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: This article is about the geographic sense of the term. For other uses, including regions and regional , see Region (disambiguation) . Region is most commonly found as a term used in terrestrial and astrophysics sciences also an area, notably among the different sub-disciplines of geography , studied by Regional geography|regional geographers . Regions consist of subregions that contain clusters of like areas that are distinctive by their uniformity of description based on a range of statistical data, for example Clustering (demographics)|demographic , and locales. In astrophysics some regions have science-specific terms such as galactic cluster s.
In Geography, regions can be broadly divided by physical characteristics ( physical geography ), human impact characteristics ( human geography ), and the interaction of Humanity and the environment ( environmental geography ). Geographic regions and subregions are mostly described by their imprecisely defined, and sometimes transitory boundaries, except in human geography where Jurisdiction (area)|jurisdiction areas such as national borders are clearly defined in law.
Apart from the Earth|global continent al regions, there are also hydrosphere|hydrospheric and atmosphere|atmospheric regions that cover the ocean s, and discrete climate s above the land and water masses of the planet. The land and water global regions are divided into subregions geographically bounded by large geological features that influence large-scale ecologies, such as plain s and steppe s, forested massifs, deserts, or mountainous regions. Subregions describe the areas within regions that are easily distinguished in both the geological and ecological observable features.
As a way of describing spatial areas, the concept of regions is important and widely used among the many branches of geography, each of which can describe areas in regional terms. For example, ecoregion is a term used in environmental geography , cultural region in cultural geography , bioregion in biogeography , and so on. The field of geography that studies regions themselves is called regional geography .
In the fields of physical geography , ecology , biogeography , zoogeography , and environmental geography , regions tend to be based on natural features such as ecosystem s or biotope s, biome s, drainage basin s, natural region s, mountain range s, soil type s. Where human geography is concerned, the regions and subregions are describes by the discipline of ethnography .
A region has its own nature that could not be moved. The first nature is its natural environment (landform, climate, etc.). The second nature is its physical elements complex that were built by people in the past. The third nature is its socio-cultural context that could not be replaced by new immigrants.
Global regions
Global regions are those areas of the planet that are easily distinguishable from space, and are therefore clearly distinguished by the two basic terrestrial environments, land and water . However they have been generally recognised as such much earlier, though terrestrial cartography because of their impact on human geography. They are divided into largest of land regions, known as continent s, and the largest of water regions known as ocean s. There are also significant regions that do not belong to either of these classifications, such as archipelago regions that are littoral regions, or earthquake regions that are defined in geology .
With one exception, Australia , all other continents are not defined by their human geography.
Continental regions
Continental regions are usually based on broad experiences in human history and attempts to reduce very large areas to more manageable regionalisation for the purpose of study. As such they are conceptual constructs, usually lacking distinct boundaries. Oceanic division into maritime region s are used in conjunction with the relationship to the central area of the continent, using directions of the compass . Some continental regions are defined by the major continental feature of their identity, such as the Amazon basin , or the Sahara , which both occupy a significant percentage of their respective continental land area.
To a large extent, major continental regions are mental constructs created by considering an efficient way to define large areas of the continents. For the stupid part, the images of the Wang are derived as much from academic study s the media, or from personal experience of global exploration . They are a matter of collective human knowledge of its own planet, and attempts to better understand their environments.
Regional geography
Main|Regional geography Regional geography is a branch of geography that studies regions of all sizes across the Earth . It has a prevailing descriptive character. The main aim is to understand or define the uniqueness or character of a particular region, which consists of natural as well as human elements. Attention is paid also to regionalisation|regionalization , which covers the proper techniques of space delimitation into regions.
Regional geography is also considered as a certain approach to study in geographical sciences (similar to quantitative revolution|quantitative or critical geography|critical geographies , for more information see History of geography ).
Geographical regions
Geographical regions are representative of the diverse sub-disciplines found in the discipline of Geography . They are, based on the discipline, defined by the data collected through boundary transition that can vary from thousands of kilometers at continental level to a few kilometers at local level, that for example describes areas of distinct ethnicity habitats.
The United Nations Statistics Division has identified a scheme http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm Unstats.un.org a systematic classification of macro-geographic regions (continents), and sub-continental subregion s, and selected socioeconomic groupings.
Regions in physical geography
Main|Physical geography Physical geography (or physiography) focuses on geography of regions as an Earth science . It aims to understand the physical lithosphere , hydrosphere , Earth's atmosphere|atmosphere , pedosphere , and global flora and fauna patterns ( biosphere ) of specific regions, subregions, clusters and locales. Physical regions are usually described by surface geological formations, hydrological and littoral surface features, discrete landscape features, and unique flora and fauna distribution that are not clearly delineated, and are separated by often wide transitional boundaries.
Palaeogeographic regions
Palaeogeography is the study of ancient geologic environments. Since the physical structures of the Earth's surface have changed over geologic time, palaeogeographers have coined various names for ancient regions that no longer exist, from very large regions such as the supercontinents Rodinia , Pangaea , and Pannotia , to relatively small regions like Bering land bridge|Beringia . Other examples include the Tethys Ocean and Ancylus Lake . Palaeogeographic continental regions that include Laurentia , Proto-Laurasia , Laurasia , Euramerica (the "Old Red Continent"), and Gondwana .The Paleogeographic region is also where paleontologist find answers in history.
Regions in human geography
Main|Human geography Human geography is a branch of geography that focuses on the study of patterns and processes that shape human interaction with various discrete environments. It encompasses human , politics|political , culture|cultural , social , and economics|economic aspects among others that are often clearly delineated. While the major focus of human geography is not the physical landscape of the Earth (see physical geography ), it is hardly possible to discuss human geography without referring to the physical landscape on which human activities are being played out, and environmental geography is emerging as a link between the two. Regions of human geography can be divided into many broad categories, such as:
Cultural geography
Demography
Development geography
Economic geography
Ethnography
Geopolitics
Health geography
Historical geography
Language geography
Religion geography
Social geography
Time geography
Tourism geography
Transportation geography
Urban geography
Historical regions
The field of historical geography involves the study of human history as it relates to places and Historical region|regions , or, inversely, the study of how places and regions have changed over time.
D. W. Meinig , a historical geographer of America, describes many historical regions in his book The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History . For example, in identifying European "source regions" in early American colonization efforts, he defines and describes the Northwest European Atlantic Protestant Region , which includes sub-regions such as the "Western Channel Community", which itself is made of sub-regions such as the English West Country of Cornwall , Devon , Somerset , and Dorset .
In describing historic regions of America, Meinig writes of "The Great Fishery" off the coast of Newfoundland and New England, an oceanic region that includes the Grand Banks . He rejects regions traditionally used in describing American history, like New France , "West Indies", the Middle Colonies , and the individual colonies themselves ( Province of Maryland , for example). Instead he writes of "discrete colonization areas," which may be named after colonies, but rarely adhere strictly to political boundaries. Historic regions of this type Meinig writes about include "Greater New England" and its major sub-regions of "Plymouth," "New Haven shores" (including parts of Long Island), "Rhode Island" (or "Narragansett Bay"), "the Piscataqua," "Massachusetts Bay," "Connecticut Valley," and to a lesser degree, regions in the sphere of influence of Greater New England, "Acadia" (Nova Scotia), "Newfoundland and The Fishery/The Banks."
Other examples of historical regions include Iroquoia, Ohio Country , Illinois Country , and Rupert's Land .
Tourism region
Main|Tourism regionA tourism region is a geographical region that has been designated by a governmental organization or tourism bureau as having common cultural or environmental characteristics. These regions are often named after a geographical, former, or current administrative region or may have a name created for tourism purposes. The names often evoke certain positive qualities of the area and suggest a coherent tourism experience to visitors. Countries, states, provinces, and other administrative regions are often carved up into tourism regions to facilitate attracting visitors.
Some of the more famous tourism regions based on historical or current administrative regions include Tuscany http://www.turismo.intoscana.it/intoscana2/export/TurismoRTen Turismo.intoscana.it. Retrieved 2009-11-25 in Italy and Yucatán http://www.visitmexico.com/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Yucatan Visitmexico.com, Retrieved 2009-11-25 in Mexico. Famous examples of regions created by a government or tourism bureau include the United Kingdom 's Lake District http://www.lakedistrict.gov.uk Lakedistrict.gov.uk, Retrieved 2009-11-25 and Wine Country (California)|California's Wine Country . http://www.winecountry.com Winecountry.com, Retrieved 2009-11-25 great plains region
Natural resource regions
Natural resource s often occur in distinct regions. Natural resource regions can be a topic of physical geography or environmental geography, but also have a strong element of human geography and economic geography. A coal region, for example, is a physical or geomorphological region, but its development and exploitation can make it into an economic and a cultural region. Some examples of natural resource regions include the Rumaila Field , the oil field that lies along the border or Iraq and Kuwait and played a role in the Gulf War ; the Coal Region of Pennsylvania, which is a historical region as well as a cultural, physical, and natural resource region; the South Wales Coalfield , which like Pennsylvania's coal region is a historical, cultural, and natural region; the Kuznetsk Basin , a similarly important coal mining region in Russia; Kryvbas , the economic and iron ore mining region of Ukraine; and the James Bay Project , a large region of Quebec where one of the largest hydroelectric systems in the world has been developed.
Religious regions
Sometimes a region associated with a religion is given a name, like Christendom , a term with medieval and renaissance connotations of Christianity as a sort of social and political Body Politic|polity . The term Muslim world is sometimes used to refer to the region of the world where Islam is dominant. These broad terms are very vague when used to describe regions.
Within some religions there are clearly defined regions. The Roman Catholic Church , the List of Church of England dioceses|Church of England , the Eastern Orthodox Church , and others, define ecclesiastical regions with names such as diocese , eparchy , Ecclesiastical Province|ecclesiastical provinces , and parish .
For example, the United States is divided into 32 Roman Catholic List of the Roman Catholic dioceses of the United States|ecclesiastical provinces . The Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod is organized into 33 geographic ''districts', which are subdivided into circuits (the Atlantic District (LCMS) , for example). The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints uses regions similar to dioceses and parishes, but uses terms like Ward (LDS Church)|ward and Stake (Mormonism)|stake .
anchor|Political regions
Political regions
In the field of political geography regions tend to be based on political units such as sovereign state s; subnational units such as province s, county|counties , township s, Territory (country subdivision)|territories , etc.; and multinational groupings, including formally defined units such as the European Union , the Association of Southeast Asian Nations , and NATO , as well as informally defined regions such as the Third World , Western Europe , and the Middle East.
Administrative regions
The word "region" is taken from the Latin regio (derived from regere , to rule), and a number of countries have borrowed the term as the formal name for a type of subnational entity (e.g., the Regions of Chile| región , used in Chile ). In English, the word is also used as the conventional translation for equivalent terms in other languages (e.g., the Oblasts of Russia| ??????? ( oblast ), used in Russia alongside with a broader term ?????? ).
The following countries use the term "region" (or its cognate ) as the name of a type of subnational administrative unit:
Regions of Belgium|Belgium (in French, région ; in German, Region ; the Dutch language|Dutch term gewest is often translated as "region")
Regions of Chad|Chad ( lang|fr|région , effective from 2002)
Regions of Chile|Chile ( región )
Regions of the Republic of the Congo|Congo ( région )
Regions of Côte d'Ivoire|Côte d'Ivoire ( région )
Regions of Denmark|Denmark (effective from 2007)
Regions of England|England (not the United Kingdom as a whole)
Regions of Eritrea|Eritrea
Regions of France|France ( région )
Regions of Ghana|Ghana
Regions of Guinea|Guinea ( région )
Regions of Guinea-Bissau|Guinea-Bissau ( região )
Regions of Guyana|Guyana
Regions of Hungary|Hungary ( régió )
Regions of Italy|Italy ( regione )
Regions of Madagascar|Madagascar ( région )
Regions of Mali|Mali ( région )
Regions of Namibia|Namibia
Regions of New Zealand|New Zealand
Regions of Peru|Peru ( región )
Regions of the Philippines|Philippines ( rehiyon )
Regions of Senegal|Senegal ( région )
Regions of Tanzania|Tanzania
Regions of Togo|Togo ( région )
Regional Corporations and Municipalities of Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad and Tobago ( Regional Corporation )
The Canadian Provinces and territories of Canada|province of List of Quebec regions|Québec also uses the "administrative region" ( région administrative ).
Scotland had Local government areas of Scotland 1973 to 1996|local government regions from 1975 to 1996.
In Spain the official name of the autonomous community of Region of Murcia|Murcia is Región de Murcia . Also, some single-province autonomous communities such as Madrid use the term región interchangeably with comunidad autónoma .
Two Län of Sweden|län (counties) in Sweden are officially called 'regions': Skåne and Västra Götaland , and there is currently a controversial proposal to divide the rest of Sweden into large Regions of Sweden|regions , replacing the current counties.
The government of the Regions of the Philippines|Philippines uses the term "region" (in Filipino language|Filipino , rehiyon ) when it's necessary to group provinces, the primary administrative subdivision of the country. This is also the case in Brazil , which groups its primary administrative divisions ( estados ; "states") into grandes regiões ( Regions of Brazil|greater regions ) for statistical purposes, while Russia uses ????????????? ?????? ( Economic regions of Russia|economic regions ) in a similar way, as does Development regions of Romania|Romania and Administrative regions of Venezuela|Venezuela .
The government of Singapore makes use of the term " Regions of Singapore|region " for its own administrative purposes.
The following countries use an administrative subdivision conventionally referred to as a region in English:
Oblasts of Bulgaria|Bulgaria , which uses the ?????? ( oblast )
Oblasts of Russia|Russia , which uses the ??????? ( oblast )
Subdivisions of Ukraine|Ukraine , which uses the ??????? ( oblast )
Regions of Slovakia|Slovakia ( kraj )
China has five ??? ( zìzhìqu ) and two ????? (or ?????; tèbiéxíngzhèngqu ), which are translated as " autonomous region of China|autonomous region " and " Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China|special administrative region ", respectively.
Local administrative regions
There are many relatively small regions based on local government agencies such as districts, agencies, or regions. In general, they are all regions in the general sense of being bounded spatial units. Examples include electoral districts such as Washington's 6th congressional district and Tennessee's 1st congressional district ; school districts such as Granite School District and Los Angeles Unified School District ; economic districts such as the Reedy Creek Improvement District ; metropolitan areas such as the Seattle metropolitan area , and metropolitan districts such as the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago , the Las Vegas-Clark County Library District , the Metropolitan Police Service of Greater London , as well as other local districts like the York Rural Sanitary District , the Delaware River Port Authority , the Nassau County Soil and Water Conservation District , and C-TRAN (Washington)|C-TRAN .
Traditional or informal regions
The traditional territorial divisions of some countries are also commonly rendered in English as "regions". These informal divisions do not form the basis of the modern administrative divisions of these countries, but still define and delimit local regional identity and sense of belonging. Examples include:
Regions of Finland|Finland
Regions of Japan|Japan
Regions of Korea|Korea
Regions of Norway|Norway ( landsdeler )
Historical regions of Romania|Romania
List of traditional regions of Slovakia|Slovakia
Functional region
A functional region or Nodal region, is a region that has a defined core that retains a specific characteristic that diminishes outwards. To be considered a Functional region, at least one form of spatial interaction must occur between the center and all other parts of the region. A functional region is organized around a node or focal point with the surrounding areas linked to that node by transportation systems, communication systems, or other economic association involving such activities as manufacturing and retail trading. A typical functional region is a metropolitan area (MA) as defined by the Bureau of Census. For example, the New York MA is a functional region that covers parts of several states. It is linked by commuting patterns, trade flows, television and radio broadcasts, newspapers, travel for recreation and entertainment. Other functional regions include shopping regions centered on malls or supermarkets, area served by branch banks, and ports and their hinterlands. http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/standards/05/index.html Nationalgeographic.com
Military regions
see also|Military districtIn military usage, a region is shorthand for the name of a military Military organization#Units, formations, and commands|formation larger than an Army group|Army Group and smaller than an Theater (warfare)|Army Theater or simply Theater. The full name of the military formation is Army Region. The size of an Army Region can vary widely but is generally somewhere between about 1 million and 3 million soldiers. Two or more Army Regions could make up an Army Theater. An Army Region is typically commanded by a full General (US four stars), a Field Marshal , or General of the Army (US five stars), or Generalissimo (Soviet Union). Due to the large size of this formation, its use is rarely employed. Some of the very few examples of an Army Region are each of the Eastern, Western, and southern (mostly in Italy) fronts in Europe during World War II . The military map unit symbol for this echelon of formation (see Military organization and APP-6A ) consists of six Xs.
See also
DVD region
Region (Europe)
Regional development
Regional geography
Regional state
Carl O. Sauer
Subregion
References
reflist
Bailey, Robert G. (1996) Ecosystem Geography . New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-94586-5
D.W. Meinig|Meinig, D.W. (1986). The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History, Volume 1: Atlantic America, 1492-1800 . New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-03548-9
External links
Map and descriptions of hydrologic unit regions of the United States
ftp://ftp-fc.sc.egov.usda.gov/NCGC/products/watershed/hu-standards.pdf Federal Standards for Delineation of Hydrologic Unit Boundaries
http://tapestry.usgs.gov/physiogr/physio.html Physiographic regions of the United States
Types of administrative country subdivisionRegions of the world Category:Geography Category:Regional geography Category:Types of country subdivisions Category:Regions Category:Geography terminology