Lolita

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Biography

Lolita is a novel by Vladimir Nabokov , written in English and published in 1955 in Paris and 1958 in New York. It was later translated by its Russian-native author into Russian. The novel is notable for its controversial subject: the protagonist and unreliable narrator , middle-aged literature professor Humbert Humbert, is obsessed with the 12-year-old Dolores Haze, with whom he becomes sexually involved after he becomes her stepfather. His private nickname for Dolores is Lolita.

The book is also notable for its writing style. The narrative is highly subjective as Humbert draws on his fragmented memories, employing a sophisticated prose style, while attempting to gain the reader's sympathy through his sincerity and melancholy, although near the end of the story Humbert refers to himself as a "maniac" who "deprived" Dolores "of her childhood", and he shortly thereafter states "the most miserable of family lives was better than the parody of incest " in which they were involved.

After its publication, Lolita attained a classic status, becoming one of the best-known and most controversial examples of 20th century literature . The name " Lolita (term)|Lolita " has entered pop culture to describe a sexually precocious girl. The novel was adapted to film by Stanley Kubrick Lolita (1962 film)|in 1962 , and again Lolita (1997 film)|in 1997 by Adrian Lyne . It has also been adapted several times for stage and has been the subject of two operas, two ballets, and an acclaimed but failed Broadway musical.

Lolita is included on Time's List of the 100 Best Novels| Time 's list of the 100 best English-language novels from 1923 to 2005 . It is fourth on the Modern Library 's 1998 list of the Modern Library 100 Best Novels|100 Best Novels of the 20th century. It was also included as one of The 100 Best Books of All Time .

Plot summary

Humbert Humbert, a literary scholar, has harbored a long-time obsession with young girls, or " Lolita (term)#Nymphet|nymphet s". He suggests that this was caused by the premature death of a childhood sweetheart, Annabel Leigh. After an unsuccessful marriage, Humbert moves to the small New England town of Ramsdale to write. He rents a room in the house of Charlotte Haze, a widow. While Charlotte tours him around the house, Humbert meets her 12-year-old daughter, Dolores& mdash;or Lolita& mdash;with whom he immediately becomes infatuated, partly due to her uncanny resemblance to Annabel. Humbert stays at the house only to remain near her. While he is obsessed with Lolita, he disdains her crassness and preoccupation with contemporary American popular culture, such as teen movies and comic books.

While Lolita is away at summer camp, Charlotte, who has fallen in love with Humbert, tells him that he must either marry her or move out. Humbert agrees to marry Charlotte in order to continue living near Lolita. Charlotte is oblivious to Humbert's distaste for her, as well as his lust for Lolita, until she reads his diary. Upon learning of Humbert's true feelings and intentions, Charlotte plans to flee with Lolita and threatens to expose Humbert as a "detestable, abominable, criminal fraud." Fate intervenes on Humbert's behalf, however; as she runs across the street in a state of shock, Charlotte is struck and killed by a passing car.

Humbert picks Lolita up from camp, pretending that Charlotte has been hospitalized. Rather than return to Charlotte's home, Humbert takes Lolita to a hotel, where he gives her sleeping pills. As he waits for the pills to take effect, he wanders through the hotel and meets a man who seems to know who he is. Humbert excuses himself from the strange conversation and returns to the room. There, he attempts to molest Lolita but finds that the sedative is too mild. Instead, she initiates sex the next morning, having slept with a boy at camp. Later, Humbert reveals to Lolita that Charlotte is dead, giving her no choice but to accept her stepfather into her life on his terms or face foster care .

Lolita and Humbert drive around the country, moving from state to state and motel to motel. Humbert sees the necessity of maintaining a common base of guilt to keep their relations secret, and wants denial to become second nature for Lolita; he tells her if he is arrested, she will become a ward of the state and lose all her clothes and belongings. He also bribes her for sexual favors, though he knows that she does not reciprocate his love and shares none of his interests. After a year touring North America, the two settle down in another New England town, where Lolita is enrolled in a girls school . Humbert becomes very possessive and strict, forbidding Lolita to take part in after-school activities or to associate with boys; most of the townspeople, however, see this as the action of a loving and concerned, while old-fashioned, parent.

Lolita begs to be allowed to take part in the school play; Humbert reluctantly grants his permission in exchange for more sexual favors. The play is written by Clare Quilty. He is said to have attended a rehearsal and been impressed by Lolita's acting. Just before opening night, Lolita and Humbert have a ferocious argument; Lolita runs away while Humbert assures the neighbors everything is fine. He searches frantically until he finds her exiting a phone booth. She is in a bright, pleasant mood, saying she tried to reach him at home and that a "great decision has been made." They go to buy drinks and Lolita tells Humbert she doesn't care about the play, rather, wants to leave town and resume their travels.

As Lolita and Humbert drive westward again, Humbert gets the feeling that their car is being tailed and he becomes increasingly paranoid, suspecting that Lolita is conspiring with others in order to escape. She falls ill and must convalesce in a hospital; Humbert stays in a nearby motel, without Lolita for the first time in years. One night, Lolita disappears from the hospital; the staff tell Humbert that Lolita's "uncle" checked her out. Humbert embarks upon a frantic search to find Lolita and her abductor, but eventually he gives up. During this time, Humbert has a two year relationship (ending in 1952) with an adult named Rita, who he describes as a "kind, good sport." She "solemnly approve" of his search for Lolita. Rita figuratively dies when Humbert receives a letter from Lolita, now 17, who tells him that she is married, pregnant and in desperate need of money. Humbert goes to see Lolita, giving her money in exchange for the name of the man who abducted her. She reveals the truth: Clare Quilty, an acquaintance of Charlotte's, the writer of the school play, and the man Lolita claims to have loved, checked her out of the hospital after following them throughout their travels and attempted to make her star in one of his pornographic films; when she refused, he threw her out. She worked odd jobs before meeting and marrying her husband, who knows nothing about her past. Humbert asks Lolita to leave her husband, Dick, and live with him, to which she refuses. He gives her a large sum of money anyway, which secures her future. As he leaves she smiles and shouts goodbye in a "sweet, American" way.

Humbert finds Quilty at his mansion; he intends to kill him, but first wants him to understand why he must die; he took advantage of a sinner (Humbert), he took advantage of a disadvantage. Eventually, Humbert shoots him several times (throughout which Quilty is bargaining for his life in a witty, though bizarre, manner). Once Quilty has died, Humbert exits the house. Shortly after, he is arrested for driving on the wrong side of the road and swerving. The narrative closes with Humbert's final words to Lolita in which he wishes her well, and reveals the novel in its metafiction to be the memoirs of his life, only to be published after he and Lolita have both died.

According to the novel's fictional "Foreword", Humbert dies of coronary thrombosis upon finishing his manuscript. Lolita dies giving birth to a stillbirth|stillborn girl on Christmas Day, 1952.

Erotic motifs and controversy

More cautious classifications have included a "novel with erotic motifs" or one of "a number of works of classical erotic literature and art, and to novels that contain elements of eroticism, like ... Ulysses and ''Lady Chatterley's Lover " The book is an anthology of essays edited by Igor Kon. The opening essay from which this quote is taken is by Kon himself.

However, this classification has been disputed. Malcolm Bradbury writes "at first famous as an erotic novel, Lolita soon won its way as a literary one—a late modernist distillation of the whole crucial mythology." Samuel Schuman says that Nabokov "is a surrealist, linked to Gogol, Dostoevsky, and Kafka. Lolita is characterized by irony and sarcasm. It is not an erotic novel"

Lance Olsen writes "The first 13 chapters of the text, culminating with the oft-cited scene of Lo unwittingly stretching her legs across Humbert’s excited lap are the only chapters suggestive of the erotic." Nabokov himself observes in the novel's afterword that a few readers were "misled. ...into assuming this was going to be a lewd book... the rising succession of erotic scenes; when these stopped, the readers stopped, too, and felt bored."Afterword to Lolita Vintage edition p. 313.

Style and interpretation

The novel is a tragicomedy narrated by Humbert, who riddles the narrative with word play and his wry observations of American culture . His humor provides an effective counterpoint to the pathos of the tragedy|tragic plot. The novel's flamboyant style is characterized by double entendre s, multilingual pun s, anagram s, and neologism|coinage s such as nymphet , a word that has since had a life of its own and can be found in most dictionaries, and the lesser used "faunlet." One of the novel's characters, "Vivian Darkbloom," is an anagram of the author's name.

Several times, the narrator begs the reader to understand that he is not proud of his rape of Lolita, but is filled with remorse. At one point he listens to the sounds of children playing outdoors, and is stricken with guilt at the realization that he robbed Lolita of her childhood. When he is reunited with the adult Lolita, he realizes that he still loves her even if she no longer is the nymphet of his dreams.

Some critics have accepted Humbert's version of events at face value. In 1959, novelist Robertson Davies excused the narrator entirely, writing that the theme of Lolita is "not the corruption of an innocent child by a cunning adult, but the exploitation of a weak adult by a corrupt child. This is no pretty theme, but it is one with which social workers, magistrates and psychiatrists are familiar."

Most writers, however, have given less credit to Humbert and more to Nabokov's powers as an ironist. For Richard Rorty , in his interpretation of Lolita in Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity , Humbert is a "monster of incuriosity." Nabokov himself described Humbert as "a vain and cruel wretch" and "a hateful person."Quoted in Levine, 1967.

In his essay on Stalinism "Koba the Dread," Martin Amis proposes that Lolita is an elaborate metaphor for the totalitarianism that destroyed the Russia of Nabokov's childhood (though Nabokov states in his afterword that he " symbols and allegory|allegories "). Amis interprets it as a story of tyranny told from the point of view of the tyrant . "Nabokov, in all his fiction, writes with incomparable penetration about delusion and coercion, about cruelty and lies," he says. "Even Lolita , especially Lolita , is a study in tyranny."

Critics have further noted that the novel gives very little information about what Lolita is personally like, that in effect she has been silenced. Nomi Tamir-Ghez writes "Not only is Lolita's voice silenced, her point of view, the way she sees the situation and feels about it, is rarely mentioned and can be only surmised by the reader...since it is Humbert who tells the story...throughout most of the novel, the reader is absorbed in Humbert's feelings".''Vladimir Nabokov's Lolita: a casebook by Ellen Pifer, p. 24 Similarly Mica Howe and Sarah Appleton Aguiar write that the novel silences and objectifies Lolita. He said, she says: an RSVP to the male text by Mica Howe, Sarah Appleton Aguiar p. 132 Christine Clegg notes that this is a recurring theme in criticism of the novel in the 1990s. Vladimir Nabokov: Lolita by Christine Clegg Chapter 5 Actor Brian Cox who played Humbert in a 2009 one-man monologue show based on the novel stated that the novel is "not about Lolita as a flesh and blood entity. It’s Lolita as a memory" and concluded that a stage monologue would be truer to the book than any film could possibly be. Elizabeth Janeway writing in The New York Review of Books holds "Humbert is every man who is driven by desire, wanting his Lolita so badly that it never occurs to him to consider her as a human being, or as anything but a dream-figment made flesh".

Clegg sees the novel's non-disclosure of Lolita's feelings as directly linked to the fact that her real name is Dolores Haze and (in the novel but not the film) only Humbert refers to her as Lolita.See Over her dead body: death, femininity and the aesthetic by Elisabeth Bronfen p. 379 Humbert also states he has effectively "solipsized" Lolita early in the novel.p. 60 of Random House edition Eric Lemay of Northwestern University writes

The human child, the one noticed by non-nymphomaniacs, answers to other names, "Lo," "Lola," "Dolly," and, least alluring of all, "Dolores." "But in my arms," asserts Humbert, "she was always Lolita." And in his arms or out, "Lolita" was always the creation of Humbert's craven self.... The Siren-like Humbert sings a song of himself, to himself, and titles that self and that song "Lolita." ... To transform Dolores into Lolita, to seal this sad adolescent within his musky self, Humbert must deny her her humanity.

In 2003 Iranian people|Iranian expatriate Azar Nafisi published the memoir Reading Lolita in Tehran about a covert women's reading group. In an NPR interview Nafasi contrasts the sorrowful and seductive sides of Dolores/Lolita's character. She notes "Because her name is not Lolita, her real name is Dolores which as you know in Latin means dolour, so her real name is associated with sorrow and with anguish and with innocence, while Lolita becomes a sort of light-headed, seductive, and airy name. The Lolita of our novel is both of these at the same time and in our culture here today we only associate it with one aspect of that little girl and the crassest interpretation of her." Following Nafasi's comments, the NPR interviewer, Madeleine Brand, lists as embodiments of the latter side of Lolita, "the Long Island Lolita, Britney Spears, the Olsen twins, and Sue Lyons in Stanley Kubrick's Lolita"2nd audio portion of

For Nafisi, the essence of the novel is Humbert's solipsism and his erasure of Lolita's independent Identity (social science)|identity . She writes: "Lolita was given to us as Humbert's creature To reinvent her, Humbert must take from Lolita her own real history and replace it with his own Yet she does have a past. Despite Humbert's attempts to orphan Lolita by robbing her of her history, that past is still given to us in glimpses."Azar Nafisi, Reading Lolita in Tehran (New York: Random House, 2003) p. 36.

One of the novel's early champions, Lionel Trilling , warned in 1958 of the moral difficulty in interpreting a book with so eloquent and so self-deceived a narrator: "we find ourselves the more shocked when we realize that, in the course of reading the novel, we have come virtually to condone the violation it presents we have been seduced into conniving in the violation, because we have permitted our fantasies to accept what we know to be revolting."Quoted by Leland de la Durantaye in The Boston Globe writing on the 50th anniversary of Lolita August 28, 2005. Requires subscription

Publication and reception

Nabokov finished Lolita on 6 December 1953, five years after starting it.Brian Boyd, Vladimir Nabokov: The American Years (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991; ISBN 0-691-06797-X), p.226. because of its subject matter, Nabokov intended to publish it pseudonymously (although the anagrammatic character Vivian Darkbloom would tip off the alert reader).Boyd, Vladimir Nabokov: The American Years , pp. 220–21. The manuscript was turned down, with more or less regret, by Viking Press|Viking , Simon & Schuster , New Directions Publishing|New Directions , Farrar, Straus and Giroux|Farrar, Straus , and Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday .Boyd, Vladimir Nabokov: The American Years , pp. 255, 262–63, 264. After these refusals and warnings, he finally resorted to publication in France. Via his translator Doussia Ergaz, it reached Maurice Girodias of Olympia Press , "three quarters of list was pornographic trash".Boyd, Vladimir Nabokov: The American Years , p. 266. Underinformed about Olympia, overlooking hints of Girodias's approval of the conduct of a protagonist Girodias presumed was based on the author, and despite warnings from Morris Bishop , his friend at Cornell University|Cornell , Nabokov signed a contract with Olympia Press for publication of the book, to come out under his own name.Boyd, Vladimir Nabokov: The American Years , pp. 266–67.

Lolita was published in September 1955, as a pair of green paperbacks "swarming with typographical errors".Boyd, Vladimir Nabokov: The American Years , p. 292. Although the first printing of 5,000 copies sold out, there were no substantial reviews. Eventually, at the very end of 1955, Graham Greene , in the (London) The Sunday Times|Sunday Times , called it one of the three best books of 1955.Boyd, Vladimir Nabokov: The American Years , p. 293. This statement provoked a response from the (London) Sunday Express , whose editor John Gordon (journalist)|John Gordon called it "the filthiest book I have ever read" and "sheer unrestrained pornography."Boyd, Vladimir Nabokov: The American Years , p. 295. Her Majesty's Customs and Excise|British Customs officers were then instructed by a panicked Home Office to seize all copies entering the United Kingdom. In December 1956, France followed suit, and the Minister of the Interior banned Lolita Boyd, Vladimir Nabokov: The American Years , p. 301. (the ban lasted for two years). Its eventual British publication by Weidenfeld & Nicolson caused a scandal that contributed to the end of the political career of one of the publishers, Nigel Nicolson .Laurence W. Martin, , The Journal of Politics , Vol. 22 , No. 4. (Nov. 1960), pp. 654–681.

The novel then appeared in Danish and Dutch translations (two editions of a Swedish translation were withdrawn at the author's request).Michael Juliar, Vladimir Nabokov: A Descriptive Bibliography (New York: Garland, 1986; ISBN 0-8240-8590-6), p.541.

Despite initial trepidation, there was no official response in the U.S., and the first American edition was issued by G.P. Putnam's Sons in August, 1958. The book was into a third printing within days and became the first since Gone with the Wind to sell 100,000 copies in its first three weeks.

The novel continues to generate controversy today as modern society has become increasingly aware of the lasting damage created by child sexual abuse . In 2008, an entire book was published on the best ways to teach the novel in a college classroom given that "its particular mix of narrative strategies, ornate allusive prose, and troublesome subject matter complicates its presentation to students." In this book one author urges teachers to note that Lolita's suffering is noted in the book even if the main focus is on Humbert. Many critics describe Humbert as a rape|rapist , notably Azar Nafisi in her bestselling Reading Lolita in Tehran , though in a survey of critics David Larmour notes that other interpreters of the novel have been reluctant to use that term. Near the end of the novel, Humbert accuses himself of rape – however, after noting this Nabokov biographer Brian Boyd tries to let Humbert off the hook on the grounds that Dolores was not a virgin and seduced Humbert in the morning of their hotel stay although sex had been suggested by Humbert earlier. This perspective is vigorously disputed by Peter Rabinowitz in his essay " Lolita: Solipsized or Sodomized? ".Essay appears in

Today, Lolita is considered by many to be one of the finest novels written in the 20th century. In 1998, it came fourth in Modern Library 100 Best Novels|a list by the Modern Library of the greatest English-language novels of the 20th century."", Modern Library. Accessed 8 February 2011.

Sources and links

Links in Nabokov's work

In 1939 Nabokov wrote a novella , Volshebnik (?????????), that was published only posthumously in 1986 in English translation as The Enchanter . It bears many similarities to Lolita , but also has significant differences: It takes place in Central Europe , and the protagonist is unable to consummate his passion with his stepdaughter, leading to his suicide . The theme of ephebophilia was already touched on by Nabokov in his short story " A Nursery Tale ", written in 1926. Also, in the 1932 Laughter in the Dark (novel)|Laughter in the Dark , Margot Peters is 16 and already had an affair when middle-aged Albinus becomes attracted to her.

In chapter three of the novel The Gift (Nabokov novel)|The Gift (written in Russian in 1935–1937) the similar gist of Lolita s first chapter is outlined to the protagonist, Fyodor Cherdyntsev, by his obnoxious landlord Shchyogolev as an idea of a novel he would write "if I only had the time": A man marries a widow only to gain access to her young daughter, who resists all his passes. Shchyogolev says it happened "in reality" to a friend of his; it is made clear to the reader that it concerns himself and his stepdaughter Zina (15 at the time of marriage) who becomes the love of Fyodor's life and his child bride.

In April 1947, Nabokov wrote to Edmund Wilson : "I am writing ... a short novel about a man who liked little girls—and it's going to be called The Kingdom by the Sea ...."Letter dated April 7, 1947; in Dear Bunny, Dear Volodya: The Nabokov Wilson Letters, 1940–1971 , ed. Simon Karlinsky (Berkeley: University of California Press , 2001; ISBN 0-520-22080-3), p. 215 The work expanded into Lolita during the next eight years. Nabokov used the title A Kingdom by the Sea in his 1974 pseudo-autobiographical novel Look at the Harlequins! for a Lolita -like book written by the narrator who, in addition, travels with his teenage daughter Bel from motel to motel after the death of her mother; later, his fourth wife is Bel's look-alike and shares her birthday.

In Nabokov's 1962 novel Pale Fire , the titular poem by fictional John Shade mentions Hurricane Lolita coming up the American east coast in 1958, and narrator Charles Kinbote (in the commentary later in the book) notes it, questioning why anyone would have chosen an obscure Spanish nickname for a hurricane. There were no hurricanes named Lolita 1958 Atlantic hurricane season|that year , but that is the year that Lolita the novel was published in North America.

The unfinished novel The Original of Laura , published posthumously, features the character Hubert H. Hubert, an older man preying upon then-child protagonist, Flora. In contrast to in Lolita , his advances are unsuccessful.

Literary pastiches, allusions and prototypes

The novel abounds in allusions to classical and modern literature. Virtually all of them have been noted in The Annotated Lolita edited and annotated by Alfred Appel, Jr. . Many are references to Humbert's own favorite poet, Edgar Allan Poe .

Humbert Humbert's first love, Annabel Leigh, is named after the "maiden" in the poem " Annabel Lee " by Poe; this poem is alluded to many times in the novel, and its lines are borrowed to describe Humbert's love. A passage in chapter 11 Assemblage (composition)|reuses Wiktionary:verbatim|verbatim Poe's phrase ...by the side of my darling—my darling—my life and my bride . The Annotated Lolita , p.360 In the opening of the novel, the phrase Ladies and gentlemen of the jury, exhibit number one is what the seraphs, the misinformed, simple, noble-winged seraphs, envied, is a pastiche of two passages of the poem, the winged seraphs of heaven (line 11), and The angels, not half so happy in heaven, went envying her and me (lines 21–2). Nabokov originally intended Lolita to be called The Kingdom by the Sea ,, Vladimir Nabokov Centennial, Random House , Inc. drawing on the rhyme with Annabel Lee that was used in the first verse of Poe's work. A variant of this line is reprise d in the opening of chapter one, which reads ...had I not loved, one summer, an initial girl-child. In a princedom by the sea . The Annotated Lolita , p.334

Humbert Humbert's double name recalls Poe's " William Wilson (short story)|William Wilson ", a tale in which the main character is haunted by his doppelgänger , paralleling to the presence of Humbert's own doppelgänger, Clare Quilty. Humbert is not, however, his real name, but a chosen pseudonym .

Chapter 27 contains a parody of James Joyce|Joyce 's Stream of consciousness (narrative mode)|stream of consciousness . The Annotated Lolita , p.379

Humbert Humbert's field of expertise is French literature (one of his jobs is writing a series of educational works that compare List of French writers|French writers to List of English writers|English writers ), and as such there are several references to French literature , including the authors Gustave Flaubert , Marcel Proust , François Rabelais , Charles Baudelaire , Prosper Mérimée , Remy Belleau , Honoré de Balzac , and Pierre de Ronsard .

Vladimir Nabokov was fond of Lewis Carroll and had translated Alice in Wonderland into Russian. He even called Carroll the "first Humbert Humbert".Annotated Lolita p. 381 Lolita contains a few brief allusions in the text to the Alice books, though overall Nabokov avoided direct allusions to Carroll. In her book, Tramp: The Life of Charlie Chaplin , Joyce Milton claims that a major inspiration for the novel was Charlie Chaplin 's relationship with his second wife, Lita Grey , whose real name was Lillita and is often misstated as Lolita. Graham Vickers in his book ''Chasing Lolita: How Popular Culture Corrupted Nabokov's Little Girl All Over Again'' argues that the two major real-world predecessors of Humbert are Lewis Carroll and Charlie Chaplin. Although Appel's comprehensive Annotated Lolita contains no references to Charlie Chaplin, others have picked up several oblique references to Chaplin's life in Nabokov's book. Bill Delaney notes that at the end Lolita and her husband move to the Alaska n town of Grey Star, Alaska|Grey Star while Chaplin's The Gold Rush , set in Alaska, was originally set to star Lita Grey. Lolita's first sexual encounter was with a boy named Charlie Holmes, whom Humbert describes as "the silent...but indefatigable Charlie." Chaplin had an artist paint Lita Grey in imitation of Joshua Reynolds 's painting The Age of Innocence . When Humbert visits Lolita in a class at her school, he notes a print of the same painting in the classroom. Delaney's article notes many other parallels as well.Bill Delaney, "Nabokov's Lolita ," The Explicator 56, no. 2 (Winter 1998): 99& nbsp;– 100.

The foreword refers to "the monumental decision rendered December 6, 1933 by Hon. John M. Woolsey in regard to another, considerably more outspoken book"—that is, the decision in the case United States v. One Book Called Ulysses , in which Woolsey ruled that James Joyce 's Ulysses (novel)|Ulysses was not obscene and could be sold in the United States.

In chapter 29 of Part II, Humbert comments that Lolita looks "like Botticelli's russet Venus—the same soft nose, the same blurred beauty", referencing Sandro Botticelli 's depiction of Venus (mythology)|Venus in, perhaps, The Birth of Venus (Botticelli)|The Birth of Venus or Venus and Mars (Botticelli)|Venus and Mars .

In chapter 35 of Part II, Humbert's " death sentence " on Quilty parodies the rhythm and use of anaphora (rhetoric)|anaphora in T. S. Eliot 's poem Ash Wednesday (poem)|Ash Wednesday .

Many other references to classical and Romantic literature abound, including references to Lord Byron 's '' Childe Harold's Pilgrimage and to the poetry of Laurence Sterne .

Other possible real-life prototypes

In addition to the possible prototypes of Lewis Carroll and Charlie Chaplin mentioned above in #Literary allusions and prototypes|Allusions , Alexander Dolinin suggests Ben Dowell, , The Times| The Sunday Times , September 11, 2005. Retrieved November 14, 2007. that the prototype of Lolita was 11-year-old Florence Sally Horner|Florence Horner , kidnapped in 1948 by 50-year-old mechanic Frank La Salle, who had caught her stealing a five-cent notebook. La Salle traveled with her over various states for 21 months and is believed to have rape d her. He claimed that he was an Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI agent and threatened to "turn her in" for the theft and to send her to "a place for girls like you." The Horner case was not widely reported, but Dolinin notes various similarities in events and descriptions.

While Nabokov had already used the same basic idea—that of a child molestation|child molester and his victim booking into a hotel as father and daughter—in his then-unpublished 1939 work Volshebnik ( ????????? ), the Horner case is mentioned explicitly in Chapter 33 of Part II:

Heinz von Lichberg's "Lolita"

German people|German academic Michael Maar 's book The Two Lolitas ISBN 1-84467-038-4 describes his recent discovery of a 1916 Germany|German short story titled "Lolita" about a middle-aged man travelling abroad who takes a room as a lodger and instantly becomes obsessed with the preteen girl (also named Lolita) who lives in the same house. Maar has speculated that Nabokov may have had cryptomnesia (a "hidden memory" of the story that Nabokov was unaware of) while he was composing Lolita during the 1950s. Maar says that until 1937 Nabokov lived in the same section of Berlin as the author, Heinz von Eschwege (pen name: Heinz von Lichberg ), and was most likely familiar with his work, which was widely available in Germany during Nabokov's time there. Liane Hansen , , Weekend Edition|Weekend Edition Sunday , April 25, 2004. Retrieved November 14, 2007. The Philadelphia Inquirer , in the article " Lolita at 50: Did Nabokov take literary liberties? " says that, according to Maar, accusations of plagiarism should not apply and quotes him as saying: "Literature has always been a huge crucible in which familiar themes are continually recast... Nothing of what we admire in Lolita is already to be found in the tale; the former is in no way deducible from the latter." See also Jonathan Lethem in '' Harper's Magazine on this story.Jonathan Lethem, , Harper's Magazine , February 2007. Retrieved November 14, 2007.

Nabokov on Lolita

Afterword

In 1956 Nabokov wrote an afterword to Lolita ("On a Book Entitled Lolita "), that first appeared in the first U.S. edition and has appeared thereafter.Juliar, Vladimir Nabokov: A Descriptive Bibliography , p. 221.

One of the first things Nabokov makes a point of saying is that, despite John Ray Jr.'s claim in the Foreword, there is no moral to the story. Lolita Random House 1997 p. 314

Nabokov adds that "the initial shiver of inspiration" for Lolita "was somehow prompted by a newspaper story about an ape in the Jardin des Plantes who, after months of coaxing by a scientist, produced the first drawing ever charcoaled by an animal: this sketch showed the bars of the poor creature's cage". Lolita Random House 1997 p. 311 Neither the article nor the drawing has been recovered.

In response to an American critic who characterized Lolita as the record of Nabokov's "love affair with the romantic novel", Nabokov writes that "the substitution of 'English language' for 'romantic novel' would make this elegant formula more correct". Lolita Random House 1997 p. 316

Nabokov concludes the afterword with a reference to his beloved first language, which he abandoned as a writer once he moved to the United States in 1940: "My private tragedy, which cannot, and indeed should not, be anybody's concern, is that I had to abandon my natural idiom, my untrammeled, rich, and infinitely docile Russian language for a second-rate brand of English". Lolita Random House 1997 p. 317

Estimation

Nabokov rated the book highly. In an interview for BBC Television in 1962, he said:

Lolita is a special favorite of mine. It was my most difficult book—the book that treated of a theme which was so distant, so remote, from my own emotional life that it gave me a special pleasure to use my combinational talent to make it real.Peter Duval Smith, "Vladimir Nabokov on his life and work", The Listener , 22 November 1962, pp.& nbsp;856–858. As reprinted in Strong Opinions (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1973; ISBN 0-07-045737-9), pp.& nbsp;9–19.

Over a year later, in an interview for Playboy (magazine)|Playboy , he said:

I shall never regret Lolita . She was like the composition of a beautiful puzzle—its composition and its solution at the same time, since one is a mirror view of the other, depending on the way you look. Of course she completely eclipsed my other works—at least those I wrote in English: The Real Life of Sebastian Knight, Bend Sinister , my short stories, my book of recollections; but I cannot grudge her this. There is a queer, tender charm about that mythical nymphet.Alvin Toffler, "Playboy interview: Vladimir Nabokov", Playboy, January 1964, pp.& nbsp;35 et seq. As reprinted in Strong Opinions, pp.& nbsp;20–45.

In the same year, in an interview with Life (magazine)|Life , Nabokov was asked which of his writings had most pleased him. He answered:

I would say that of all my books Lolita has left me with the most pleasurable afterglow—perhaps because it is the purest of all, the most abstract and carefully contrived. I am probably responsible for the odd fact that people don't seem to name their daughters Lolita any more. I have heard of young female poodles being given that name since 1956, but of no human beings.Jane Howard, "The master of versatility: Vladimir Nabokov: Lolita, languages, lepidoptery", Life, 20 November 1964, pp.& nbsp;61 et seq. As reprinted in Strong Opinions, pp.& nbsp;46–50.

Russian translation

Nabokov translated Lolita into Russian language|Russian ; the translation was published by Phaedra Publishers in New York in 1967.

The translation includes a "Postscriptum", translated by Earl D. Sampson in which Nabokov reconsiders his relationship with his native language. Referring to the afterword to the English edition, Nabokov states that only "the scientific scrupulousness led me to preserve the last paragraph of the American afterword in the Russian text..." He further explains that the "story of this translation is the story of a disappointment. Alas, that 'wonderful Russian language' which, I imagined, still awaits me somewhere, which blooms like a faithful spring behind the locked gate to which I, after so many years, still possess the key, turned out to be non-existent, and there is nothing beyond that gate, except for some burned out stumps and hopeless autumnal emptiness, and the key in my hand looks rather like a lock pick."

Adaptations

Lolita has been filmed twice, been a musical, four stage-plays, one completed opera, and two ballets. There is also Nabokov's unfilmed (and re-edited) screenplay, an uncompleted opera based on the work, and an "imagined opera" which combines elements of opera and dance.

Lolita (1962 film)|The first film adaptation was made in 1962 by Stanley Kubrick , and starred James Mason , Shelley Winters , Peter Sellers and Sue Lyon as Lolita; Nabokov was nominated for an Academy Awards|Academy Award for his work on this film's adapted screenplay , although little of this work reached the screen, his screenplay having been thoroughly rewritten by Stanley Kubrick and James Harris, though neither took credit.
The film greatly expanded the character of Clare Quilty, and removed all references to Humbert's obsession with young girls before meeting Dolores.

The Lolita (1997 film)|second film adaptation (1997) was directed by Adrian Lyne , starring Jeremy Irons , Dominique Swain , and Melanie Griffith . It received mixed reviews. It was delayed for over a year because of its controversial subject matter, and was not released in Australia until 1999. Multiple critics noted that this film removed all elements of dark comedy from the story. In Salon magazine|Salon , Charles Taylor wrote that it "replaces the book's cruelty and comedy with manufactured lyricism and mopey romanticism."

Nabokov's own re-edited and condensed version of the screenplay (revised December 1973) he originally submitted for Kubrick's film (before its extensive rewrite by Kubrick and Harris) was published by McGraw-Hill in 1974. One new element is that Quilty's play The Hunted Enchanter , staged at Dolores' high school, contains a scene that is an exact duplicate of a painting in the front lobby of the hotel, The Enchanted Hunter , at which Humbert allows Lolita to seduce him.The parallel names are in the novel, the picture duplication is not.

The book was adapted into a musical theatre|musical in 1971 by Alan Jay Lerner and John Barry (composer)|John Barry under the title Lolita, My Love . Critics were surprised at how sensitively the narrative|story was translated to the Theatre|stage , but the show nonetheless closed before it opened in New York. Lolita, My Love

In 1982 Edward Albee adapted the book into a play, Lolita . It was savaged by critics, Frank Rich notably predicting fatal damage to Albee's career. in the New York Times (requires registration). Rich noted that the play's reading of the character of Quilty seemed to be taken from the Kubrick film.

In 1992 Russian composer Rodion Shchedrin adapted Lolita into a Russian-language opera Lolita (opera)|Lolita , which premiered in Swedish in 1994 at the Royal Swedish Opera in 1994. The first performance in Russian was in Moscow in 2004. The opera was nominated for Russia's Golden Mask award.. Retrieved March 13, 2008. Its first performance in German was on 30 April at the Hessisches Staatstheater Wiesbaden as the opening night of the Internationale Maifestspiele Wiesbaden in 2011. The German version was shortened from 4 hours to three, but noted Lolita's death at the conclusion, which had been omitted from the earlier longer version. It runs four hours, and was considered well-staged but musically monotonous. and in Time. See also Graham Vickers, ''Chasing Lolita: how popular culture corrupted Nabokov's little girl all over again, p. 141.>
In 2001 Shchedrin extracted "symphonic fragments" for orchestra from the opera score, which were published as Lolita-Serenade .

In 2003 Russian director Victor Sobchak wrote a second non-musical stage adaptation, which played at the Lion and Unicorn fringe theater in London. It drops the character of Quilty and updates the story to modern England, and includes long passages of Nabokov's prose in voiceover.Suellen Stringer-Hye, "", Zembla, 2003. Retrieved March 13, 2008.

Also in 2003, a stage adaptation of Nabokov's unused screenplay was performed in Dublin adapted by Michael West. It was described by Karina Buckley (in the The Sunday Times|Sunday Times of London) as playing more like Italian commedia dell'arte than a dark drama about pedophilia . Hiroko Mikami notes that the initial sexual encounter between Lolita and Humbert was staged in a way that left this adaptation particularly open to the charge of placing the blame for initiating the relationship on Lolita and normalizing child sexual abuse; however, Mikami challenged this reading of the production, noting that the ultimate devastation of events on Lolita's life is duly noted in the play.

In 2003 Italian choreographer Davide Bombana created a ballet based on Lolita that ran 70 minutes. It used music by Dmitri Shostakovich , György Ligeti , Alfred Schnittke and Salvatore Sciarrino . It was performed by the Grand Ballet de Génève in Switzerland in November 2003. It earned him the award Premio Danza E Danza in 2004 as "Best Italian Choreographer Abroad"., Theater u. Philharmonie Thüringen.

The Boston -based composer John Harbison began an opera of Lolita , which he abandoned in the wake of the Sexual abuse scandal in the Catholic archdiocese of Boston|clergy child abuse scandal in Boston . Fragments were woven into a seven-minute piece, "Darkbloom: Overture for an Imagined Opera". Vivian Darkbloom, an anagram of Vladimir Nabokov, is a character in Lolita .

American composer Joshua Fineberg and choreographer Johanne Saunier created an "imagined opera" of Lolita . Running 70 minutes, it premiered in Montclair, New Jersey in April 2009. While other characters silently dance, Humbert narrates, often with his back to the audience as his image is projected onto video screens. Writing in the New York Times , Steve Smith noted that it stressed Humbert as a moral monster and madman, rather than as a suave seducer, and that it does nothing to "suggest sympathy" on any level of Humbert. Smith also described it as "less an opera in any conventional sense than a multimedia monodrama". The composer described Humbert as "deeply seductive but deeply evil". He expressed his desire to ignore the plot and the novel's elements of parody, and instead to put the audience "in the mind of a madman". He regarded himself as duplicating Nabokov's effect of putting something on the surface and undermining it, an effect for which he thought music was especially suited., Youtube.

In 2009 Richard Nelson created a one-man drama, the only character onstage being Humbert speaking from his jail cell. It premiered in London with Brian Cox (actor)|Brian Cox as Humbert. Cox believes that this is truer to the spirit of the book than other stage or film adaptations, since the story is not about Lolita herself but about Humbert's flawed memories of her.Valerie Grove, "", Times, 29 August 2009. Accessed 6 February 2011.

Derivative literary works

The 1995 novel Diario di Lo by Pia Pera retells the story from Lolita's point of view, making a few modifications to the story and names. (For example, Lolita does not die, and her last name is now "Maze".) The estate of Nabokov attempted to stop publication of the English translation ('' Lo's Diary ), but it was protected by the court as "parody".Martin Garbus, New York Times review, 26 September 1999, reproduced as "", Evergreen''; and Ralph Blumenthal, "", New York Times , 10 October 1998. "There are only two reasons for such a book: gossip and style", writes Richard Corliss , adding that ''Lo's Diary "fails both ways".Richard Corliss, "", Time, 10 October 1999. Accessed 8 February 2011.

The short book Poems for Men who Dream of Lolita by Kim Morrissey contains poems which purport to be written by Lolita herself, reflecting on the events in the story, a sort of diary in poetry form. Morrissey portrays Lolita as an innocent, wounded soul. In Lolita Unclothed, a documentary by Camille Paglia , Morrisey complains that in the novel Lolita has "no voice".Transcribed in Camille Paglia "Vamps and Tramps". The quote is on p. 157.

Morrisey's retelling was adapted into an opera by composer Sid Rabinovitch, and performed at the New Music Festival in Winnipeg in 1993.Earlier accounts of this speak of a musical setting for the poems. Later accounts state it was a full length opera.

Steve Martin wrote the short story "Lolita at Fifty" (included in his collection Pure Drivel ), which is a gently humorous look at how Dolores Haze's life might have turned out. She has gone through many husbands. Richard Corliss writes that: "In six pages Martin deftly sketches a woman who has known and used her allure for so long—ever since she was 11 and met Humbert Humbert—that it has become her career."

Emily Prager states in the foreword to her novel Roger Fishbite that she wrote it mainly as a literary parody of Vladimir Nabokov’s Lolita , partly as a "reply both to the book and to the icon that the character Lolita has become".Emily Prager, author's note, Roger Fishbite (Vintage, 1999). Prager's novel, set in the 1990s, is narrated by the Lolita character, thirteen-year-old Lucky Lady Linderhoff.

The Italian novelist and scholarEco is by profession a semiotician and medievalist Umberto Eco published a short parody of Nabokov's novel called "Granita" in 1959.Originally published in the Italian literary periodical Il Verri in 1959, appeared in an Italian anthology of Eco's work in 1963. Published in English for the first time in Eco anthology Misreadings (Mariner Books, 1993) It presents the story of Umberto Umberto (Umberto being both the author's first name and the Italian form of "Humbert") and his illicit obsession with the elderly "Granita".

References in other media

;Literary memoir

In Reading Lolita in Tehran , a memoir about teaching Western literature to women in the oppressive world of fundamentalist Islamic Iran , author Azar Nafisi celebrates Lolita as the ultimate "forbidden" novel. Stories about the lives of her book club members are interspersed with critical commentary on Lolita and 3 other Western novels. 'Lolita' is used by the author as a metaphor for life in Iran. Although the book states that the metaphor is not allegorical (p.& nbsp;35) Nafisi does want to draw parallels between "victim and jailer" (p.& nbsp;37). The author implies that, like the principal character in 'Lolita', the regime in Iran imposes their "dream upon our reality, turning us into his figments of imagination." In both cases, the protagonist commits the "crime of solipsizing another person`s life."
February 2011 saw the premiere of a concert performance of an opera based on Reading Lolita in Tehran at the University of Maryland School of Music with music by doctoral student Elisabeth Mehl Greene and a libretto co-written by Iranian-American poet Mitra Motlagh. Azar Nafasi was closely involved in the development of the project, and participated in an audience Q& A session after the premiere.

;Film

In "The Missing Page", one of the most popular episodes (from 1960) of the British sitcom '' Hancock's Half Hour , Tony Hancock has read virtually every book in the library except Lolita , which is always out on loan. He repeatedly asks if it has been returned. When it is eventually returned, there is a commotion amongst the library users who all want the book. This specific incident in the episode is discussed in a 2003 article on the decline of the use of public libraries in Britain by G. K. Peatling.Libraries and Culture, Volume 38, No. 2 (Spring, 2003) Discipline and the Discipline: Histories of the British Public Library pp. 121–146

In the Woody Allen film Manhattan (film)|Manhattan (1979), when Mary ( Diane Keaton ) discovers Isaac Davis (Allen) is dating a 17-year-old ( Mariel Hemingway ), she says, "Somewhere Nabokov is smiling". Alan A. Stone speculates that Lolita had inspired Manhattan . Graham Vickers describes the female lead in Allen's movie as "a Lolita that is allowed to express her own point of view" and emerges from the relationship "graceful, generous, and optimistic".

In the 1999 film American Beauty (film)|American Beauty , the name of protagonist Lester Burnham—a middle-aged man with a crush on his daughter's best friend—is an anagram of "Humbert learns". The girl's surname is Hays, which recalls Haze. Tracy Lemaster sees many parallels between the two stories including their references to rose petals and sports, arguing that Beauty 's cheerleading scene is directly derived from the tennis scene in Lolita .Tracy Lemaster, "", Trans: Internet-Zeitschrift für Kulturwissenschaften 16 (May 2006). Accessed 6 February 2011.

In the Jim Jarmusch film Broken Flowers , Bill Murray 's character comes across a young, overtly sexualised, girl named Lolita. Although Murray's character says it's an "interesting choice of name", Roger Ebert notes that "Neither daughter nor mother seems to know that the name Lolita has literary associations."

;Popular Music about the novel

In The Police song " Don't Stand So Close to Me " about a schoolgirl's crush on her teacher, the teacher "starts to shake and cough/just like that old man in that book by Nabokov."

Marilyn Manson 's song Heart-Shaped Glasses (When the Heart Guides the Hand) was indirectly inspired by both the novel and the heart-shaped glasses worn by Lolita in the poster for Stanley Kubrick's film. In a BBC Radio One interview, Manson said he had been reading the novel as a consequence of now having a much younger girlfriend, Evan Rachel Wood . She consequently showed up to meet him one day wearing heart-shaped glasses (which she also wears in the music video of the song).Reprinted at With more direct reference to Nabokov's story, Mexican singer Belinda (entertainer)|Belinda 's 2010 song " Lolita (song)|Lolita " says that although Nabokov wrote of the heart-shaped glasses it was actually Lolita who invented them. (The glasses appeared originally in the poster art of Kubrick's film of Lolita but the same painting has been on some paperback covers of the book). Belinda's song appears on her the Carpe Diem album, and has been a theme song of two Mexican television series, the telenovela Camaleones and the soap opera Niñas Mal (bad girls).

;Popular music about the term "Lolita"

Although Nabokov's focus is mainly on Humbert's infatuation with Lolita, the name has become synonymous with seductive or sexually precocious or sexually responsive young girls.See mainly Merriam Webster See also definition at The Free Dictionary See also Urban Dictionary Multiple popular songs employ the name "Lolita" for a girl either infatuated with an older man, or being pursued by an older man. Notable examples of such songs include Celine Dion's Lolita (trop jeune pour aimer) (meaning "Lolita (Too Young to Love)") recorded in 1987 and about a young girl who wishes she could be in love with an older man. Suzanne Vega 's Lolita from her album Nine Objects of Desire warns a girl named Lolita "almost grown" to get back home rather than to try beg for affection she is not getting at home. The video of Alizée 's 2000 song Moi... Lolita shows a free-spirited young girl in nightclubs being followed by an older man. A song written from the point of view of an underage rape victim is Emilie Autumn 's Gothic Lolita . In an interview with Bryan Reesman, Autumn states she never performs the song live because it is too emotionally draining. Reviewer Greg Prato believes this is one of two songs on the album in which she discards other musical influences and finds her own voice.

One of the best guides to the complexities of Lolita . First published by McGraw-Hill in 1970. (Nabokov was able to comment on Appel's earliest annotations, creating a situation that Appel described as being like John Shade revising Charles Kinbote 's comments on Shade's poem Pale Fire . Oddly enough, this is exactly the situation Nabokov scholar Brian Boyd proposed to resolve the literary complexities of Nabokov's Pale Fire .)

Levine, Peter (1967). "Lolita and Aristotle's Ethics" in Philosophy and Literature Volume 19, Number 1, April 1995, pp.& nbsp;32–47.

External links

: The itineraries of Humbert's and Lolita's two voyages across the U.S.A. 1947–1949, with maps and pictures.

—A detailed and referenced inner chronology of Nabokov 's novel.

Category:1955 novels
Category:Black comedy books
Category:American erotic novels
Category:Fiction with unreliable narrators
Category:Metafictional works
Category:American novels adapted into films
Category:Novels by Vladimir Nabokov
Category:Postmodern novels
Category:Sexuality and age
Category:Novels about writers
Category:Novels about orphans

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Copyright Citations

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