Lobster

Music Home >> Music Genres >> Undetermined Music



< < < < < > > > > > More Info on Lobster Similar Undetermined Music Search Artistopia

Biography

Clawed lobsters comprise a family (biology)|family ( Nephropidae , sometimes also Homaridae ) of large marine crustacean s. Highly prized as seafood , lobsters are economically important, and are often one of the most profitable commodities in coastal areas they populate.

Though several groups of crustaceans are known as lobsters, the clawed lobsters are most often associated with the name. Clawed lobsters are not closely related to spiny lobster s or slipper lobster s, which have no claws ( Chela (organ)|chelae ), or squat lobster s. The closest relatives of clawed lobsters are the reef lobster s and the three families of freshwater crayfish .

Evolution

The fossil record of clawed lobsters extends back at least to the Valanginian|Valanginian Age of the Cretaceous .

Description

Lobsters are invertebrate s with a hard protective exoskeleton . Like most arthropod s, lobsters must ecdysis|molt in order to grow, which leaves them vulnerable. During the molting process, several species change color. Lobsters have 10 walking legs; the front three pairs bear claws, the first of which are larger than the others. Although, like most other arthropods, lobsters are largely bilateral symmetry|bilaterally symmetrical , they often possess unequal, specialized claws, like the king crab .

Lobster anatomy includes the cephalothorax which fuses the head and the thorax , both of which are covered by a chitin ous carapace , and the abdomen. The lobster's head bears Antenna (biology)|antennae , antennules, Mandible (arthropod)|mandibles , the first and second Maxilla (arthropod)|maxillae , and the first, second, and third Decapod anatomy#Thorax / Pereon|maxillipeds . Because lobsters live in a murky environment at the bottom of the ocean, they mostly use their antennae as sensors. The lobster eye has a reflective structure above a convex retina. In contrast, most complex eyes use refractive ray concentrators (lenses) and a concave retina. The abdomen includes decapod anatomy|swimmerets and its tail is composed of Decapod anatomy#Abdomen / Pleon|uropods and the telson .

Lobsters, like snails and spiders, have blue blood due to the presence of haemocyanin which contains copper (in contrast, vertebrates and many other animals have red blood from iron -rich haemoglobin ). Lobsters possess a green hepatopancreas , called the tomalley by chefs, which functions as the animal's liver and pancreas .

In general, lobsters are long, and move by slowly walking on the sea floor. However, when they flee, they swim backwards quickly by curling and uncurling their abdomen . A speed of has been recorded. This is known as the caridoid escape reaction .

Longevity

Recent research suggests that lobsters may not slow down, weaken, or lose fertility with age. In fact, older lobsters are more fertile than younger lobsters. This longevity may be due to telomerase , an enzyme that repairs DNA sequence s of the form "TTAGGG." This sequence, repeated hundreds of times, occurs at the ends of chromosomes, which are referred to as the telomeres . It has been argued that lobsters may exhibit negligible senescence and some scientists have claimed that they could effectively live indefinitely, barring injury, disease, capture, etc. Their longevity allows them to reach impressive sizes. According to the Guinness World Records , the largest lobster was caught in Nova Scotia , Canada , and weighed .

Symbion

Animals of the genus Symbion , the only member of the animal phylum Cycliophora, live exclusively on lobster gill s and mouthparts.

Ecology

Lobsters are found in all oceans. They live on rocky, sandy, or muddy bottoms from the shoreline to beyond the edge of the continental shelf . They generally live singly in crevices or in burrows under rocks.

Lobsters are omnivores and typically eat live prey such as fish, mollusks, other crustaceans, worms, and some plant life. They scavenge if necessary, and may resort to Cannibalism (zoology)|cannibalism in captivity; however, this has not been observed in the wild. Although lobster skin has been found in lobster stomachs, this is because lobsters eat their shed skin after ecdysis|molting .

Gastronomy

Lobster recipes include Lobster Newberg and Lobster Thermidor . Lobster is used in soup, bisque (food)|bisque , lobster roll s, and cappon magro . Lobster meat may be dipped in clarified butter , resulting in a sweetened flavour.

Cooks boil or steam live lobsters. The lobster cooks for seven minutes for the first pound and three minutes for each additional pound.

According to the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the mean level of mercury (element)|mercury in American lobster is 0.31& nbsp; parts per million|ppm .

History

In North America, the American lobster did not achieve popularity until the mid-19th century, when New Yorkers and Bostonians developed a taste for it, and commercial lobster fisheries only flourished after the development of the lobster smack . Prior to this time, lobster was considered a mark of poverty or as a food for indentured servants or lower members of society in Maine , Massachusetts and the Canadian Maritimes , and servants specified in employment agreements that they would not eat lobster more than twice per week. American lobster was initially deemed worthy only of being used as fertilizer or fish bait, and it was not until well into the twentieth century that it was viewed as more than a low-priced canned staple food.

Caught lobsters are graded as new-shell, hard-shell and old-shell and, because lobsters that have recently shed their shells are the most delicate, there is an inverse relationship between the price of American lobster and its flavor. New-shell lobsters have paper-thin shells and a worse meat-to-shell ratio, but what meat exists is very sweet. However, the lobsters are so delicate that even transport to Boston almost kills them, making the market for new-shell lobsters strictly local to the fishing towns where they are offloaded. Hard-shell lobsters with firm shells but with less sweet meat can survive shipping to Boston, New York and even Los Angeles so they command a higher price than new-shell lobsters. Meanwhile, old-shell lobsters, which have not shed since the previous season and have a coarser flavor, can be air-shipped anywhere in the world and arrive alive, making them the most expensive. One seafood guide notes that an eight dollar lobster dinner at a restaurant overlooking fishing piers in Maine is consistently delicious, while "the eighty-dollar lobster in a three-star Paris restaurant is apt to be as much about presentation as flavor".

Animal welfare issues

The most common way of killing a lobster is by placing it live in boiling water (with or without spending a period of time in a freezer) or by splitting it by severing the body in half lengthwise. Lobsters may also be killed or rendered insensate immediately before boiling through a stab into the brain, in the belief that this will stop suffering. However, a lobster's brain operates from not one but several Ganglion|ganglia and disabling only the frontal ganglion does not usually result in death or unconsciousness. The boiling method is illegal in some places, such as in Reggio Emilia , Italy, where offenders face fines of up to Euro|€ 495.

Fishery and aquaculture

Lobsters are caught using lobster trap|baited, one-way traps with a color-coded marker buoy to mark cages. Lobster is fished in water between , although some lobsters live at . Cages are of plastic-coated galvanized steel or wood. A lobster fisher may tend as many as 2,000 traps. Around the year 2000, due to overfishing and high demand, lobster aquaculture expanded. As of 2008, no lobster aquaculture operation had achieved commercial success, due mainly to the fact that lobsters eat each other (cannibalism) and the slow growth of the species; these two problems make it difficult to make lobster aquaculture profitable. The New England Aquarium nonetheless maintains a year-round production facility of American lobster, and further research is being conducted.

Species

This list contains all extant species in the family Nephropidae:

Acanthacaris

:* Acanthacaris caeca A. Milne-Edwards, 1881
:* Acanthacaris tenuimana Bate, 1888

Dinochelus Ahyong, Chan & Bouchet, 2010

:* Dinochelus ausubeli Ahyong, Chan & Bouchet, 2010

Eunephrops Smith, 1885

:* Eunephrops bairdii Smith, 1885
:* Eunephrops cadenasi Chace, 1939
:* Eunephrops luckhursti Manning, 1997
:* Eunephrops manningi Holthuis, 1974

Homarinus Kornfield, Williams & Steneck, 1995

:* Cape lobster|Homarinus capensis (Herbst, 1792) – Cape lobster

Homarus Weber, 1795

:* American lobster|Homarus americanus H. Milne-Edwards, 1837 – American lobster
:* Homarus gammarus (Linnaeus, 1758) – European lobster

Metanephrops Jenkins, 1972

:* Metanephrops andamanicus (Wood-Mason, 1892) – Andaman lobster
:* Metanephrops arafurensis (De Man, 1905)
:* Metanephrops armatus Chan & Yu, 1991
:* Metanephrops australiensis (Bruce, 1966) – Australian scampi
:* Metanephrops binghami (Boone, 1927) – Caribbean lobster
:* Metanephrops boschmai (Holthuis, 1964) – bight lobster
:* Metanephrops challengeri (Balss, 1914) – New Zealand scampi
:* Metanephrops formosanus Chan & Yu, 1987
:* Metanephrops japonicus (Tapparone-Canefri, 1873) – Japanese lobster
:* Metanephrops mozambicus Macpherson, 1990
:* Metanephrops neptunus (Bruce, 1965)
:* Metanephrops rubellus (Moreira, 1903)
:* Metanephrops sagamiensis (Parisi, 1917)
:* Metanephrops sibogae (De Man, 1916)
:* Metanephrops sinensis (Bruce, 1966) – China lobster
:* Metanephrops taiwanicus (Hu, 1983)
:* Metanephrops thomsoni (Bate, 1888)
:* Metanephrops velutinus Chan & Yu, 1991

Nephropides Manning, 1969

:* Nephropides caribaeus Manning, 1969

Nephrops Leach, 1814

:* Nephrops norvegicus (Linnaeus, 1758) – Norway lobster, Dublin Bay prawn, langoustine

Nephropsis Wood-Mason, 1872

:* Nephropsis acanthura Macpherson, 1990
:* Nephropsis aculeata Smith, 1881 – Florida lobsterette
:* Nephropsis agassizii A. Milne-Edwards, 1880
:* Nephropsis atlantica Norman, 1882
:* Nephropsis carpenteri Wood-Mason, 1885
:* Nephropsis ensirostris Alcock, 1901
:* Nephropsis holthuisii Macpherson, 1993
:* Nephropsis malhaensis Borradaile, 1910
:* Nephropsis neglecta Holthuis, 1974
:* Nephropsis occidentalis Faxon, 1893
:* Nephropsis rosea Bate, 1888
:* Nephropsis serrata Macpherson, 1993
:* Nephropsis stewarti Wood-Mason, 1872
:* Nephropsis suhmi Bate, 1888
:* Nephropsis sulcata Macpherson, 1990

Thaumastocheles Wood-Mason, 1874

:* Thaumastocheles dochmiodon Chan & Saint Laurent, 1999
:* Thaumastocheles japonicus Calman, 1913
:* Thaumastocheles zaleucus (Thomson, 1873)

Thaumastochelopsis Bruce, 1988

:* Thaumastochelopsis brucei Ahyong, Chu & Chan, 2007
:* Thaumastochelopsis wardi Bruce, 1988

Thymopides Burukovsky & Averin, 1977

:* Thymopides grobovi (Burukovsky & Averin, 1976)
:* Thymopides laurentae Segonzac & Macpherson, 2003

Thymops Holthuis, 1974

:* Thymops birsteini (Zarenkov & Semenov, 1972)

Thymopsis nilenta|Thymopsis Holthuis, 1974

:* Thymopsis nilenta Holthuis, 1974

Copyright Citations

This article is licensed under the GNU License
Click here for original article: Lobster


1. Fred Astaire 2. Bad Mood Mike 3. Jake Thackray 4. Brad Fischetti 5. Lagwagon 6. Locust 7. The Loud Family 8. Seafood 9. The Emancipation of Mimi 10. Wales 11. Loudon Wainwright III 12. The B 13. Larry 14. Ochu 15. Björk 16. Lyte Funkie Ones 17. Alice In Wonderland 18. Bender 19. buffet 20. Buoys 21. Close Lobsters 22. dorset 23. Eye 24. Eyes 25. Futurama

Undetermined Music Artists