Particle

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In the Outline of physical science|physical sciences , a particle is a small wikt:local|localized physical body|object to which can be ascribed several physical property|physical properties such as volume or mass .

The word is rather general in meaning, and is refined as needed by various scientific fields.

Whether objects can be considered particles depends on the scale (spatial)|scale of the context ; if an object's own size is small or negligible, or if geometrical property|geometrical properties and structure are irrelevant, then it can be considered a particle.
For example, grains of sand on a beach can be considered particles because the size of one grain of sand (~1& nbsp;mm) is negligible compared to the beach , and the features of individual grains of sand are usually irrelevant to the problem at hand. However, grains of sand would not be considered particles if compared to Buckminsterfullerene|buckyballs (~1& nbsp; nanometre|nm ).

The concept of particles is particularly useful when scientific modelling|model ling nature , as the full treatment of many phenomena is complex.
It can be used to make simplifying assumptions concerning the processes involved. Francis Sears and Mark Zemansky , in University Physics , give the example of calculating the landing location and velocity of a baseball (ball)|baseball thrown in the air. They gradually strip the baseball of most of its properties, by first idealizing it as a rigid smooth sphere , then by neglecting rotation , buoyancy and friction , ultimately reducing the problem to the ballistics of a classical physics|classical point particle .

Treatment of large numbers of particles is the realm of statistical physics .
When studied in the context of an extremely small scale, quantum mechanics starts to kick in, and give rise to several phenomena such as the particle in a box problem
and wave–particle duality ,

or theoretical considerations, such a whether particles can be considered distinct or identical.

Size

The term "particle" is usually applied differently to three class of sizes. The term macroscopic scale|macroscopic particle , usually refers to particles much larger than atom s and molecule s. These are usually abstracted as point particle|point-like particles , even though they have volumes, shapes, structures, etc. Examples of macroscopic particles would include dust , sand , pieces of debris during a car accident , or even objects as big as the star s of a galaxy .

Another type, microscopic scale|microscopic particles usually refers to particles of sizes ranging from atom s to molecule s, such as carbon dioxide , nanoparticle s, and colloid|colloidal particles . The smallest of particles are the subatomic particle s , which refer to particles smaller than atoms.
These would include particles such as the constituents of atoms – proton s, neutron s, and electron – as well as other types of particles which can only be produced in particle accelerator s or cosmic ray s.

Composition

Particles can also be classified according to composition. Composite particle s refer to particles that have wikt:composition|composition – that is particles which are made of other particles.
For example, a carbon-14 atom is made of six proton s, eight neutron s, and six electron s. By contrast, elementary particle s (also called fundamental particles ) refer to particles that are not made of other particles.
According to our Standard Model|current understanding of the world , only a very small number of these exist, such as the lepton s, quark s or gluon s. However it is possible that some of these preon|might turn up to be composite particles after all , and merely appear to be elementary for the moment.
While composite particles can very often be considered point particle| point-like , elementary particles are truly point particle| punctual .

N -body simulation

In computational physics , N-body simulation| N -body simulation s (also called N -particle simulations) are simulations of dynamical system s of particles under the influence of certain conditions, such as being subject to gravitation|gravity .
These simulations are very common in cosmology and computational fluid dynamics .

N refer to the particle number|number of particle s considered. As simulations with higher N are more computationally intensive, systems with large numbers of actual particles will often be approximated to a smaller number of particles, and simulation algorithms need to be N-body simulation#Calculation optimizations|optimized through various methods .

Colloidal particle

Colloidal particles are the components of a colloid. A colloid is a substance microscopically dispersed evenly throughout another substance.
Such colloidal system can be solid , liquid , or gas eous; as well as continuous or dispersed. The dispersed-phase particles have a diameter of between approximately 5 and 200 nanometre|nanometers .
Soluble particles smaller than this will form a solution as opposed to a colloid. Colloidal systems (also called colloidal solutions or colloidal suspensions) are the subject of interface and colloid science .

External links

from York University

Category:Particle physics|*

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