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mile
international !! US survey !! nautical
val>1.609344
1,609.344

A mile is a Units of measurement|unit of length , most commonly 5,280 foot (unit)|feet (1,760 yard (unit)|yards , or about 1,609 metres ). The mile of 5,280 feet is sometimes called the statute mile or land mile to distinguish it from the nautical mile (1,852 metres, about 6,076.1 feet). The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language , 4th ed., s.v. mile 1. There have also been many historical miles and similar units in other systems that may be translated into English as miles; they have varied in length from 1 to 15 kilometres.

The exact length of the land mile varied slightly among English-speaking countries until an international agreement in 1959 established the yard as exactly 0.9144 metres, giving a mile of exactly 1,609.344 metres. The United States adopted this international mile for most purposes, but retained the pre-1959 mile for some land-survey data, terming it the US survey mile . In the US, statute mile formally refers to the survey mile, about 3.219& nbsp;mm (?& nbsp;inch) longer than the international mile (the international mile is exactly 0.0002% less than the US survey mile).

Use of the mile as a unit of measurement is now largely confined to the United Kingdom (UK) Department for Transport. Retrieved 14 September 2011, the United States (US) IIHS. Retrieved 14 September 2011, and Canada , accessed February 2012, Act current to 2012-01-18. Canadian units (5) The Canadian units of measurement are as set out and defined in Schedule II, and the symbols and abbreviations therefor are as added pursuant to subparagraph 6(1)(b)(ii). , accessed February 2012, Rail Report - 2010 - Report Number R10E0096. Other Factual Information (See Figure 1). 2. Assignment 602 travelled approximately 12 car lengths into track VC-64 and at a speed of 9 mph struck a stationary cut of 46 empty cars (with the air brakes applied) that had been placed in the track about 2½ hours earlier. Canadian railways have not been metricated and therefore continue to measure trackage in miles and speed in miles per hour. Like Canadian railways, Canadian race tracks etc, have not been metricated and continue to measure distance in miles, furlongs, and yards (see page 18 of the fact book). , accessed February 2012. Environment Canada (Canada's government sanctioned weather bureau), unlike Australia's Bureau of Meteorology etc, offers an imperial option alongside the metric. This is in full compliance with Canadian law and would not otherwise be available if the mile (and indeed all other imperial measurements) did not still have legal recognition in Canada. "These signs were right after the Canadian border crossing, but for some reason the sign is still in miles." Most Canadian speedometers still display mph in addition to km/h.

Etymology

The word mile originally derives from the Old English word mil which in turn was ultimately derived from the Latin word millia meaning "thousand". The English mile is derived from the Latin mille passuum (one thousand paces) but in other countries the word "mile" ( meile in German, mijl in Dutch) was derived from the Latin miliarium spatium (one thousand "intervals").

Roman mile

The Ancient Rome|Romans were first to use the unit of long distance (literally "a thousand paces " in Latin , where each pace was two steps). It denoted a distance of 1,000& nbsp;paces or 5,000& nbsp;Roman feet, and is estimated to be about 1,479& nbsp;metres (1,617& nbsp;yards). This unit, now known as the wikt:Roman mile|Roman mile ,Smith (1875), p. 171. spread throughout the Roman Empire, often with modifications to fit local systems of measurement s.

Historical miles in the Arabic world and Europe

The Arab mile (or Arabic mile) was a unit of length used by medieval Muslim geographers. Its precise length is uncertain, but is believed to be around 1925 metres.

The Danish (traditional) was 24,000 Danish feet or 7532.5 metres. Sometimes it was interpreted as exactly 7.5 kilometres. It is the same as the north German (below).Rowlett (2005). s.v. mil .

The was a traditional unit in German-speaking countries. It was 24,000 German feet; the SI equivalent was 7586 metres in Austria or 7532.5 metres in northern Germany. There was a version known as the , which was 4 Admiralty nautical miles, 7,412.7 metres, or 1/15 of a degree of latitude.Rowlett (2005), s.v meile.

The Hungarian mile was the traditional unit in Hungary, equal to 8353,6 m (old times sometimes varied between 8937,4 m and 8379,0 m)

In Norway and Sweden, a swedish mil|mil is a unit of length equal to 10 kilometres and commonly used in everyday language. However in more formal situations, such as on road signs and when there is risk of confusion with English miles, kilometres are used instead. The traditional Swedish spanned the range from 6000-14,485 metres, depending on provinces of Sweden|province . It was however standardized in 1649 to 36,000 Swedish feet, or 10.687 km. The Norwegian was 11.298 kilometres. When the metric system was introduced in the Union between Sweden and Norway|Norwegian-Swedish union in 1889, it standardized the to exactly 10 kilometres. Mil is still commonly used when measuring fuel consumption in vehicles; e.g., 0.5 litre per mil.

The Portuguese milha was a unit of length used in Portugal and Brazil , before the adoption of the metric system. It was equal to 2087.3 metres.Rowlett (2005). s.v. milha.

The Russian was a Obsolete Russian weights and measures|traditional Russian unit of distance, equal to 7 Versta|verst , or 7.468& nbsp;km.

The (Croatian mile) is 11,130 metres = 11.13 km: the length of an arc of the equator subtended by 1/10 of a degree, . Kartografija i putopisi. first used by Jesuit Stjepan Glavac on a map from 1673.

The (also called ) (mile of Croatian ban (title)|Ban , Croatian mile) was 7586& nbsp;metres& nbsp;= 7.586& nbsp;kilometres, or 24,000& nbsp;feet (the same as the Austrian mile). Mrvice s banskoga stola

Historical miles in Britain and Ireland

The statute mile (1593) of Elizabeth& nbsp;I was not the only definition of the mile in Britain and Ireland. Perhaps the earliest tables of English linear measures, Arnold's Customs of London (c.& nbsp;1500) indicates a mile consisted of 8& nbsp;furlongs, each of 625& nbsp;feet, for a total of 5000& nbsp;feet (1666?& nbsp;yards, 0.947& nbsp;statute miles, 1524 metres): this is the same definition of the mile in terms of feet as used by the Romans. The "old English" mile of medieval and early modern times appears to have measured about 1.3 statute miles (1.9& nbsp;km). The 17th century cartographer , Robert Morden , had multiple scales on his maps—for example, his map of Hampshire showed two different miles that had a ratio of and his map of Dorset had three scales with a ratio of . In both cases, the smallest mile appears to be the statute mile.

Scots mile

The Royal Mile in Edinburgh , i.e., from Edinburgh Castle|the Castle down to Holyrood Abbey , is approximately the same length as the Scots mile. English miles were imposed in 1824 by an Act of Parliament .

Equivalent to:

Obsolete Scottish units of measurement|Scottish measures : 320 fall (Scots)|falls ; or 8 Scots furlongs

Metric system : 1807 metres

Imperial system : 1,976 yards (about 1.12 miles)

Robert Burns spoke of Scots miles in the first verse of '' Tam o' Shanter (Burns poem)|Tam O' Shanter

:"While we sit bousing at the nappy,
:An' getting fou and unco happy,
:We think na on the lang Scots miles,
:The mosses, waters, slaps and stiles,
:That lie between us and our hame,
:Where sits our sulky, sullen dame,
:Gathering her brows like gathering storm,
:Nursing her wrath to keep it warm."

The Scots mile was longer than the English mile, but varied in length from place to place.
It was formally abolished by an Act of the Parliament of Scotland in 1685,"" (June 16, 1685). APS viii : 494, c.59. Records of the Parliaments of Scotland|RPS 1685/4/83. and again by the Act of Union (1707)|Treaty of Union with England in 1707,, art.& nbsp;17. but continued in use as a customary unit during the 18th century. It was obsolete by the time of its final abolition by the Weights and Measures Act 1824 . An estimate of its length can be made from other Obsolete Scottish units of measurement|Scots units : in Scots, the rod (unit)|rod was usually called the fall (unit)|fall or faw , and was equal to six ell s of 37& nbsp;inches. As there are 320& nbsp;rods in a mile and 1.0016 Imperial inches in a Scots inch, this would make the Scots mile equal to 5,920& nbsp;Scots feet (1,976.5 imperial yards, 1.12& nbsp;statute miles). Other estimates are similar.

Irish mile

The Irish mile was longer still. In Ireland 1536–1691|Elizabethan times , four Irish miles was often equated to five English, though whether the statute mile or the "old English" mile is unclear. By the seventeenth century, it was 2,240& nbsp;yards (6,720& nbsp;feet, 1.27& nbsp;statute miles, 2,048 metres). Again, the difference arose from a different length of the rod in Ireland (usually called the perch locally): 21& nbsp;feet as opposed to 16½& nbsp;feet in England.

From 1774, through the Act of Union (1800)|1801 union with Britain , until the 1820s, the grand jury|grand juries of 25 Irish counties commissioned surveyed maps at scales of one or two inches per Irish mile.
Scottish engineer William Bald 's County Mayo maps of 1809–30 were drawn in English miles and rescaled to Irish miles for printing. The Howth – General Post Office (Dublin)|Dublin Post Office extension of the Watling Street#Turnpike|London–Holyhead turnpike engineered by Thomas Telford had mileposts in English miles. Although legally abolished by the Weights and Measures Act 1824, the Irish mile was used till 1856 by the Irish Post Office. The Ordnance Survey of Ireland , from its establishment in 1824, used English miles.
In 1894, Alfred Austin complained after visiting Ireland that "the Irish mile is a fine source of confusion when distances are computed. In one county a mile means a statute mile, in another it means an Irish mile". When the Oxford English Dictionary definition of "mile" was published in 1906, it described the Irish mile as "still in rustic use". A 1902 guide says regarding milestone s, "Counties County Dublin|Dublin , County Waterford|Waterford , County Cork|Cork , County Antrim|Antrim , County Down|Down , and
County Armagh|Armagh use English, but County Donegal|Donegal Irish Miles; the other counties either have both, or only one or two roads have Irish". Variation in signage persisted till the publication of standardised road traffic regulations by the Irish Free State in 1926. In 1937, a man prosecuted for driving outside the 15-mile limit of his licence offered the unsuccessful defence that, since the state was independent, the limit ought to use Irish miles, "just as no one would ever think of selling land other than as acre (Irish)|Irish acre s". A 1965 proposal by two Teachta Dála|TD s to replace statute miles with Irish miles in a clause of the Road Transport Act was rejected. The term is now obsolete as a specific measure, though an "Irish mile" colloquially is a long but vague distance akin to a "country mile".

Statute mile

The statute mile was so-named because it was defined by an English Act of Parliament in 1593, during the reign of Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth& nbsp;I . The statute states: "A Mile ?hall contain eight Furlongs, every Furlong forty Poles, and every Pole ?ixteen Foot and a half." (35 Eliz. cap. 6.) It was thus 1760 yards (5280 feet, about 1609 metres).Klein (1974, corrected 1988), p.& nbsp;69. For surveying , the statute mile is divided into eight furlong s; each furlong into ten Chain (unit)|chains ; each chain into four rod (unit)|rods (also known as poles or perch (unit of measure)|perches ); and each rod into 25& nbsp; link (unit)|links . This makes the rod equal to 5½& nbsp;yards or 16½& nbsp;feet in both Imperial units|Imperial and US usage.

The exact conversion of the mile to SI unit s depends on which definition of the yard is used. Different English-speaking countries maintained independent physical standards for the yard that were found to differ by small, but measurable, amounts and even to slowly shorten in length.. The US redefined the US yard in 1893, but this resulted in US and Imperial measures of distance having very slightly different lengths. The difference was resolved in 1959 with the definition of the international yard in terms of the metre by Australia , Canada , New Zealand , South Africa , the UK and the US.Barbrow & Judson, (1976), pp.& nbsp;16& ndash;17, 20. The "international mile" of 1760& nbsp;international yards is exactly 1609.344& nbsp;metres.1,760 yards × 0.9144 m/yard, according to the . Schedule& nbsp;I, Part& nbsp;VI

The difference from the previous standards was 2& nbsp; Parts per million|ppm , or about 3.2& nbsp;millimetres (?& nbsp;inch) per mile. The US standard was slightly longer and the old Imperial standards had been slightly shorter than the international mile. When the international mile was introduced in English-speaking countries, the basic geodetic datum in North America was the North American Datum of 1927 (NAD27). This had been constructed by triangulation based on the definition of the foot in the Mendenhall Order of 1893, with 1& nbsp;foot& nbsp;=& nbsp;& nbsp;metres and the definition was retained for data derived from NAD27, but renamed the US survey foot to distinguish it from the international foot.Astin, A. V.; Karo, H. A.; Mueller, F. H. (June 25, 1959). . Federal Register . Doc.& nbsp;59-5442. When reading the document it helps to bear in mind that 999,998 = 3,937 × 254.

The US survey mile is 5280 survey feet, or about 1609.347 218 694& nbsp;metres.. In the US, statute mile formally refers to the survey mile,Thompson and Taylor 2008, B.6. but for most purposes, the difference between the survey mile and the international mile is insignificant—one international mile is exactly 0.999 998 of a US survey mile—so statute mile can be used for either. But in some cases, such as in the US State Plane Coordinate System s (SPCSs), which can stretch over hundreds of miles, the accumulated difference can be significant, so it is important to note that the reference is to the US survey mile.

The North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83), which replaced the NAD27, is defined in metres. State Plane Coordinate Systems were then updated, but the National Geodetic Survey left individual states to decide which (if any) definition of the foot they would use. All State Plane Coordinate Systems are defined in metres, and 42& nbsp;of the 50 states only use the metre-based State Plane Coordinate Systems. However, eight states also have State Plane Coordinate Systems defined in feet, seven of them in US Survey feet and one in international feet.
State legislation in the US is important for determining which conversion factor from the metric datum is to be used for land surveying and real estate transactions, even though the difference (2& nbsp; Parts per million|ppm ) is hardly significant, given the precision of normal surveying measurements over short distances (usually much less than a mile). Twenty-four states have legislated that surveying measures be based on the US survey foot, eight have legislated that they be based on the international foot, and eighteen have not specified which conversion factor to use.

The old Imperial value of the yard was used in converting measurements to metric values in India in a 1976 Act of the Indian Parliament.Schedule to the . However, The current National Topographic Database of the Survey of India is based on the metric WGS-84 datum (geodesy)|datum , Survey of India , "". which is also used by the Global Positioning System .

Metric mile

The term metric mile is used in sports such as track and field athletics and speed skating to denote a distance of 1500 metres (about 4921& nbsp;ft). In United States high school competition, the term is sometimes used for a race of 1,600& nbsp;metres (about 5249& nbsp;ft).Rowlett (2005). s.v. mile.

Nautical mile

The nautical mile was originally defined as one minute of arc along a meridian arc|meridian of the Earth.Maloney, (1978), 34. Navigators use dividers to step off the distance between two points on the navigational chart, then place the open dividers against the minutes-of-latitude scale at the edge of the chart, and read off the distance in nautical miles.Maloney, (1978), pp. 34& ndash;35. The Earth is not perfectly spherical but an oblate spheroid , so the length of a minute of latitude increases by 1% from the equator to the poles. Using the World Geodetic System|WGS84 ellipsoid , the commonly accepted Earth model for many purposes today, one minute of latitude at the WGS84 equator is 6,046 feet and at the poles is 6,107.5 feet. The average is about 6,076 feet (about 1,852 metres or 1.15 statute miles).

In the United States the nautical mile was defined in the 19th century as 6,080.2& nbsp;feet (1,853.249& nbsp;m), whereas in the United Kingdom, the Admiralty nautical mile was defined as 6,080& nbsp;feet (1,853.184& nbsp;m) and was about one minute of latitude in the latitudes of the south of the UK. Other nations had different definitions of the nautical mile, but it is now internationally defined to be exactly 1,852& nbsp;metres..

Related nautical units

The nautical mile per hour is known as the knot (unit)|knot . Nautical miles and knots are almost universally used for aeronautical and maritime navigation, because of their relationship with degrees and minutes of latitude and the convenience of using the latitude scale on a map for distance measuring.

The data mile is used in radar -related subjects and is equal to 6,000 feet (1.8288 kilometres).Rowlett (2005). s.v. data mile. The radar mile is a unit of time (in the same way that the light year is a unit of distance), equal to the time required for a radar pulse to travel a distance of two miles (one mile each way). Thus, the radar statute mile is 10.8& nbsp;µs and the radar nautical mile is 12.4& nbsp;µs.Rowlett (2005). s.v. radar mile.

Abbreviation and symbol

There have been several abbreviations for mile (with and without trailing period): mi, ml, m, M. In the United States, the National Institute of Standards and Technology now uses and recommends mi,
Tina Butcher et al. ed. (2007) Appendix C, p. C-13. which avoids confusion with metres, millilitres, etc., but in everyday usage (at least in the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada), units such as miles per hour and miles per gallon are almost always abbreviated as mph or mpg (rather than mi/h or mi/gal).

Grid system

Cities in the continental United States often have street s laid out by miles. Detroit , Indianapolis , Chicago , Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix , Philadelphia , Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas , Los Angeles , and Miami , are several examples. Typically the largest streets are about a mile apart, with others at half-mile and quarter-mile intervals. In the Manhattan borough of New York City "streets" are close to 20 per mile, while the major numbered "avenues" are about six per mile. (Centerline to centerline, 42nd St to 22nd St is supposed to be 5250 feet while 42nd to 62nd is supposed to be 5276 ft 8 in.)

Idioms

Even in English-speaking countries that have moved from the Imperial to the metric system (for example, Australia, Canada, and New Zealand), the mile is still used in a variety of idioms . These include:

A wikt:country mile|country mile is used colloquialism|colloquially to denote a very long distance.

"A miss is as good as a mile" (failure by a narrow margin is no better than any other failure)

''"Give him an inch and he'll take a mile" - a corruption of "Give him an inch and he'll take an ell " Concise Oxford English Dictionary (5th edition; 1964). Oxford University Press . (the person in question will become greedy if shown generosity)

"Missed by a mile" (missed by a wide margin)

"Talk a mile a minute" (speak at a rapid rate)

"To go the extra mile" (to put in extra effort)

"Miles away" (lost in thought, or daydreaming)

" Milestone " (an event indicating significant progress)

Copyright Citations

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