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Other usesGlobalize/Eng|date=January 2010Prose|date=January 2010The term parkway has several distinct principal meanings and numerous synonym s around the world, for either a type of landscape planning|landscaped area or a types of road|type of road .
;Type of landscaped area:
The central area, often landscaped, which separates opposing lane s of traffic on divided street s, road s, and limited-access road|limited-access highways . Also known as a median ( North American English ), central reservation ( British English ), median strip (North American, New Zealand, and Australian English ), or central nature strip (Australian English).
;Types of a road:
A divided limited-access road with Grade separation|grade separated Interchange (road)|interchange s. Also known as an Limited-access road|expressway , freeway , and Interstate Highway|interstate highway ( North American English ); dual carriageway , motorway , and highway ( British English ); Autobahn ( Germany , Austria , Switzerland ), and Autostrada ( Italy , Poland , Romania , Lithuania , Albania , Belgium , Egypt , Lebanon , and Israel ).
A broad landscaped highway thoroughfare, "parkway." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com (14 Apr. 2007). or a roadway in a park or a Landscape planning|landscaped thoroughfare connecting parks from which trucks and other heavy vehicles are excluded.
Road term use
History in North America
Scenic roads
Over the years, many different types of roads have been labeled parkways.
The first parkways in the United States were developed during the late 19th Century by landscape architects Frederick Law Olmsted and Beatrix Farrand as roads segregated for pedestrians, bicyclists, equestrians, and horse carriage s, such as the Eastern Parkway , which is credited as the world's first parkway http://www.nycgovparks.org/about/history/historical-signs/listings? id=196, and Ocean Parkway (Brooklyn)|Ocean Parkway in Brooklyn, New York . The terminology "parkway" to define this type of road was coined by Calvert Vaux and Frederick Law Olmsted in their proposal to link city and suburban parks with "pleasure roads." Newer roads such as the Delaware Park-Front Park System|Bidwell and Delaware Park-Front Park System|Lincoln Parkway s in Buffalo, New York were designed for automobiles and are broad and divided by large landscaped central medians. Parkways can be the approach to large urban parks, such as the Mystic Valley Parkway to Boston Common (park)|Boston Common in Boston. Some separated express lanes from local lanes, though this was not always the case.
During the early 20th century, the meaning of the word was expanded to include limited-access highway s designed for recreational driving of automobiles, with landscape|landscaping . These parkways including the Vanderbilt Motor Parkway originally provided scenic route s without very slow or commercial vehicle s, at Level crossing|grade intersections , or pedestrian traffic. Their success led to more development however, expanding a city's boundaries, eventually limiting their recreational driving use. The Arroyo Seco Parkway between Downtown Los Angeles and Pasadena, California is an example of lost pastoral aesthetics. It and others have become major commuting routes, while retaining the name parkway.
Early high speed roads
See also|Parkways in New York StateIn New York City construction on the Long Island Motor Parkway (Vanderbilt Parkway) began in 1906 and planning for the Bronx River Parkway in 1907. In the 1920s, the New York City region's parkway system grew under the direction of Robert Moses , the president of the New York State Council of Parks and Long Island State Park Commission , who used parkways to create and access state parks, especially for city dwellers. As Commissioner of New York City Parks under Mayor LaGuardia, he extended the parkways to the heart of the city, creating and linking its parks to the greater metropolitan systems. Most of the New York metropolitan parkways were designed by Gilmore Clark. The Merritt Parkway in Connecticut , opening in the 1930s, runs through forests with each bridge designed uniquely to enhance the scenery. Another example is the Sprain Brook Parkway from The Bronx to become the Taconic State Parkway to upstate Albany, New York . Landscape architect George Kessler designed extensive parkway systems for Kansas City, Missouri#Parks and boulevard system|Kansas City, Missouri ; Memphis Park and Parkway System|Memphis, Tennessee ; Indianapolis Park and Boulevard System|Indianapolis ; and other cities at the beginning of the 20th century.
New Deal roads
In the 1930s, as part of the New Deal the U.S. federal government constructed national parkway s designed for recreational driving and to commemorate historic trails and routes. These divided four-lane parkways have lower speed limit s and are maintained by the National Park Service . An example is the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) built Blue Ridge Parkway in the Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina and Virginia . Others are: Skyline Drive in Virginia ; the Natchez Trace Parkway in Mississippi , Alabama , and Tennessee ; and the Colonial Parkway in eastern Virginia's Historic Triangle area. http://www.roanoke.com/roatimes/special_sections/parkway/parkway1.html. The George Washington Memorial Parkway and the Clara Barton Parkway , running along the Potomac River near Washington, D.C. , were also constructed during this era.
Post-war parkways
In Kentucky the term "parkway" designates a controlled-access highway in the :Category:Kentucky parkway system|Kentucky Parkway system , with nine built in the 1960s and 1970s. They were toll road s until the construction bond s were repaid, now being freeway s since 2006.
The Arroyo Seco Parkway from Pasadena, California|Pasadena to Los Angeles , built in 1940, is the first segment of the vast Southern California freeway system. It became part of Interstate 110 and State Route 110 (California)|State Route 110 route and renamed the Pasadena Freeway. A 2010 restoration of the freeway brought the Arroyo Seco Parkway designation back.
In New Jersey , the Garden State Parkway , connecting the urban Northeast U.S. with the rural Atlantic Ocean Jersey Shore|shoreline and Atlantic City , is restricted to buses and non-commercial traffic north of the New Jersey Route 18|Route 18 interchange but is one of the busiest toll road s in the country.cite web|url= http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/about/rules/pdf/chapter32truckaccess.pdf|title=TITLE 16. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION - CHAPTER 32. TRUCK ACCESS|publisher= New Jersey Department of Transportation |accessdate=August 13, 2010
In the Pittsburgh region, two of the major interstates are referred to informally as Parkways. The Parkway East — Interstate 376|I-376 , formally the Penn-Lincoln Parkway , connects Downtown Pittsburgh to Monroeville, Pennsylvania . The Parkway West — I-376 links Downtown to Pittsburgh International Airport . The Parkway North — Interstate 279|I-279 connects Downtown to Franklin Park, Pennsylvania .
In Minneapolis , the Grand Rounds Scenic Byway system has convert|50|mi|km of streets designated as parkways. These are not freeways, having a slow 25-mile per hour speed limit, pedestrian crossings, and stop signs.cite web|url= http://www.minneapolisparks.org/grandrounds/inf_about.htm |title=Information Center: About the Grand Rounds|accessdate=2007-12-18cite web|url= http://secondward.blogspot.com/2007/01/traffic-calming-event.html|title=Second Ward, Minneapolis: Traffic Calming Event|accessdate=2007-12-18
Canadian "Parkways"
"Parkway" is used in the names of many Canada|Canadian roads, many of which are not scenic or landscaped in any form:
Parkway (St. John's)|The Parkway in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
United Kingdom
The road transport of Peterborough , a city in the United Kingdom has a system of designated Parkways. The planned city of Milton Keynes has a system of linear park s with landscaped Parkways. British park-and-ride railway stations have the suffix Parkway, although the etymology is from the original U.S. meaning, with the Bristol Parkway railway station named after the adjacent M32 motorway originally known as the Parkway when a rural route into the city.
Australia
The planned city of Canberra in Australia uses the suffix Parkway for only a few of its freeway grade roadways. Only the Tuggeranong Parkway has been constructed to date, with the John Dedman Parkway project renamed the Gungahlin Drive Extension , and the Majura Parkway in planning stage, with no set construction date due to lack of Federal Funding.
