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Om is pronounced as ???? where ? is Pluti , (indicating a length of three morae ) ( vowel length|long or over-long nasalized close-mid back rounded vowel , ), like OOOM, ????? O, though there are other enunciations adhered to in received traditions. It is placed at the beginning of most Hindu text s as a sacred incantation to be intoned at the beginning and end of a reading of the Vedas or prior to any prayer or mantra . The Mandukya Upanishad|Mandukya Upanishad is entirely devoted to the explanation of the syllable. The syllable consists of three phonemes, a Vaishvanara ,Mandukya Upanishad u Hiranyagarbha and m Iswara , which symbolize the beginning, duration, and dissolution of the universe and the associated gods Brahma , Vishnu , and Shiva , respectively.Werner, Karel (1994). A Popular Dictionary of Hinduism . Curzon Press. ISBN 0700710493. The name Omkara is taken as a name of God in the Hindu revivalist Arya Samaj .

Name, phonology and written representation

The Sanskrit name for the syllable is , from a root nu "to shout, sound", verbal being attested as "to make a humming or droning sound" in the Brahmanas , and taking the specific meaning of "to utter the syllable om " in the Chandogya Upanishad|Chandogya Upanishad and the Shrauta Sutra s. More rarely used terms are (lit. symbol, character) or (lit. one symbol, character), and in later times becomes prevalent.

Phonetically, the syllable is , which is regularly monophthong ized to in Sanskrit phonology . It is sometimes also written with pluti , as (), notably by Arya Samaj . When occurring within a Sanskrit utterance, the syllable is subject to the normal rules of sandhi in Sanskrit grammar , however with the additional peculiarity that after preceding a or a , the au of aum does not form vriddhi ( au ) but guna ( o ) per Pa?ini 6.1.95 (i.e. 'om').

at U+0F00, and the Chinese version :wikt:?|? at U+5535 or :wikt:?|? at U+543D).

In Hinduism

The syllable om is first described as all-encompassing mystical entity in the Upanishads . Today, in all Hindu art and all over India and Nepal , 'om' can be seen virtually everywhere, a common sign for Hinduism and its Hindu philosophy|philosophy and Hindu theology|theology . Hindus believe that as creation began, the divine, all-encompassing consciousness took the form of the first and original vibration manifesting as sound "OM". Paramhans Swami Maheshwarananda , The hidden power in humans , Ibera Verlag, page 15., ISBN 3-85052-197-4 Before creation began it was "Shunyakasha", the emptiness or the void. Shunyakasha, meaning literally "no sky", is more than nothingness, because everything then existed in a latent state of potentiality. The vibration of "OM" symbolizes the manifestation of God in form ("saguna brahman"). "OM" is the reflection of the absolute reality, it is said to be "Adi Anadi", without beginning or the end and embracing all that exists. The mantra "OM" is the name of God , the vibration of the Supreme. When taken letter by letter, A-U-M represents the divine energy (Shakti) united in its three elementary aspects: Bhrahma Shakti (creation), Vishnu Shakti (preservation) and Shiva Shakti (liberation, and/or destruction).

Early Vedantic literature

The syllable is mentioned in all the Upanishads , specially elaborated upon in the Taittiriya , Chandogya and Mandukya Upanishad|Mandukya Upanishad set forth as the object of profound religious meditation, the highest spiritual efficacy being attributed not only to the whole word but also to the three sounds a ( a-kara ), u ( u-kara ), m ( ma-kara ), of which it consists. A-kara means form or shape like earth, trees, or any other object. U-kara means formless or shapeless like water, air or fire. Ma-kara means neither shape nor shapeless (but still exists) like the dark energy content of the Universe. When we combine all three syllables we get AUM which is a combination of A-kara , U-kara , and Ma-kara . Satyarth Prakash by Swami Dayanand Saraswati

The Katha Upanishad has:
:"The goal, which all Vedas declare, which all austerities aim at, and which humans desire when they live a life of conscience, I will tell you briefly it is aum "
:"The one syllable is indeed Brahman . This one syllable is the highest. Whosoever knows this one syllable obtains all that he desires.
:"This is the best support; this is the highest support. Whosoever knows this support is adored in the world of Brahma ." (1.2.15-17): //
: //
: //

The Chandogya Upanishad|Chandogya Upanishad (1.1.1-1) states:
:
:"The udgi:ta is the best of all essences, the highest, deserving the highest place, the eighth."

The Bhagavad Gita|Bhagavad Gi:ta (8.13) states that:
: Uttering the monosyllable Aum , the eternal world of Brahman, One who departs leaving the body (at death), he attains the Supreme Goal (i.e., he reaches God).

In Bhagavad Gita|Bhagavad Gi:ta (9.17):
Lord Krishna says to Arjuna - "I am the father of this universe, the mother, the support and the grandsire. I am the object of knowledge, the purifier and the syllable O?. I am also the ?ig, the Sama and the Yajur Vedas."

The Bhagavad Gita|Bhagvad Gi:ta (17.23) has:
: om tatsatiti nirdesho brahmanstrividhah samratah
:"OM, tat and sat has been declared as the triple appellation of Brahman , who is Truth, Consciousness and Bliss."

In the following sutra it emphasizes, "The repetition of Om should be made with an understanding of its meaning"., English translation by Bon Giovanni . (sacred-texts.com)

In the book Om Chanting and Meditation Amit Ray states:

Puranic Hinduism

In Puranic Hinduism, Om is the mystic name for the Hindu Trimurti , and represents the union of the three gods, viz. a for Brahma , u for Vishnu and m for Mahadev which is another name of Shiva . The three sounds also symbolize the three Vedas ( Rigveda , Samaveda , Yajurveda ).

According to Hindu philosophy (see Mandukya Upanishad ), the letter A represents creation, when all existence issued forth from Brahma 's golden nucleus; the letter U refers to Vishnu the God of the middle who preserves this world by balancing Brahma on a lotus (plant)|lotus above himself, and the letter M symbolizes the final part of the cycle of existence, when Vishnu falls asleep and Shiva has to breathe in so that all existing things have to disintegrate and are reduced to their essence to him. More broadly, Om is said to be the primordial sound that was present at the creation of the universe. It is said to be the original sound that contains all other sounds, all words, all languages and all mantras.

Dvaita

Vaishnava Dvaita philosophies teach that 'Om' is an impersonal sound representation of Vishnu/Krishna while Hari Nama is the personal sound representation. A represents Krishna , U Srimati Radharani and M jiva s. According to Sridhara Svami the pranava has five parts: A, U, M, the nasal bindu and the reverberation (nada). Liberated souls meditate on the Lord at the end of that reverberation. For both Hindus and Buddhists this syllable is sacred and so laden with spiritual energy that it may only be pronounced with complete concentration.

Advaita

In Advaita philosophy it is frequently used to represent three subsumed into one, a triune, a common theme in Hinduism . It implies that our current existence is mithya and maya , "falsehood", that in order to know the full truth we must comprehend beyond the body and intellect the true nature of infinity. Essentially, upon moksha ( mukti , samadhi ) one is able not only to see or know existence for what it is, but to become it. When one gains true knowledge, there is no split between knower and known: one becomes knowledge/consciousness itself. In essence, Om is the signifier of the ultimate truth that all is one.

In proper names

When Om is a part of a place name (for example Omkareshwar ), or is used as a man's name, it is spelled phonetically using ordinary letters of whatever Indian alphabet is used in the area. The adherents of Arya Samaj always use the ordinary letters ?(Ah), ?(ooh) and ?(ma) to write Om.

In Jainism

In Jainism , Om is regarded to be a condensed form of reference to the Pañca-Parame??hi , by their initials A+A+A+U+M ( ). The Dravyasamgraha quotes a Prakrit line:
::
:"Om" is one Sanskrit grammar|syllable made from the initials of the five parameshthis. It has been said: " Arihant (Jainism)|Arihant , Ashiri , Acharya , Upajjhaya , Jain monasticism|Muni " .

Thus, () is a short form of the Navkar Mantra .

In Buddhism

Buddhists place om at the beginning of their Vidya-Sadaksari or mystical formulary in six syllables (viz., om mani padme hum ) as well as most other mantras and dharanis. As a seed syllable ( bija mantra ), it is also considered holy in Esoteric Buddhism .

The syllable is often written with the Chinese character ( pinyin ) or ( pinyin ) in Buddhist texts of East Asia n provenience.

A key distinction should be made here between Buddhism as it arose in India and Buddhism after the migration of the teachings to Tibet under the guidance of Padmasambhava. In its original form, Buddhism in India was characterized mainly by types of mindfulness meditation and did not involve the chanting of Om or of mantras.The Pali Canon (oldest known teachings attributed to The Buddha), and Visuddhimagga (ancient commentary on The Pali Canon). The chanting of "OM" is not mentioned even a single time in the Pali Canon or in Visuddhimagga. Types of meditation taught by The Buddha found in The Pali Canon and elaborated on in Visuddhimagga are listed, discussed and compared to Hindu Om chanting, beliefs and practice in detail here: http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/burns/wheel088.html#other Buddhism in Tibet after the merger with Bon Shamanism, and heavy Hindu influence, is now characterized by the AH bija and can be roughly translated as representing pure spirit (the fifth element in the Tibetan system).

Paying close attention to the calligraphic representation, the Vedic or Indian OM is what most Westerners are used to and the Tibetan script OM is less widespread in popular culture. Even Tibetan handicrafts made in Nepal tend to use the Indian OM for recognizability.

"Onkar" in Sikhism

Ik Onkar ( Punjabi language|Modern Punjabi , Ikk Oankar , iconically in the Gurmukhi script — a combination of the numeral one and the letter Gurmukhi script| u?a with the vowel marker Gurmukhi script| ho?a
— and sometimes written in full as , ) is the statement of the uniqueness of God in Sikhism ,Wazir Singh, ''Aspects of Guru Nanak's philosophy'' (1969), p. 20: "the 'a,' 'u,' and 'm' of aum have also been explained as signifying the three principles of creation, sustenance and annihilation. ... aumkar in relation to existence implies plurality, ... but its substitute Ekonkar definitely implies singularity in spite of the seeming multiplicity of existence. ..." and is commonly translated simply as "one God". Within the phrase, the figure , pronounced , is the numeral one, and the word is a figurative reference to God: the Hindu concept of om being combined with , kar , to mean "creator of om" — the word appearing several times in the Guru Granth Sahib , and meaning "create", "work", or "action". Thus, although om is referenced, Sikhism uses it only to starkly emphasize its monotheism without subscribing to its philosophy in and of itself.

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