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Biography
Other usesA Requiem or Requiem Mass , also known as Mass for the dead (Latin: Missa pro defunctis ) or Mass of the dead (Latin: Missa defunctorum ), is a Mass (liturgy)|Mass celebrated for the repose of the Soul (spirit)|soul or souls of one or more deceased persons, using a particular form of the Roman Missal . It is frequently, but not necessarily, celebrated in the context of a funeral .
Musical settings of the Proper (liturgy)|propers of the Requiem Mass are also called Requiems, and the term has subsequently been applied to other musical compositions associated with death and mourning, even when they lack religious or liturgical relevance.
The term is also used for similar ceremonies outside the Catholic Church , especially in the Anglo-Catholic branch of Anglicanism and in certain Lutheran Church|Lutheran churches. A comparable service, with a wholly different ritual form and texts, exists in the Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic Churches .
The Mass and its settings draw their name from the introit of the liturgy, which begins with the words " Requiem aeternam dona eis, Domine "& nbsp;– "Grant them eternal rest, O Lord". ("Requiem" is the accusative case|accusative singular form of the Latin noun requies , "rest, repose".) The Roman Missal as revised in 1970 employs this phrase as the first entrance antiphon among the formulas for Masses for the dead, and it remains in use to this day.
Liturgical rite
In earlier forms of the Roman Rite, some of which are still in use, a Requiem Mass differs in several ways from the usual Mass in that form. Some parts that were of relatively recent origin, including some that have been excluded in the 1970 revision, are omitted. Examples are the psalm Iudica at the start of Mass, the prayer said by the priest before reading the Gospel (or the blessing of the deacon, if a deacon reads it), and the first of the two prayers of the priest for himself before receiving Communion. Missale Romanum, Ritus servandus in celebratione Missae , XIII Other omissions include the use of incense at the Introit and the Gospel, the kiss of peace, lit candles held by acolytes when a deacon chants the Gospel, and blessings. There is no Gloria in excelsis Deo and no recitation of the Creed ; the Alleluia chant before the Gospel is replaced by a Tract (liturgy)|Tract , as in Lent ; and the Agnus Dei is altered. Ite missa est is replaced with Requiescant in pace (May they rest in peace); the "Deo gratias" response is replaced with "Amen". Black is the obligatory Liturgical colours|liturgical colour of the vestment s in the earlier forms, while the later form allows a choice between black and violet, and in some countries, such as England and Wales, white. http://www.liturgyoffice.org.uk/Resources/GIRM/Documents/GIRM.pdf General Instruction of the Roman Missal, with adaptations for England and Wales, 346 The sequence (poetry)|sequence Dies Irae|Dies Iræ , recited or sung between the Tract (liturgy)|Tract and the Gospel, is an obligatory part of the Requiem Mass in the earlier forms. As its opening words, Dies irae (Day of wrath), indicate, this poetic composition speaks of the Day of Judgment in fearsome terms; it then appeals to Jesus for mercy.
Celebrations of the Requiem Mass were sometimes referred to as "black Masses", from the colour of the vestment s worn by the priest. This term has no connection with the Satanism|Satanist black mass|ritual of the same name .
Post Vatican II
In the liturgical reforms of the mid-20th century in the Roman Catholic Church following the Second Vatican Council , there was a significant shift in the funeral rites used by the Church. The emphasis on sorrow and grief was to be replaced by a stance of hope and joy,Citation needed|date=February 2012 based on trust in the salvation|salvific value of the Passion (Christianity)|Passion , Death and Resurrection of Jesus Christ.
The term "Requiem Mass" was replaced by the title Mass of Christian Burial .Citation needed|date=February 2012 In line with this shift, the use of black vestments was made optional (and has all but disappeared by the 21st century), with the new preference being for white,Citation needed|date=February 2012 the color of joy associated with Easter , or purple for a muted version of mourning. The texts used for the service made a similar changeCitation needed|date=February 2012, with the overall theme of the service to be a proclamation of the promise of eternal life made by Jesus. The Rites of Christian Burial , Catholic Publishing Company 1984
Music
The Requiem Mass is notable for the large number of musical compositions that it has inspired, including settings by Requiem (Mozart)|Mozart , Requiem (Verdi)|Verdi , Requiem (Dvorák)|Dvorák , Requiem (Fauré)|Fauré and Requiem (Duruflé)|Duruflé . Originally, such compositions were meant to be performed in liturgical service, with monophonic chant. Eventually the dramatic character of the text began to appeal to composers to an extent that they made the requiem a genre of its own, and the compositions of composers such as Verdi are essentially concert pieces rather than liturgical works.
The following are the texts that have been set to music.
Introit
MultiCol :: Requiem æternam dona eis, Domine, :: et lux perpetua luceat eis. :: Te decet hymnus Deus, in Sion, :: et tibi reddetur votum in Ierusalem. :: Exaudi orationem meam; :: ad te omnis caro veniet. :: Requiem æternam dona eis, Domine, :: et lux perpetua luceat eis.
ColBreak :::Grant them eternal rest, O Lord, :::and let perpetual light shine upon them. :::A hymn becomes you, O God, in Zion , :::and to you shall a vow be repaid in Jerusalem . :::Hear my prayer; :::to you shall all flesh come. :::Eternal rest grant unto them, O Lord, :::and let perpetual light shine upon them.
EndMultiCol
Kyrie eleison
This is as the Kyrie in the Ordinary of the Mass (music)|Mass : MultiCol :: Kyrie eleison; :: Christe eleison; :: Kyrie eleison
ColBreak :::Lord have mercy; :::Christ have mercy; :::Lord have mercy.
EndMultiCol This is Greek language|Greek (????e ????s??, ???st? ????s??, ????e ????s??). Traditionally, each utterance is sung three times.
Gradual
MultiCol :: Requiem æternam dona eis, Domine : :: et lux perpetua luceat eis. :: In memoria æterna erit iustus, :: ab auditione mala non timebit.
ColBreak :::Eternal rest grant unto them, O Lord : :::and let perpetual light shine upon them. :::He shall be justified in everlasting memory, :::and shall not fear evil reports.
EndMultiCol
Tract
MultiCol :: Absolve, Domine, :: animas omnium fidelium defunctorum :: ab omni vinculo delictorum :: et gratia tua illis succurente :: mereantur evadere iudicium ultionis, :: et lucis æternae beatitudine perfrui.
ColBreak :::Forgive, O Lord, :::the souls of all the faithful departed :::from all the chains of their sins :::and by the aid to them of your grace :::may they deserve to avoid the judgment of revenge, :::and enjoy the blessedness of everlasting light.
EndMultiCol
Sequence
Main article|Dies IraeA sequence (poetry)|sequence is a liturgical poem sung, when used, after the Tract (or Alleluia, if present). The sequence employed in the Requiem, Dies Irae , attributed to Thomas of Celano (c. 1200& nbsp;– c. 1260–1270), has been called "the greatest of hymns", worthy of "supreme admiration".cite book |title=The Seven Great Humns of the Mediaeval Church|last=Nott |first=Charles C. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1902|publisher=Edwin S. Gorham |location=New York |isbn= |page=45 |pages= |url= http://books.google.com/books? id=GR87AAAAIAAJ& dq=nott%20seven%20great%20hymns& pg=PA45#v=onepage& q& f=false |accessdate=6 July 2010 The Latin text below is taken from the Requiem Mass in the Tridentine Mass|1962 Roman Missal . The first English version below, translated by William Josiah Irons in 1849,This translation appears in the English Missal and also The Hymnal 1940 of the Episcopal Church in the USA. replicates the rhyme and metre of the original. The second English version is a more Dynamic and formal equivalence|formal equivalence .
0
Day of wrath& #33; O day of mourning! See fulfilled the prophets' warning, Heaven and earth in ashes burning!
The day of wrath, that day Will dissolve the world in ashes As foretold by David and the sibyl!
0
Oh, what fear man's bosom rendeth, when from heaven the Judge descendeth, on whose sentence all dependeth.
How much tremor there will be, when the judge will come, investigating everything strictly!
0
Wondrous sound the trumpet flingeth; through earth's sepulchers it ringeth; all before the throne it bringeth.
The trumpet, scattering a wondrous sound through the sepulchres of the regions, will summon all before the throne.
0
Death is struck, and nature quaking, all creation is awaking, to its Judge an answer making.
Death and nature will marvel, when the creature arises, to respond to the Judge.
0
Lo& #33; the book, exactly worded, wherein all hath been recorded: thence shall judgment be awarded.
The written book will be brought forth, in which all is contained, from which the world shall be judged.
0
When the Judge his seat attaineth, and each hidden deed arraigneth, nothing unavenged remaineth.
When therefore the judge will sit, whatever hides will appear: nothing will remain unpunished.
0
What shall I, frail man, be pleading? Who for me be interceding, when the just are mercy needing?
What am I, miserable, then to say? Which patron to ask, when even the just may only hardly be sure?
0
King of Majesty tremendous, who dost free salvation send us, Fount of pity, then befriend us!
King of tremendous majesty, who freely savest those that have to be saved, save me, source of mercy.
0
Think, good Jesus, my salvation cost thy wondrous Incarnation; leave me not to reprobation!
Remember, merciful Jesus, that I am the cause of thy way: lest thou lose me in that day.
10
Faint and weary, thou hast sought me, on the cross of suffering bought me. shall such grace be vainly brought me?
Seeking me, thou sat tired: thou redeemed me having suffered the Cross: let not so much hardship be lost.
11
Righteous Judge& #33; for sin's pollution grant thy gift of absolution, ere the day of retribution.
Just judge of revenge, give the gift of remission before the day of reckoning.
12
Guilty, now I pour my moaning, all my shame with anguish owning; spare, O God, thy suppliant groaning!
I sigh, like the guilty one: my face reddens in guilt: Spare the supplicating one, God.
13
Thou the sinful woman savedst; thou the dying thief forgavest; and to me a hope vouchsafest.
Thou who absolved Mary, and heardest the robber, gavest hope to me, too.
14
Worthless are my prayers and sighing, yet, good Lord, in grace complying, rescue me from fires undying!
My prayers are not worthy: however, thou, Good Lord, do good, lest I am burned up by eternal fire.
15
With thy favored sheep O place me; nor among the goats abase me; but to thy right hand upraise me.
Grant me a place among the sheep, and take me out from among the goats, setting me on the right side.
16
While the wicked are confounded, doomed to flames of woe unbounded call me with thy saints surrounded.
Once the cursed have been rebuked, sentenced to acrid flames: Call thou me with the blessed.
17
Low I kneel, with heart submission, see, like ashes, my contrition; help me in my last condition.
I meekly and humbly pray, my heart is as crushed as the ashes: perform the healing of mine end.
18
Ah& #33; that day of tears and mourning! From the dust of earth returning man for judgment must prepare him; Spare, O God, in mercy spare him!
Tearful will be that day, on which from the ashes arises the guilty man who is to be judged. Spare him therefore, God.
19
Lord, all pitying, Jesus blest, grant them thine eternal rest. Amen.
Merciful Lord Jesus, grant them rest. Amen.
Offertory
MultiCol :: Domine Iesu Christe, Rex gloriæ, :: libera animas omnium fidelium defunctorum :: de pœnis inferni et de profundo lacu. :: Libera eas de ore leonis, :: ne absorbeat eas tartarus, :: ne cadant in obscurum; :: sed signifer sanctus Michael :: repræsentet eas in lucem sanctam, :: quam olim Abrahæ promisisti et semini eius.
ColBreak :::Lord Jesus Christ, King of glory, :::free the souls of all the faithful departed :::from infernal punishment and the deep pit. :::Free them from the mouth of the lion; :::do not let Tartarus swallow them, :::nor let them fall into darkness; :::but may the standard-bearer Michael (archangel)|Saint Michael , :::lead them into the holy light :::which you once promised to Abraham and his seed.
EndMultiCol MultiCol :: Hostias et preces tibi, Domine, :: laudis offerimus; :: tu suscipe pro animabus illis, :: quarum hodie memoriam facimus. :: Fac eas, Domine, de morte transire ad vitam. :: Quam olim Abrahæ promisisti et semini eius.
ColBreak :::O Lord, we offer You :::sacrifices and prayers of praise; :::accept them on behalf of those souls :::whom we remember today. :::Let them, O Lord, pass over from death to life, :::as you once promised to Abraham and his seed.
EndMultiCol
Sanctus
This is as the Sanctus prayer in the Ordinary of the Mass (music)|Mass : MultiCol :: Sanctus, Sanctus, Sanctus, :: Dominus Deus Sabaoth; :: pleni sunt caeli et terra gloria tua. :: Hosanna in excelsis.
:: Benedictus qui venit in nomine Domini. :: Hosanna in excelsis. (reprise)
ColBreak :::Holy, Holy, Holy, :::Lord God of Hosts; :::Heaven and earth are full of your glory. :::Hosanna in the highest.
:::Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord. :::Hosanna in the highest. (reprise)
EndMultiCol
Agnus Dei
This is as the Agnus Dei in the Ordinary of the Mass (music)|Mass , but with the petitions miserere nobis changed to dona eis requiem , and dona nobis pacem to dona eis requiem sempiternam :
Agnus Dei, qui tollis peccata mundi, dona eis requiem, Agnus Dei, qui tollis peccata mundi, dona eis requiem, Agnus Dei, qui tollis peccata mundi, dona eis requiem sempiternam.
Agnus Dei|Lamb of God , who take away the sins of the world, grant them rest,Lamb of God, who take away the sins of the world, grant them rest,Lamb of God, who take away the sins of the world, grant them eternal rest.
Communion
MultiCol :: Lux æterna luceat eis, Domine, :: cum sanctis tuis in æternum, :: quia pius es. :: Requiem æternam dona eis, Domine; :: et lux perpetua luceat eis ; :: cum Sanctis tuis in æternum, :: quia pius es.
ColBreak :::May everlasting light shine upon them, O Lord, :::with your Saint s forever, :::for you are kind. :::Grant them eternal rest, O Lord, :::and may everlasting light shine upon them. :::with your Saint s forever, :::for you are merciful.
EndMultiCol As mentioned above, there is no Gloria , Alleluia or Credo in these musical settings.
Pie Jesu
Main|Pie JesuSome extracts too have been set independently to music, such as Pie Iesu in the settings of Antonín Dvorák|Dvorák , Gabriel Fauré|Fauré , Maurice Duruflé|Duruflé and John Rutter .
The Pie Jesu consists of the final words of the Dies Irae followed by the final words of the Agnus Dei .
MultiCol :: Pie Jesu Domine, dona eis requiem. :: Dona eis requiem sempiternam.
ColBreak ::: Merciful Lord Jesus, grant them rest; ::: grant them eternal rest.
EndMultiCol Musical Requiem settings sometimes include passages from the "Absolution at the bier" ( Absolutio ad feretrum ) or "Commendation of the dead person" (referred to also as the Absolution of the dead ), which in the case of a funeral, follows the conclusion of the Mass.
Libera Me
Main|Libera MeMultiCol :: Libera me, Domine, de morte æterna, in die illa tremenda: :: Quando cœli movendi sunt et terra. :: Dum veneris iudicare sæculum per ignem. :: Tremens factus sum ego, et timeo, dum discussio venerit, atque ventura ira. :: Quando cœli movendi sunt et terra. :: Dies illa, dies iræ, calamitatis et miseriæ, dies magna et amara valde. :: Dum veneris iudicare sæculum per ignem. :: Requiem æternam dona eis, Domine: et lux perpetua luceat eis.
ColBreak ::: Deliver me, O Lord, from death eternal on that fearful day, ::: when the heavens and the earth shall be moved, ::: when thou shalt come to judge the world by fire. ::: I am made to tremble, and I fear, till the judgment be upon us, and the coming wrath, ::: when the heavens and the earth shall be moved. ::: That day, day of wrath, calamity, and misery, day of great and exceeding bitterness, ::: when thou shalt come to judge the world by fire. ::: Rest eternal grant unto them, O Lord: and let light perpetual shine upon them.
EndMultiCol
In paradisum
Main|In paradisumMultiCol :: In paradisum deducant te Angeli: :: in tuo adventu suscipiant te Martyres, :: et perducant te in civitatem sanctam Ierusalem. :: Chorus Angelorum te suscipiat, :: et cum Lazaro quondam paupere æternam habeas requiem.
ColBreak ::: May Angels lead you into paradise; ::: may the Martyrs receive you at your coming ::: and lead you to the holy city of Jerusalem. ::: May a choir of Angels receive you, ::: and with Lazarus and Dives|Lazarus , who once was poor, may you have eternal rest.
EndMultiCol
History of musical compositions
For many centuries the texts of the requiem were sung to Gregorian chant|Gregorian melodies. The Requiem (Ockeghem)|Requiem by Johannes Ockeghem , written sometime in the latter half of the 15th century, is the earliest surviving polyphony|polyphonic setting. There was a setting by the elder composer Guillaume Dufay|Dufay , possibly earlier, which is now lost: Ockeghem's may have been modelled on it.Fabrice Fitch: "Requiem (2)", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (Accessed January 21, 2007) Many early compositions employ different texts that were in use in different liturgies around Europe before the Council of Trent set down the texts given above. The requiem of Antoine Brumel|Brumel , circa 1500, is the first to include the Dies irae|Dies Iræ . In the early polyphonic settings of the Requiem, there is considerable textural contrast within the compositions themselves: simple chordal or fauxbourdon -like passages are contrasted with other sections of contrapuntal complexity, such as in the Offertory of Ockeghem's Requiem.
In the 16th century, more and more composers set the Requiem mass. In contrast to practice in setting the Mass Ordinary, many of these settings used a cantus-firmus technique, something which had become quite archaic by mid-century. In addition, these settings used less textural contrast than the early settings by Ockeghem and Brumel, although the vocal scoring was often richer, for example in the six-voice Requiem by Jean Richafort which he wrote for the death of Josquin des Prez . Other composers before 1550 include Pedro de Escobar , Antoine de Févin , Cristóbal Morales , and Pierre de La Rue ; that by La Rue is probably the second oldest, after Ockeghem's.
Over 2,000 Requiem compositions have been composed to the present day. Typically the Renaissance settings, especially those not written on the Iberian Peninsula , may be performed a cappella (i.e. without necessary accompanying instrumental parts), whereas beginning around 1600 composers more often preferred to use instruments to accompany a choir, and also include vocal soloists. There is great variation between compositions in how much of liturgical text is set to music.
Most composers omit sections of the liturgical prescription, most frequently the Gradual and the Tract. Gabriel Fauré|Fauré omits the Dies iræ , while the very same text had often been set by French composers in previous centuries as a stand-alone work.
Sometimes composers divide an item of the liturgical text into two or more movements; because of the length of its text, the Dies iræ is the most frequently divided section of the text (as with Mozart, for instance). The Introit and Kyrie , being immediately adjacent in the actual Roman Catholic liturgy, are often composed as one movement.
Musico-thematic relationships among movements within a Requiem can be found as well.
Requiem in concert
Beginning in the 18th century and continuing through the 19th, many composers wrote what are effectively concert works, which by virtue of employing forces too large, or lasting such a considerable duration, prevent them being readily used in an ordinary funeral service; the requiems of François-Joseph Gossec|Gossec , Hector Berlioz|Berlioz , Giuseppe Verdi|Verdi , and Antonín Dvorák|Dvorák are essentially dramatic concert oratorio s. A counter-reaction to this tendency came from the Cecilian movement, which recommended restrained accompaniment for liturgical music, and frowned upon the use of operatic vocal soloists.
Requiem in other rites and churches
Requiem is also used to describe any sacred composition that sets to music religious texts which would be appropriate at a funeral, or to describe such compositions for liturgies other than the Roman Catholic Mass. Among the earliest examples of this type are the German settings composed in the 17th century by Heinrich Schütz and Michael Praetorius , whose works are Lutheran adaptations of the Roman Catholic requiem, and which provided inspiration for the mighty Ein deutsches Requiem|German Requiem by Johannes Brahms|Brahms .A rather exhaustive list of requiem composers can be found on http://www.requiemsurvey.org Requiemsurvey.org
Such works include:
Greek Orthodox Church — Parastas
Russian Orthodox Church —Panikhida
Anglican (English) Requiem
Eastern Christian rites
Main|Memorial service (Orthodox)In the Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic Churches|Greek-Catholic Churches, the requiem is the fullest form of memorial service (Orthodox)|memorial service (lang-el|Parastas, Church Slavonic|Slavonic : ?p?l? ). The normal memorial service is a greatly abbreviated form of Matins , but the Requiem contains all of the psalms, readings, and hymns normally found in the All-Night Vigil (which combines the Canonical Hours of Vespers , Matins and Prime (liturgy)|First Hour ), providing a complete set of proper (liturgy)|propers for the departed. The full requiem will last around three and a half hours. In this format it more clearly represents the original concept of parastas , which means literally, "standing throughout (the night)." Often, there will be a Divine Liturgy celebrated the next morning with further propers for the departed.
Because of their great length, a full Requiem is rarely served. However, at least in the Russian Orthodox Church|Russian liturgical tradition, a Requiem will often be served on the eve before the Canonization#Eastern Orthodox Practice.E2.80.94Glorification|Glorification (canonization) of a saint , in a special service known as the "Last Panikhida."
Anglicanism
The Anglicanism|Anglican Book of Common Prayer contains no Requiem Mass, but instead a service named "The Order for the Burial of the Dead". Within this service are several texts with rubrics stating that they shall be said or sung by the priest or clerks. The first few of these texts are found at the beginning of the service, while the rest are meant to occur during the actual burial of the body into the grave. These texts are typically dividing into seven, and collectively known as "funeral sentences". Composers who have set the Anglican burial service to music include William Croft , Thomas Morley , Thomas Tomkins , Orlando Gibbons , and Henry Purcell . The text of these seven sentences, from the 1662 Book of Common Prayer , is as follows:
I am the resurrection and the life, saith the Lord: he that believeth in me, though he were dead, yet shall he live: and whosoever liveth and believeth in me shall never die.
I know that my Redeemer liveth, and that he shall stand at the latter day upon the earth. And though after my skin worms destroy this body, yet in my flesh shall I see God: whom I shall see for myself, and mine eyes shall behold, and not another.
We brought nothing into this world, and it is certain we can carry nothing out. The Lord gave, and the Lord hath taken away; blessed be the Name of the Lord.
Man that is born of a woman hath but a short time to live, and is full of misery. He cometh up, and is cut down, like a flower; he fleeth as it were a shadow, and never continueth in one stay.
In the midst of life we are in death: of whom may we seek for succour, but of thee, O Lord, who for our sins art justly displeased? Yet, O Lord God most holy, O Lord most mighty, O holy and most merciful Saviour, deliver us not into the bitter pains of eternal death.
Thou knowest, Lord, the secrets of our hearts; shut not thy merciful ears to our prayer; but spare us, Lord most holy, O God most mighty, O holy and merciful Saviour, thou most worthy judge eternal, suffer us not, at our last hour, for any pains of death, to fall from thee.
I heard a voice from heaven, saying unto me, Write, From henceforth blessed are the dead which die in the Lord: even so saith the Spirit: for they rest from their labours.
Modern treatments
In the 20th century the requiem evolved in several new directions. The genre of War Requiem is perhaps the most notable, which comprise of compositions dedicated to the memory of people killed in wartime. These often include extra-liturgical poems of a pacifist or non-liturgical nature; for example, the War Requiem of Benjamin Britten juxtaposes the Latin text with the poetry of Wilfred Owen , Krzysztof Penderecki 's Polish Requiem includes a traditional Polish hymn within the sequence, and Robert Steadman 's Mass in Black intersperses natural environment|environmental poetry and prophecies of Nostradamus . the Holocaust|Holocaust Requiem may be regarded as a specific subset of this type. The World Requiem of John Foulds was written in the aftermath of the First World War and initiated the Royal British Legion 's annual festival of remembrance. Recent requiem works by Taiwan ese composers Tyzen Hsiao and Fan-Long Ko follow in this tradition, honouring victims of the 2-28 Incident and subsequent White Terror . Another recent requiem composed by Hong Kong composer Man-Ching Donald Yu , in remembrance of the victims of the 2008 Sichuan Earthquake .
Lastly, the 20th century saw the development of the secular Requiem, written for public performance without specific religious observance, such as Frederick Delius 's Requiem (Delius)|Requiem , completed in 1916 and dedicated to "the memory of all young Artists fallen in the war",Corleonis, Adrian. http://www.allmusic.com/work/requiem-for-soprano-baritone-double-chorus--orchestra-rt-ii-8-c151935/description Requiem, for soprano, baritone, double chorus & orchestra, RT ii/8 All Music Guide , Retrieved 2011-02-20 and Dmitry Kabalevsky 's War Requiem (Kabalevsky)|War Requiem , a setting of a poem written by Robert Rozhdestvensky especially for the composition.Flaxman, Fred. http://www.compactdiscoveries.com/CompactDiscoveriesArticles/Kabalevsky.html Controversial Comrade Kabalevsky Compact Discoveries with Fred Flaxman , 2007, Retrieved 2011-02-20; Herbert Howells 's unaccompanied Requiem uses Psalm 23 ("The Lord is my shepherd"), Psalm 121 ("I will lift up mine eyes"), "Salvator mundi" ("O Saviour of the world," in English), "Requiem aeternam" (two different settings), and "I heard a voice from heaven." Some composers have written purely instrumental works bearing the title of requiem , as famously exemplified by Britten's Sinfonia da Requiem . Hans Werner Henze 's Das Floß der Medusa , written in 1968 as a requiem for Che Guevara , is properly speaking an oratorio ; Henze's Requiem (Henze)|Requiem is instrumental but retains the traditional Latin titles for the movements. Igor Stravinsky 's Requiem canticles mixes instrumental movements with segments of the "Introit," "Dies irae," "Pie Jesu," and "Libera me."
Notable compositions
Many composers have composed a Requiem. Some of the most notable include the following (in chronological order):
Johannes Ockeghem|Ockeghem : Requiem (Ockeghem)|Requiem , the earliest to survive, written sometime in the mid-to-late 15th century
Tomás Luis de Victoria|Victoria : Requiem of 1603, (part of a longer Officium Defunctorum|Office for the Dead )
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart : Requiem (Mozart)|Requiem in D minor , K. 626 (1791: Mozart died before its completion)
Luigi Cherubini|Cherubini : Requiem (Cherubini)|Requiem in C minor (1815)
Hector Berlioz|Berlioz : Requiem (Berlioz)|Grande Messe des morts (1837)
Johannes Brahms|Brahms : A German Requiem (Brahms)|A German Requiem , Op. 45, based on passages from Martin Luther|Luther's Bible (1869)
Giuseppe Verdi|Verdi : Requiem (Verdi)|Requiem (1874)
Antonín Dvorák|Dvorák : Requiem (Dvorák)|Requiem , Op. 89 (1890)
Gabriel Fauré|Fauré : Requiem (Fauré)|Requiem in D minor , Op. 48 (1890)
Maurice Duruflé|Duruflé : Requiem (Duruflé)|Requiem , Op. 9, based almost exclusively on the chants from the Graduale Romanum (1947)
Benjamin Britten|Britten : War Requiem , Op. 66, which incorporated poems by Wilfred Owen (1962)
Krzysztof Penderecki|Penderecki : Polish Requiem (1984, revised 1993 and 2005)
Andrew Lloyd Webber|Lloyd Webber : Requiem (Lloyd Webber)|Requiem (1985)
John Rutter : Requiem (Rutter)|Requiem , includes Psalm 130 , Psalm 23 and words from the Book of Common Prayer (1985)
Anton Bruckner , Requiem (Bruckner)|Requiem in D minor p. 8, Kinder (2000) Keith William. Westport, Connecticut. The Wind and Wind-Chorus Music of Anton Bruckner Greenwood Press
