Rose

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Biography

A rose is a woody perennial plant|perennial of the genus Rosa , within the family Rosaceae . There are over 100 species. They form a group of erect shrubs, and climbing or trailing plants, with stems that are often armed with sharp Thorns, spines, and prickles|prickles . Flowers are large and showy, in colours ranging from white through yellows and reds. Most species are native to Asia, with smaller numbers native to Europe, North America, and northwest Africa. Species, cultivar s and hybrid (biology)|hybrids are all widely grown for their beauty and fragrance. Rose plants range in size from compact, miniature roses, to climbers that can reach 7 meters in height. Different species hybridize easily, and this has been used in the development of the wide range of garden roses .

The name rose comes from French, itself from Latin rosa , which was perhaps borrowed from Oscan , from Greek language|Greek ??d?? rhodon ( Aeolic Greek|Aeolic ß??d?? wrodon ), related to Old Persian language|Old Persian wrd- , Avestan language|Avestan var?da , Sogdian language|Sogdian ward , Parthian language|Parthian wâr , Armenian language|Armenian vard . American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language , Fourth Edition, s.v. "."

Botany

The leaf|leaves are borne alternately on the stem. In most species they are long, pinnate , with (3–) 5–9 (–13) leaflets and basal stipule s; the leaflets usually have a serrated margin, and often a few small prickles on the underside of the stem. Most roses are deciduous but a few (particularly from South east Asia ) are evergreen or nearly so.

The flower s of most species have five petals, with the exception of Rosa sericea , which usually has only four. Each petal is divided into two distinct lobes and is usually white or pink, though in a few species yellow or red. Beneath the petals are five sepals (or in the case of some Rosa sericea , four). These may be long enough to be visible when viewed from above and appear as green points alternating with the rounded petals. There are multiple Ovary_(plants)#Superior_ovary|superior ovaries that develop into achene s.Mabberley, D.J. 1997. The plant book: A portable dictionary of the vascular plants . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Roses are insect-pollinated in nature.

The Fruit#Aggregate fruit|aggregate fruit of the rose is a berry-like structure called a rose hip . Many of the domestic cultivars do not produce hips, as the flowers are so tightly petalled that they do not provide access for pollination. The hips of most species are red, but a few (e.g. Rosa pimpinellifolia ) have dark purple to black hips. Each hip comprises an outer fleshy layer, the hypanthium , which contains 5–160 "seeds" (technically dry single-seeded fruits called achene s) embedded in a matrix of fine, but stiff, hairs. Rose hips of some species, especially the Dog Rose ( Rosa canina ) and Rugosa Rose ( Rosa rugosa ), are very rich in vitamin C , among the richest sources of any plant. The hips are eaten by fruit-eating bird s such as thrush (bird)|thrushes and waxwing s, which then disperse the seeds in their droppings. Some birds, particularly finch es, also eat the seeds.
While the sharp objects along a rose stem are commonly called "thorns", they are technically thorns, spines and prickles|prickles — outgrowths of the epidermis (the outer layer of tissue of the stem). (True thorns, as produced by e.g. Citrus or Pyracantha , are modified stems, which always originate at a node and which have nodes and internodes along the length of the thorn itself.) Rose prickles are typically sickle-shaped hooks, which aid the rose in hanging onto other vegetation when growing over it. Some species such as Rosa rugosa and Rosa pimpinellifolia have densely packed straight spines, probably an adaptation to reduce browsing by animals, but also possibly an adaptation to trap wind-blown sand and so reduce erosion and protect their root s (both of these species grow naturally on coast al dune|sand dunes ). Despite the presence of prickles, roses are frequently browsed by deer . A few species of roses have only vestigial prickles that have no points.

Species

The genus Rosa is subdivided into four subgenera:

Hulthemia (formerly Simplicifoliae , meaning "with single leaves") containing one or two species from southwest Asia , Rosa persica|R. persica and Rosa berberifolia which are the only roses without leaf#Divisions of the lamina (blade)|compound leaves or stipule s.

Hesperrhodos (from the Greek (language)|Greek for "western rose") contains Rosa minutifolia and Rosa stellata , from North America.

Platyrhodon (from the Greek (language)|Greek for "flaky rose", referring to flaky bark) with one species from east Asia, Rosa roxburghii .

Rosa (the biological type|type subgenus) containing all the other roses. This subgenus is subdivided into 11 sections.

* Banksianae - white and yellow flowered roses from China .

* Bracteatae - three species, two from China and one from India .

* Caninae - pink and white flowered species from Asia , Europe and North Africa .

* Carolinae - white, pink, and bright pink flowered species all from North America .

* Chinensis - white, pink, yellow, red and mixed-color roses from China and Burma .

* Gallicanae - pink to crimson and striped flowered roses from western Asia and Europe .

* Gymnocarpae - one species in western North America ( Rosa gymnocarpa ), others in east Asia.

* Laevigatae - a single white flowered species from China

* Pimpinellifoliae - white, pink, bright yellow, mauve and striped roses from Asia and Europe.

* Rosa (syn. sect. Cinnamomeae ) - white, pink, lilac, mulberry and red roses from everywhere but North Africa .

* Synstylae - white, pink, and crimson flowered roses from all areas.

Uses

Roses are best known as ornamental plants grown for their flowers in the garden and sometimes indoors. They have been also used for commercial perfumery and commercial cut flower crops. Some are used as landscape plants, for hedging and for other utilitarian purposes such as game cover and slope stabilization. They also have minor medicinal uses.

Ornamental plants

The majority of ornamental roses are hybrids that were bred for their flowers. A few, mostly species roses are grown for attractive or scented foliage (such as Rosa glauca and Rosa rubiginosa ), ornamental thorns (such as Rosa sericea ) or for their showy fruit (such as Rosa moyesii ).

Ornamental roses have been cultivated for millennia, with the earliest known cultivation known to date from at least 500 BC in Mediterranean countries, Persia , and China .Jack Goody. The culture of flowers. Cambridge University Press, 1993 Many thousands of rose hybrid (biology)|hybrids and cultivar s have been bred and selected for garden use as flowering plants. Most are double-flowered with many or all of the stamen s having mutated into additional petal s.

In the early 19th century the Josephine Beauharnais|Empress Josephine of France patronized the development of rose breeding at her gardens at Château de Malmaison|Malmaison . As long ago as 1840 a collection numbering over one thousand different cultivars, varieties and species was possible when a rosarium was planted by Loddiges|Loddiges nursery for Abney Park Cemetery , an early Victorian garden cemetery and arboretum in England.

A few species and hybrids are grown for non-floral ornamental use. Among these are those grown for prominent hips, such as the flagon shaped hips of Rosa moyesii . Sometimes even the thorns can be treated as an attraction or curiosity, such as with Rosa sericea .

Cut flowers

Roses are a popular crop for both domestic and commercial cut flowers . Generally they are harvested and cut when in bud, and held in refrigerated conditions until ready for display at their point of sale.

In temperate climates, cut roses are often grown in glasshouses , and in warmer countries they may also be grown under cover in order to ensure that the flowers are not damaged by weather and that pests and disease control can be carried out effectively. Significant quantities are grown in some tropical countries, and these are shipped by air to markets across the world.

Perfume

Rose perfumes are made from attar of roses or rose oil, which is a mixture of volatile essential oil s obtained by steam distilling the crushed petals of roses. An associated product is rose water which is used for cooking, cosmetics, medicine and in religious practices. The production technique originated in Iran|Persia then spread through Arabia and India , and more recently into eastern Europe. In Bulgaria, Iran and Germany, damask roses ( Rosa damascena 'Trigintipetala') are used. In other parts of the world Rosa centifolia is commonly used. The oil is transparent pale yellow or yellow-grey in colour. 'Rose Absolute' is solvent-extracted with hexane and produces a darker oil, dark yellow to orange in colour. The weight of oil extracted is about one three-thousandth to one six-thousandth of the weight of the flowers; for example, about two thousand flowers are required to produce one gram of oil.

The main constituents of attar of roses are the fragrant alcohol s geraniol and l- citronellol ; and rose camphor, an odourless paraffin . ß- Damascenone is also a significant contributor to the scent.

Food and drink

Rose hips are occasionally made into jam , jelly (fruit preserves)|jelly , and marmalade , or are brewed for tea, primarily for their high vitamin C content. They are also pressed and filtered to make rose hip syrup. Rose hips are also used to produce Rose hip seed oil , which is used in skin products and some makeup products.

Rose petals or flower buds are sometimes used to flavour ordinary Tea_blending_and_additives#Flowers|tea . Sometimes they may be used as the sole plant material in herbal tea s.

In France there is much use of rose water|rose syrup , most commonly made from an extract of rose petals. In the United States, this French rose syrup is used to make rose scone s and marshmallow s.
Rose flowers are used as food, also usually as flavouring or to add their scent to food. Other minor uses include candied rose petals.

Rose Creams (rose flavoured fondant enrobed in chocolate, often topped with a crystallised rose petal) are a traditional English confectionery widely available from numerous producers in the UK.

Rose water , made as a byproduct of rose oil production, is widely used in Asian and Middle Eastern cuisine.

Medicine

The rose hip , usually from R. canina is used as a minor source of Vitamin C. The fruits of many species have significant levels of vitamins and have been used as a food supplement. Many roses have been used in herbal and folk medicines. Rosa chinensis has long been used in Chinese traditional medicine. This and other species have been used for stomach problems, and are being investigated for controlling cancer growth. http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx? LatinName=Rosa%20chinensis

Culture

Art

Roses are a favored subject in art and therefore used in various artistic disciplines. They appear in portraits, illustrations, on stamps, as ornaments or as architectural elements.
The Luxembourg born Belgium|Belgian artist and botanist Pierre-Joseph Redouté is known for his detailed watercolours of flowers, particularly roses.
Henri Fantin-Latour was also a prolific painter of still life, particularly flowers including roses. The Rose 'Fantin-Latour' was named after the artist.

Other impressionists including Claude Monet , Paul Cézanne and Pierre-Auguste Renoir have paintings of roses among their works.

Symbolism

The long cultural history of the rose has led to it being used often as a symbol.

Pests and diseases

Wild roses are host plants for a number of pests and diseases. Many of these are also shared with other plants, including especially other genera of the Rosaceae .

Cultivated roses are often subject to severe damage from insect , arachnid and fungal pests and diseases. In many cases they cannot be usefully grown without regular treatment to control these problems.

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