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Biography

A mouse (plural: mice ) is a small mammal belonging to the order of rodent s, characteristically having a pointed snout, small rounded ears, and a long naked or almost hairless tail. The best known mouse species is the common house mouse ( Mus musculus ). It is also a popular pet . In some places, certain kinds of Apodemus|field mice are also common. This rodent is eaten by large birds such as hawks and eagles. They are known to invade homes for food and occasionally shelter.

The American White-footed Mouse ( Peromyscus leucopus ) and the deer mouse ( Peromyscus maniculatus ), as well as other common species of mouse-like rodents around the world, also sometimes live in houses. These, however, are in other genus|genera .

Cat s, wild dog s, fox es, bird of prey|birds of prey , snake s and even certain kinds of arthropod s have been known to prey heavily upon mice. Nevertheless, because of its remarkable adaptability to almost any ecological niche|environment , the mouse is one of the most successful mammalian genera living on Earth today.

Mice can at times be harmful rodent s, damaging and eating Crop (agriculture)|crops , causing structural damage and spreading disease s through their parasite s and feces . In North America, breathing dust that has come in contact with mouse excrement has been linked to hantavirus , which may lead to Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS).

Primarily nocturnal animals, mice compensate for their poor eyesight with a keen sense of hearing, and rely especially on their sense of smell to locate food and avoid predators.

Mice and rats are the most commonly used animals for laboratory tests.

Reproduction

Breeding onset is at about 50 days of age in both females and males, although females may have their first estrus at 25–40 days. Mice are polyestrous and breed year round; ovulation is spontaneous. The duration of the estrous cycle is 4–5 days and estrus itself lasts about 12 hours, occurring in the evening. Vaginal smears are useful in timed matings to determine the stage of the estrous cycle. Mating is usually nocturnal and may be confirmed by the presence of a copulatory plug in the vagina up to 24 hours post-copulation. The presence of sperm on a vaginal smear is also a reliable indicator of mating.

Female mice housed together tend to go into anestrus and do not cycle. If exposed to a male mouse or the pheromones of a male mouse, most of the females will go into estrus in about 72 hours. This synchronization of the estrous cycle is known as the Whitten effect . The exposure of a recently bred mouse to the pheromones of a strange male mouse may prevent implantation (or pseudopregnancy ), a phenomenon known as the Bruce effect .

The average gestation period is 20 days. A fertile postpartum estrus occurs 14–24 hours following parturition , and simultaneous lactation and gestation prolongs gestation 3–10 days owing to delayed implantation. The average litter (animal)|litter size is 10–12 during optimum production, but is highly strain-dependent. As a general rule, inbred mice tend to have longer gestation periods and smaller litters than outbred and hybrid mice. The young are called pups and weigh at birth, are hairless, and have closed eyelids and ears. Cannibalism is uncommon, but females should not be disturbed during parturition and for at least 2 days postpartum. Pups are weaned at 3 weeks of age; weaning weight is . If the postpartum estrus is not utilized, the female resumes cycling 2–5 days post-weaning.

Newborn male mice are distinguished from newborn females by noting the greater anogenital distance and larger genital papilla in the male. This is best accomplished by lifting the tails of littermate s and comparing perineum s.

Laboratory mice

Knockout mice

Mice are common experiment al animals in biology and psychology primarily because they are mammals, and also because they share a high degree of homology (biology)|homology with humans. They are the most commonly used mammal ian model organism , more common than rats . The mouse genome has been sequenced, and virtually all mouse gene s have human homologs. They can also be manipulated in ways that would be considered unethical to do with humans (note Animal Rights ). A knockout mouse is a genetic engineering|genetically engineered mus musculus|mouse that has had one or more of its genes made inoperable through a gene knockout .

There are other reasons why mice are used in laboratory research. Mice are small, inexpensive, easily maintained, and can reproduce quickly. Several generation s of mice can be observed in a relatively short period of time. Mice are generally very docile if raised from birth and given sufficient human contact. However, certain strains have been known to be quite temperamental. Mice and rats have the same organs in the same places, just different proportions.

Subgenera

All members of the Mus genus are referred to as mice. However, the term mouse can also be applied to species outside of this genus. Mouse often refers to any small muroid rodent, while rat refers to larger muroid rodents. Therefore these terms are not taxonomy|taxonomically specific. For simplicity, only the rodent subgenus|subgenera belonging to the Mus genus are listed here.

Genus Mus - Typical mice

Subgenus Coelomys ( East Asia )

Subgenus Mus (subgenus)|Mus ( Eurasia to North Africa , except for the House mouse which is worldwide.)

Subgenus Nannomys ( Sub-Saharan Africa )

Subgenus Pyromys ( East Asia )

Subgenus and species Mus lepidoides

As pets

Many people buy mice as companion pets. They can be playful, loving and can grow used to being handled. Like pet rats, pet mice should not be left unsupervised outside as they have many natural predators, including (but not limited to) birds, lizards, cats, and dogs. Male mice tend to have a stronger odor than the females. However, mice are careful groomers and as pets they never need bathing. Well looked after mice can make ideal pets. Some common mouse care products are:

Fancy mouse#Caging|Cage – Usually a hamster or gerbil Cage (enclosure)|cage , but special mouse cages are now available.

mouse food|Food – Special pelleted and seed-based food is available. Mice can generally eat most rodent food (for rats, mice, hamsters, gerbils, etc.)

Bedding – Usually made of hardwood pulp, such as aspen , sometimes from shredded, un ink ed paper or recycled virgin wood pulp . Using corn husk bedding is avoided because it promotes Aspergillis fungus , and can grow mold once it gets wet, which is rough on their feet.

Nutrition

In nature, mice are largely herbivore s, consuming any kind of fruit or grain from plants. Consequently, mice adapt well to urban areas and are known for eating almost all types of food scraps. In captivity, mice are commonly fed commercial pelleted mouse diet. These diets are nutritionally complete, but they still need a large variety of vegetables. Food intake is approximately per of body weight per day; water intake is approximately per 100 g of body weight per day.

As food

Mice are a staple in the diet of many small carnivores . Humans have eaten mice since prehistoric times and still eat them as a delicacy throughout eastern Zambia and northern Malawi ,, where they are a seasonal source of protein . Mice are no longer routinely consumed by humans elsewhere.

In various countries mice are used as food, Canberra Exotic Pets / reptilesinc.com.au, accessed 2009-11-14 for pets such as snakes , lizards , frogs , tarantulas and bird of prey|birds of prey , and many pet stores carry mice for this purpose. Some countries, such as Germany and the United Kingdom, have banned the practice of feeding live mice, citing ethical concerns regarding both predator and prey.

Common terms used to refer to different ages/sizes of mice when sold for pet food are "pinkies", "fuzzies", "crawlers", "hoppers", and "adults". Pinkies are newborn mice that have not yet grown fur; fuzzies have some fur but are not very mobile; hoppers have a full coat of hair and are fully mobile but are smaller than adult mice. Mice without fur are easier for the animal to consume; however, mice with fur may be more convincing as animal feed. These terms are also used to refer to the various growth stages of rat s (see Fancy rat ).

Use for sense of smell

Israeli scientists have tested mice as a new form of airport security detector. It consists of three concealed cartridges, each containing eight specially trained mice. If they sense traces of explosives or drugs, they will trigger the alarm. According to the New Scientist, the mice work four-hour shifts and are more accurate than using dogs or x-ray machines.

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