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A mantra (Devanagari: ??????; Tib.????? ngak; Wyl. sngags) http://www.rigpawiki.org/index.php? title=Mantra| Mantra definition from Rigpa wiki is a sound, syllable, word, or group of words that is considered capable of "creating transformation" (cf. spiritual transformation ).Feuerstein, G. The Deeper Dimension of Yoga . Shambala Publications, Boston, MA. 2003. Its use and type varies according to the school and philosophy associated with the mantra.What is a Mantra? http://www.meditationden.com/questions/what-is-a-mantra/

Mantras ( Devanagari ??????) originated in the Historical Vedic religion|Vedic tradition of Indian subcontinent|India , becoming an essential part of the Hinduism|Hindu tradition and a customary practice within Buddhism , Sikhism , and Jainism .

In the context of the Vedas , the term mantra refers to the entire portion which contains the texts called Rigveda|Rig , White Yajurveda|Yajur or Samaveda|Sama , that is, the Vedic meter|metrical part as opposed to the prose Brahmana commentary. With the transition from ritualistic Vedic traditions to mystical and egalitarian Hindu schools of Yoga , Vedanta , Tantra and Bhakti , the orthodox attitude of the elite nature of mantra knowledge gave way to spiritual interpretations of mantras as a translation of the human will or desire into a form of action.

For the authors of the Hindu scriptures of the Upanishads , the syllable Om, itself constituting a mantra, represents Brahman , the Brahman|godhead , as well as the whole of creation. Kukai suggests that all sounds are the voice of the trikaya|Dharmakaya Buddha (general)|Buddha — i.e. as in Hindu Upanishadic and Yogic thought, these sounds are manifestations of ultimate reality, in the sense of sound symbolism postulating that the vocal sounds of the mantra have inherent meaning independent of the understanding of the person uttering them.

Nevertheless, such understanding of what a mantra may symbolize or how it may function differs throughout the various traditions and also depends on the context in which it is written or sounded. In some instances there are multiple layers of symbolism associated with each sound, many of which are specific to particular schools of thought. For an example of such see the syllable: Om which is central to both Hindu and Buddhist traditions.

While Hindu tantra eventually came to see the letters as well as the sounds as representatives of the divine, the shift toward writing occurred when Buddhism traveled to China. Although China lacked a unifying, ecclesiastic language like Sanskrit , China achieved its cultural unity through a written language with Chinese characters|characters that were flexible in pronunciation but more precise in meaning. The Chinese prized written language much more highly than did the Indian Buddhist missionaries, and the writing of mantras became a spiritual practice in its own right. So that whereas Brahmins had been very strict on correct pronunciation, the Chinese, and indeed other Far-Eastern Buddhists were less concerned with this than correctly writing something down. The practice of writing mantras, and copying texts as a spiritual practice, became very refined in Japan, and the writing in the Siddham script in which the Sanskrit of many Buddhist Sutras were written is only really seen in Japan nowadays. However, written mantra-repetition in Hindu practices, with Sanskrit in any number of scripts, is well-known to many sects in India as well.

Khanna (2003: p.& nbsp;21) links mantras and yantra s to thoughtform s:

Mantras, the Sanskrit syllables inscribed on yantras, are essentially 'thought forms' representing divinities or cosmic powers, which exert their influence by means of sound-vibrations.Khanna, Madhu (2003). Yantra: The Tantric Symbol of Cosmic Unity. Inner Traditions. ISBN 0-89281-132-3 & ISBN 978-0-89281-132-8. p.21

Etymology

The Sanskrit word (m.; also n. mantram ) consists of the root man- "to think" (also in :wikt:manas|manas "mind") and the suffix -tra , designating tools or instruments, hence a literal translation would be "instrument of thought".Macdonell, Arthur A., A Sanskrit Grammar for Students § 182.1.b, p. 162(Oxford University Press, 3rd edition, 1927).Whitney, W.D., Sanskrit Grammar § 1185.c, p. 449(New York, 2003, ISBN 0-486-43136-3).

An Proto-Indo-Iranian language|Indo-Iranian *mantra is also preserved in Avestan language|Avestan manthra , effectively meaning "word" but with far-reaching implications: Manthras are inherently "true" ( asha|aša ), and the proper recitation of them brings about (realizes) what is inherently true in them. It may then be said that manthra s are both an expression of being and "right working" and the recitation of them is crucial to the maintenance of order and being. (See also: Avestan asha|aša- and Vedic rta| ).

Indo-Iranian *satyas mantras ( Yasna 31.6: hai?im mathrem ) thus "does not simply mean 'true Word' but formulated thought which is in conformity with the reality' or 'poetic (religious) formula with inherent fulfillment (realization).'" p. 695.

Latin word Mentor (also in its usage in English and other languages) is a cognate (cf. Mens sana in corpore sano = Healthy mind in a healthy body), as is the root preserved in most Slavonic languages as Madr-/Mudr-, for wisdom and Wise old man|Sage , cf. Russian Mudrec.<---!PLEASE ALSO EXPLAIN RELEVANCE OF THIS CITATION, WHICH SHOULD BE IN A FOOTNOTE, WHERE I HAVE MOVED IT, RATHER THAN WITHIN TEXT: ---> See also Russian Wikipedia page for Sage: :ru:??????

The Chinese translation is zhenyan ??, ??, literally "true words", the Japanese on'yomi reading of the Chinese being shingon (which is also used as the proper name for the prominent esoteric Shingon sect).

Mantra in Hinduism

Mantras were originally conceived in the Vedas. Most mantras follow the written pattern of two line " shlokas " although they are often found in single line or even single word form.

The most basic mantra is Om , which in Hinduism is known as the "pranava mantra," the source of all mantras. The Hindu philosophy behind this is the idea of nama-rupa (mind-body), which supposes that all things, ideas or entities in existence, within the phenomenological cosmos, have name and form of some sort. The most basic name and form is the primordial vibration of Om, as it is the first manifested nama-rupa of Brahman, the unmanifest reality/unreality. Essentially, before existence and beyond existence is only One reality, Brahma, and the first manifestation of Brahma in existence is Om. For this reason, Om is considered to be the most fundamental and powerful mantra, and thus is prefixed and suffixed to all Hindu prayer s. While some mantras may invoke individual Gods or principles, the most fundamental mantras, like 'Om,' the 'Shanti Mantra,' the ' Gayatri Mantra' and others all ultimately focus on the One reality.

In the Hindu tantra the universe is sound. The supreme (para) brings forth existence through the Word (Shabda). Creation consists of vibrations at various frequencies and amplitudes giving rise to the phenomena of the world. The purest vibrations are the var.na, the imperishable letters which are revealed to us, imperfectly as the audible sounds and visible forms.

Var.nas are the atoms of sound. A complex symbolic association was built up between letters and the elements, gods, signs of the zodiac , parts of the body & ndash; letters became rich in these associations. For example in the Aitrareya-aranya-Upanishad we find:

In effect each letter became a mantra and the language of the Vedas, Sanskrit, corresponds profoundly to the nature of things. Thus the Vedas come to represent reality itself. The seed syllable Om represents the underlying unity of reality, which is Brahman.

There are several forms of Mantra:

Bhajan : spiritual songs.

Kirtan : repetition of God's name in songs.

Prayer : a way of communing with God.

Healing mantra

Guru mantra: the first initiation ( Diksha ) given by the Guru|master to the disciple.

Bija mantra: a bija mantra represents the essence of a mantra (e.g. Om).

Mantra japa

Mantra japa was a concept of the Vedic sages that incorporates mantras as one of the main forms of Puja (Hinduism)|puja , or worship, whose ultimate end is seen as moksha /liberation. Essentially, mantra japa means repetition of mantra,A Dictionary of Hinduism, Margaret and James Stutley (Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers) 2002, p.126 and it has become an established practice of all Hindu streams, from the various Yoga to Tantra. It involves repetition of a mantra over and over again, usually in cycles of auspicious numbers (in multiples of three), the most popular being 108 (number)|108 . For this reason, Hindu Japa mala|malas (bead necklaces) developed, containing 108 beads and a head bead (sometimes referred to as the ' Mount Meru (Mythology)|meru ', or ' guru ' bead). The devotee performing japa using his/her fingers counts each bead as he/she repeats the chosen mantra. Having reached 108 repetitions, if he/she wishes to continue another cycle of mantras, the devotee must turn the mala around without crossing the head bead and repeat.

To attain single-pointedness of mind, repetition of mantra's can be done in the following ways:Radha, Swami Sivananda. . Timeless Books , Canada. ISBN 1-932018-10-7. Page 54.

Mantra Yoga (chanting)

Japa Yoga:

*Vaikhari Japa (speaking)

*Upamsu Japa (whispering or humming)

*Manasika Japa (mental repetition)

*Likhita Japa (writing)

It is said that through japa the devotee attains one-pointedness, or extreme focus, on the chosen deity or principal idea of the mantra. The vibrations and sounds of the mantra are considered extremely important, and thus reverberations of the sound are supposed to awaken the Kundalini A Dictionary of Hinduism, p.156 or spiritual life force and even stimulate chakra s according to many Hindu schools of thought.A Dictionary of Hinduism, pp.57,58

Any shloka from holy Hindu texts like the Vedas, Upanishads , Bhagavad Gita , Yoga Sutra , even the Mahabharata , Ramayana , Durga saptashati or Chandi are considered powerful enough to be repeated to great effect, and have therefore the status of mantra.

Some very common mantras, called Nama japa, are formed by taking a deity's name and saluting it thus: "Om Namah (name of deity) " (meaning "I honor/salute...") or "Om Jai (name of deity) " (meaning "Hail..."). There are several other such permutations, including:

Om Namah Shivaya or Om Namo Bhagavate Rudraya Namah (Om and salutations to Lord Shiva)

Om Namo Narayana ya or Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevãya (Om and salutations to God Vishnu)

Om Shri Ganeshaya Namah (Om and salutations to Shri Ganesha )

Om Kalikayai Namah (Om and salutations to Kali )

Om Sri Maha Kalikayai Namah (the basic Kali mantra above is strengthened with the words Sri and Maha . It has been said that this mantra is rarely given to anyone because it is so intense.)Meditation and Mantras, Swami Vishnu-Devananda (Motilal Banarsidass Publishers) 1981, p.66

Om Hrim Chandikãyai Namah (Om and salutations to Chandi ka)

Om Radha Krishnaya Namaha (a mantra to Radha , said to promote love in a relationship)Shakti Mantras, Thomas Ashley-Farrand (Ballantine Books) 2003, p.182

Om Namo Venkateshaya (Om and salutations to Lord Venkateswara )

Repeating an entire mantric text, such as the Durga Saptashati , in its entirety is called patha .

The use of Mantras is described in various texts which constitute Mantra Shastra (shastra, sastra: law-book, rule or treatiseA Dictionary of Hinduism, p.271).

Some of the major books which are used as reference for Mantra Shastra are

Parasurama Kalpa Sutra

Sharada Tilakam

Lakshmi Tantra

Prapanchasara

Some Hindu and Jain mantras

Gayatri

The Gayatri mantra is considered one of the most universal of all Hindu mantras, invoking the universal Brahman as the principle of knowledge and the illumination of the primordial Sun.

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Om Bhur Bhuva Svaha
(Om) Tat Savitur Varenyam
Bhargo Devasya Dhimahi
Dhiyo Yo Nahah Prachodayat, (Om) Meditation and Mantras, p.75

Lead me from ignorance to truth

lang|sa|? ?????? ?????? ?lang|sa|?????? ???????? ??? ?lang|sa|?????????????? ??? ?lang|sa|? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??
IAST|O? asato ma sad gamayaIAST|Tamaso ma jyotir gamayaIAST|m?tyor ma am?ta? gamayaIAST|O? santi santi santi? (IAST| B?hadara?yaka Upani?ad 1.3.28)
From ignorance, lead me to truth;
From darkness, lead me to light;
From death, lead me to immortality
Om peace, peace, peace

Navkar

The Navkar Mantra is the supreme Jain mantra and the fundamental prayer in Jainism which can be recited at any time of the day. While praying by reciting this mantra, the devotee bows with respect to Arihantas, Siddhas, spiritual leaders (Acharyas), teachers (Upadyayas) and all the monks. This worships the virtues of all the supreme spiritual people instead of just worshipping one particular person. It is important to note that the Navkar Mantra does not mention the names of even Tirthankaras and Siddhas. At the time of recitation, a Jain devotee remembers their virtues and tries to emulate them. In this mantra Jains bow down to these supreme spiritual personalities, and therefore, it is also called Namokar Mantra.

Namo Arihantânam I bow to the Arihantâs (Prophets).
Namo Siddhânam I bow to the Siddhâs (Liberated Souls).
Namo Âyariyânam I bow to the Âchâryas (Preceptors or Spiritual Leaders).
Namo Uvajjhâyanam I bow to the Upadhyâya (Teachers).
Namo Loe Savva Sahûnam I bow to all the Sadhûs (Saints).
Eso Panch Namokkaro,
Savva Pâvappanâsano,
Mangalanam Cha Savvesim,
Padhamam Havai Mangalam. This fivefold bow (mantra) destroys all sins and obstacles
and of all auspicious mantras, is the first and foremost one.

Shanti mantra

O? Sahana vavatu
sahanau bhunaktu
Sahaviryam karavavahai
Tejasvi navadhitamastu
Ma vidvi?avahai
O? Shanti?, Shanti?, Shanti?.

Om& #33; Let the Studies that we together undertake be effulgent;
Let there be no Animosity amongst us;
OM. Peace, Peace, Peace.
(Recited before the commencement of one's education)
: & ndash; Black krishna Yajurveda Taittiriya Upanishad 2.2.2

iast

Universal Prayer

???????? ??????? ???? ? ???????? ???????????? ?
???????? ?????? ???? ? ???????? ?????? ???? ?

Sarvesam Svastir Bhavatu
Sarvesam Santir Bhavatu
Sarvesam Purnam Bhavatu
Sarvesam Mangalam Bhavatu

May good befall all,
May there be peace for all
May all be fit for perfection,
May all experience that which is auspicious.

????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????????
????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????????

IAST|Sarve bhavantu sukhina?
IAST|Sarve santu niramaya?
IAST|Sarve bhadra?i pasyantu
IAST|Ma kascit du?kha bhagbhavet

Om, May all be happy. May all be healthy.
May we all experience what is good and let no one suffer.

Dhyan Mantra

Hari om tatsat Jai Gurudatt

This is a mantra of Bhagvan Dattatreya . Chanting or Japa of this mantra leds sadhaks to Meditation without doing any yogic process. This technique is known as ' Spontaneous Meditation', which can give experience of mental peace and happiness, and spiritual development to sadhaks.

Additional Hindu mantras

Om Lingadevaya Namaha

Om Shri Guru Basava Lingaya Namaha

Tryambakam

Om Namah Shivaya

Surya Namaskara|Surya namaskara

'' Soham (Sanskrit)|So'ham ( I am He or I am That )Meditation and Mantras, p.80

Ram Nam

Tat Twam Asi ( That Thou Art )

Aham Brahma Asmi ( I Am Brahman )

Swaminarayan Mantra (Important within the Swaminarayan faith of Hinduism)

Chandi Navakshari Mantra

Bala Tripura Sundari Mantra

Santhana Gopala Mantra

Sudharshana Mantra

Panchadashakshari Mantra

Shodashi Mantra

Medha Dakshinamoorthy Mantra

Guru Taraka Mantra

Vishnu mantras

Some famous Vaishnava mantras are:

Om Namo Narayanaya

Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya

Om Sri Ram Jai Ram Jai Jai Ram

Hare Krishna (mantra)|Hare Krishna , Hare Krishna, Krishna Krishna, Hare Hare, Hare Rama, Hare Rama, Rama Rama, Hare Hare

Om Sri Krishnaya Govindaya Gopijana Vallabhaya Namaha

Neo-Hindu new religious movements

The Transcendental_Meditation_technique|Transcendental Meditation technique, also known as 'TM', uses mantras that are assigned to the practitioner to be used as sound only, without connection to any meaning or idea.Shear,Jonathon,Editor. The Experience of Meditation:Experts Introduce the Major Traditions ,pg.28.Paragon House. St Paul, MN.,2006.

The spiritual exercises of Surat Shabd Yoga|Surat Shabda Yoga include Simran (Sanskrit word)|simran (repetition, particularly silent repetition of a mantra given at initiation), dhyan (concentration, viewing, or contemplation, particularly on the Inner Master), and bhajan (listening to the inner sounds of the Shabda or the Shabda Master).

Repetition of a "mantram" (e.g., mantra) or holy mane is Point 2 in the eight-point Passage Meditation program taught by Eknath Easwaran , who recommended using a mantram drawn from a faith tradition, east or west. The mantram is to be used frequently throughout the day, at opportune moments.In Hinduism, frequent repetition at opportune moments is a common type of japa . This method of mantram repetition, and the larger program, was developed for use in any major faith tradition, or outside all traditions. Eknath Easwaran (2008). Mantram Handbook (see Mantram Handbook|article ) (5th ed.). Tomales, CA: Nilgiri Press. ISBN 1-58638-028-1 (originally published 1977). Easwaran's method of mantram repetition has been the subject of scientific research at the San Diego United States Department of Veterans Affairs|Veterans Administration , which has suggested health benefits that include managing stress and reducing symptoms of PTSD .Jill E. Bormann, Steven Thorp, Julie L. Wetherell, & Shahrokh Golshan (2008). . Journal of Holistic Nursing v26 n2, pp 109-116. PMID 18356284, .Jill E. Bormann & Doug Oman (2007). Mantram or holy name repetition: Health benefits from a portable spiritual practice. In Thomas G. Plante , & Carl E. Thoresen (Eds.), Spirit, science and health: How the spiritual mind fuels physical wellness (pp. 94-112) (), Westport, CT: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-275-99506-5

Agnicayana yajna ritual

The Atiratra Agnicayana "the building up of the fireplace performed over-night") or Athirathram ; the piling of the Vedic fire altar|altar of Agni is a twelve day Srauta yajna ritual of the historical Vedic religion|Vedic religion , the predecessor of modern day Hinduism which is considered to be the greatest ritual as per the Vedic ritual hierarchy. It is also the world's oldest surviving ritual.Staal, Frits (1975-76) Its mantra s and theological explanations in the Brahmana texts are first attested in the Yajurveda Samhitas (Taittiriya, Kathaka; Vajasaneyi). The practice of this ritual was generally discontinued among Brahmin s by the late Vedic period, during the rise of Jainism and Buddhism in India. Nevertheless, a continuous, unbroken 3,000 year tradition has been found to exist among a few Nambudiri Brahmin families in Kerala , South India .

Mantra in Buddhism

Mantra in non-esoteric Buddhism

In Buddhism in China and Vietnam, ten small mantras http://www.siddham-sanskrit.com/s-sanskrit2/ChuaBTuan/Ten-small-mantras.htm http://www.dharmaradio.org/dharmatalks/mp3/B101/On_Mahayana_Practice.pdf were finalized by the monk Yulin (????), a teacher of the Shunzhi Emperor for monks, nuns, and laity to chant in the morning.

Along with the ten mantras, the Nilakantha dharani|Great Compassion Mantra , the Shurangama Mantra of the Shurangama Sutra|Shurangama , Heart Sutra and Nianfo|various forms of nianfo are also chanted.

The Shurangama Mantra may be the longest mantra.

There are Thai people|Thai buddhist amulet katha.

Mantra in Shingon Buddhism

Kukai (774-835), a noted Buddhist monk, advanced a general theory of language based on his analysis of two forms of Buddhist ritual language: dharani (dhara.ni) and mantra . Mantra is restricted to esoteric Buddhist practice whereas dharani is found in both esoteric and exoteric ritual . Dharanis for instance are found in the Heart Sutra . The term " shingon " (lit. true word ) is the Japanese pronunciation of the Chinese term for mantra, chen yen .

The word dharani derives from a Sanskrit root dh.r which means to hold or maintain. Ryuichi Abe suggests that it is generally understood as a mnemonic device which encapsulates the meaning of a section or chapter of a sutra . Dharanis are also considered to protect the one who chants them from malign influences and calamities.

The term mantra is traditionally said to be derived from two roots: man , to Thought|think ; and the action-oriented suffix -tra . Thus a mantra can be considered to be a Linguistics|linguistic device for deepening ones thought, or in the Buddhist context for developing the Enlightenment (spiritual)|enlightened mind . However, it is also true that mantras have been used as magic spell s for very mundane purposes such as attaining wealth and long life, and eliminating enemies. In daily living, many thought the pronunciation of the mantra was not important to take its effect and the expected effect may not happen because of fixed karma (??), or because there appears a better way to solve the situation.

The distinction between dharani and mantra is difficult to make. We can say that all mantras are dharanis but that not all dharanis are mantras. Mantras do tend to be shorter. Both tend to contain a number of unintelligible Phonics|phonic fragments such as Om, or Hu.m, which is perhaps why some people consider them to be essentially meaningless. Kukai made mantra a special class of dharani which showed that every syllable of a dharani was a manifestation of the true nature of reality & ndash; in Buddhist terms that all sound is a manifestation of shunyata or emptiness of self-nature. Thus rather than being devoid of meaning, Kukai suggests that dharanis are in fact saturated with meaning & ndash; every syllable is symbolic on multiple levels.

One of Kukai's distinctive contributions was to take this symbolic association even further by saying that there is no essential difference between the syllables of mantras and sacred text s, and those of ordinary language. If one understood the workings of mantra, then any sounds could be a representative of ultimate reality. This emphasis on sounds was one of the drivers for Kukai's championing of the phonetic writing system, the kana , which was adopted in Japan around the time of Kukai. He is generally credited with the invention of the kana, but there is apparently some doubt about this story amongst scholar s.

This mantra-based theory of language had a powerful effect on Japanese thought and society which up until Kukai's time had been dominated by imported China|Chinese culture of thought, particularly in the form of the Classical Chinese language which was used in the court and amongst the literati, and Confucianism which was the dominant political ideology . In particular Kukai was able to use this new theory of language to create links between indigenous Japanese culture and Buddhism. For instance, he made a link between the Buddha Mahavairocana and the Shinto sun Goddess Amaterasu . Since the emperors were thought to be descended form Amaterasu, Kukai had found a powerful connection here that linked the emperors with the Buddha, and also in finding a way to integrate Shinto with Buddhism, something that had not happened with Confucianism. Buddhism then became essentially an indigenous religion in a way that Confucianism had not. And it was through language, and mantra that this connection was made. Kukai helped to elucidate what mantra is in a way that had not been done before: he addresses the fundamental questions of what a text is, how signs function, and above all, what language is. In this he covers some of the same ground as modern day Structuralism|Structuralists and others scholars of language, although he comes to very different conclusions.

In this system of thought all sounds are said to originate from "a" & ndash; which is the short a sound in f a ther. For esoteric Buddhism "a" has a special function because it is associated with Shunyata or the idea that no thing exists in its own right, but is contingent upon causes and conditions. (See Dependent origination ) In Sanskrit "a" is a prefix which changes the meaning of a word into its opposite, so "vidya" is understanding, and "avidya" is ignorance (the same arrangement is also found in many Greek language|Greek words, like e.g. "atheism" vs. "theism" and "apathy" vs. "pathos"). The letter a is both visualised in the Siddham script, and pronounced in rituals and meditation practices. In the Mahavairocana Sutra which is central to Shingon Buddhism it says: Thanks to the original vows of the Buddhas and Bodhisattva s, a Miracle|miraculous force resides in the mantras, so that by pronouncing them one acquires merit without limits".

Mantra in Indo-Tibetan Buddhism

Mantrayana (Sanskrit), that may be rendered as "way of mantra", was the original self-identifying name of those that have come to be determined ' Nyingmapa '. The Nyingmapa which may be rendered as "those of the ancient way", a name constructed due to the genesis of the Sarma (Tibetan Buddhism)|Sarma "fresh", "new" traditions. Mantrayana has developed into a synonym of Vajrayana.

Noted translator of Buddhist texts Edward Conze (1904–1979) distinguishes three periods in the Buddhist use of mantra.

Initially, according to Conze, like their fellow Indians, Buddhists used mantra as protective spells to ward off malign influences. Despite a Vinaya rule which forbids monks engaging in the Brahminical practice of chanting mantras for material gain, there are a number of protective for a group of ascetic monks. However, even at this early stage, there is perhaps something more than animism|animistic magic at work. Particularly in the case of the Ratana Sutta the efficacy of the verses seems to be related to the concept of " truth ". Each verse of the sutta ends with "by the virtue of this truth may there be happiness".

Conze notes that later mantras were used more to guard the spiritual life of the chanter, and sections on mantras began to be included in some Mahayana sutras such as the White Lotus Sutra , and the Lankavatara Sutra . The scope of protection also changed in this time. In the Sutra of Golden Light the Four Heavenly Kings|Four Great Kings promise to exercise sovereignty over the different classes of demigods, to protect the whole of Jambudvipa (the India sub continent), to protect monks who proclaim the sutra, and to protect kings who patronise the monks who proclaim the sutra. The apotheosis of this type of approach is the Nichiren school of Buddhism that was founded in 13th century Japan, and which distilled many previously complex Buddhist practices down to the veneration of the Lotus Sutra through recitation of the daimoku: " Nam myoho renge kyo " which translates as "Homage to the Lotus Sutra".

The third period began, according to Conze, in about the 7th century, to take centre stage and become a vehicle for salvation in their own right. Tantra started to gain momentum in the 6th and 7th century, with specifically Buddhist forms appearing as early as 300CE. Mantrayana was an early name for the what is now more commonly known as Vajrayana , which gives us a hint as to the place of mantra in Indo-Tibetan Buddhism. The aim of Vajrayana practice is to give the practitioner a direct experience of reality, of things as they really are. Mantras function as symbol s of that reality, and different mantras are different aspects of that reality & ndash; for example wisdom or compassion. Mantras are often associated with a particular deity, one famous exception being the Heart Sutra#Mantra|Prajnaparamita mantra associated with the Heart Sutra . One of the key Vajrayana strategies for bringing about a direct experience of reality is to engage the entire psycho-physical organism in the practices. In one Buddhist analysis the person consists of 'body, speech and mind' (refer: Three Vajra ). So a typical sadhana or meditation practice might include mudra s, or symbolic hand gesture s; the recitations of mantras; as well as the visualisation of Heaven|celestial beings and visualising the letters of the mantra which is being recited. Clearly here mantra is associated with speech. The meditator may visualise the letters in front of themselves, or within their body. They may be pronounced out loud, or internally in the mind only.

Om mani padme hum

Probably the most famous mantra of Buddhism is Om mani padme hum , the six syllable mantra of the Bodhisattva of compassion Avalokitesvara (Tibetan: Chenrezig , Chinese: Guanyin ). This mantra is particularly associated with the four-armed Shadakshari form of Avalokitesvara. The Dalai Lama is said to be an incarnation of Avalokiteshvara, and so the mantra is especially revered by his devotees.

The book Foundations of Tibetan Mysticism by Lama Anagarika Govinda , gives a classic example of how such a mantra can contain many levels of symbolic meaning.

Donald Lopez gives a good discussion of this mantra and its various interpretations in his book Prisoners of Shangri-LA: Tibetan Buddhism and the West . Lopez is an authoritative writer and challenges the stereotypical analysis of the mantra as meaning "The Jewel in the Lotus", an interpretation that is not supported by either a linguistic analysis, nor by Tibetan tradition, and is symptomatic of the Western Orientalism|Orientalist approach to the 'exotic' East. He suggests that Manipadma is actually the name of a bodhisattva, a form of Avalokiteshvara who has many other names in any case including Padmapani or lotus flower in hand . The Brahminical insistence on absolutely correct pronunciation of Sanskrit broke down as Buddhism was exported to other countries where the inhabitants found it impossible to reproduce the sounds. So in Tibet, for instance, where this mantra is on the lips of many Tibetans all their waking hours, the mantra is pronounced Om mani peme hum .

Some other mantras in Tibetan Buddhism

The following list of mantras is from Kailash (journal)|Kailash - Journal of Himalayan Studies , Volume 1, Number 2, 1973. (pp.& nbsp;168–169) (augmented by other contributors). It also includes renderings of Om mani padme hum .

Please note that the word swaha is sometimes shown as svaha , and is usually pronounced as 'so-ha' by Tibetans. Spellings tend to vary in the transliterations to English, for example, hum and hung are generally the same word. The mantras used in Tibetan Buddhist practice are in Sanskrit , to preserve the original mantras. Visualizations and other practices are usually done in the Tibetan language .

Om wagishwari hum This is the mantra of the Mahabodhisattva Manjusri , Tibetan: Jampelyang ( Wylie transliteration|Wylie "'jam dpal dbyangs")... The Buddha in his wisdom aspect.

Om mani padme hum The mantra of Avalokitesvara , Mahabodhisattva, the Buddha in his compassion aspect.

Om vajrapani hum The mantra of the Buddha as Protector of the Secret Teachings. i.e.: as the Mahabodhisattva Channa Dorje ( Vajrapani ).

Om vajrasattva hum The short mantra for Vajrasattva , there is also a full 100-syllable mantra for Vajrasattva .

Om ah hum vajra guru padma siddhi hum The mantra of the Vajraguru Padmasambhava|Guru Padma Sambhava who established Mahayana Buddhism and Tantra in Tibet.

Om tare tuttare ture mama ayurjnana punye pushting svaha The mantra of Dölkar or White Tara , the emanation of Arya Tara

Om tare tuttare ture svaha , mantra of Green Arya Tara - Jetsun Dolma or Tara (Buddhist)|Tara , the Mother of the Buddhas: om represents Tara's sacred body, speech, and mind. Tare means liberating from all discontent. Tutare means liberating from the eight fears, the external dangers, but mainly from the internal dangers, the delusions. Ture means liberating from duality; it shows the "true" cessation of confusion. Soha means "may the meaning of the mantra take root in my mind."

According to Tibetan Buddhism, this mantra (Om tare tutare ture soha) can not only eliminate disease, troubles, disasters, and karma, but will also bring believers blessings, longer life, and even the wisdom to transcend one's circle of reincarnation.
Tara (Buddhist)|Tara representing long life and health.

Om amarani jiwantiye svaha The mantra of the Buddha of limitless life: the Buddha Amitayus (Tibetan Tsépagmed) in celestial form.

Om dhrung svaha The purification mantra of the mother Usnisavijaya|Namgyalma .

Om ami dhewa hri The mantra of the Buddha Amitabha ( Hopagmed ) of the Western Pureland, his skin the colour of the setting sun.

Om ami dewa hri The mantra of Amitabha (Ompagme in Tibetan).

Om ah ra pa ca na dhih The mantra of the "sweet-voiced one", Jampelyang ( Wylie transliteration|Wylie "'jam dpal dbyangs") or Manjusri , the Bodhisattva of wisdom.

Om muni muni maha muniye sakyamuni swaha The mantra of Gautama Buddha|Buddha Sakyamuni , the historical Buddha

Om gate gate paragate parasamgate bodhi svaha The mantra of the Heart of the Perfection of Wisdom Sutra ( Heart Sutra )

Namo bhagavate Bhaishajya-guru vaidurya-praba-rajaya tathagataya arhate samyak-sambuddhaya tadyata *Tadyata OM bhaishajye bhaishajye maha bhaishajya raja-samudgate svaha The mantra of the 'Medicine Buddha', from Chinese translations of the Master of Healing Sutra.

There are mantras in Bön and some Chinese sects.

Mantras in other sects and religions

Daimoku|Nam Myoho Renge Kyo The mantra of the Nichiren Buddhism .

Ná Mó Ben Shi Dà Zì Zai Wáng Fó (?????????) The mantra of the Buddhayana sect (???).

Námó Tianyuán Tàibao Amítuófó (??????????) The mantra of the Way of Former Heaven and the T'ung-shan She .

Guan Yin|Guan Shì Yin Bodhisattva|Pú Sà (?????) The mantra of the Li-ism

Zhenkongjiaxiàng, wúshengfùmu (????,????) The mantra of the Luo Sect (??)

Gomtrazan.Gwaarla.Rarunka.Sohuan.Satnum The mantra of Ching Hai .

Zhongshùliánmíngdé, zhèngyìxìnrengong, bóxiàoréncíjiào, jiéjianzhenlihé (???????????????????????) The mantra of the Tiender and the Lord of Universe Church

Qingjìng guangmíng dàlì zhìhuì wúshàng zhìzhen móní guangfó (????????????????) The mantra of the Manichaeism in China

Collection

The mantra in Chinese Buddhist Canon are collected by Qianlong Emperor into a book. Kuang-Ming Lin (???) amended it.

Mantra in Sikhism

In the Sikh religion, a mantar or mantra is a Shabad (hymn)|Shabad (Word or hymn ) from the Adi Granth to concentrate the mind on God and the message of the ten Sikh Guru s.

Mantras in Sikhism are fundamentally different from the secret mantras used in other religions. Unlike in other religions, Sikh mantras are open for anyone to use. They are used openly and are not taught in secret sessions but are used in front of assemblies of Sikhs.

The Mool Mantar , the first composition of Guru Nanak , is the most widely known Sikh mantra.

Mantra in Taoism

There are mantras in Taoism such as the words in Dafan yinyu wuliang yin (???????) and the Tibetan Buddhism mantra Aum|om (?).

There are mantras in Cheondoism , Daesun Jinrihoe , Jeung San Do and Onmyodo .

Copyright Citations

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