of the Indian railway system to Sikkim will make it easier for onward connections through the South Asian railway network.

Air

Lhasa Gonggar Airport is located about one hour's taxi ride south from the city. There are flight connections to several Chinese cities including Beijing and Chengdu, and to Kathmandu in Nepal. A new , four-lane highway between Lhasa and the Gonggar Airport has been built by the Transportation Department of Tibet at a cost of Renminbi|RMB 1.5& nbsp;billion. This road,is part of China National Highway 318|National Highway 318 and starts from the Lhasa Railway Station , passes through Caina Township in Qushui County , terminates between the north entrance of the Gala Mountain Tunnel and the south bridge head of Lhasa River Bridge, and en-route goes over the first overpass of Lhasa at Liuwu Overpass.

Road

The Qinghai-Tibet Highway (part of G109) runs to northeast toward Xining and eventually to Beijing and is the mostly used road. The Sichuan-Tibet Highway (part of G318) runs east towards Chengdu and eventually to Shanghai . G318 also runs west toward Zhangmu on the Nepal border. The China National Highway 219|Xinjiang-Tibet Highway (G219) runs north to Yecheng , and then to Xinjiang . This road is rarely used due to the lack of amenities and petrol stations.

Maritime

The closest port is Kolkata , India . The Nathu La pass offers Chinese companies access to the port of Kolkata (Calcutta), situated about 1,100& nbsp;km (700& nbsp;mi) from Lhasa, for transshipments to and from Tibet.

Sister cities

Lhasa has four Twin towns and sister cities|sister cities :

Boulder, Colorado , United States , since 1987

Potosí , Bolivia , since 1995

Elista , Kalmykia , Russia , since 2004

Beit Shemesh , Israel , since 2007

Footnotes

Copyright Citations

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