Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller (; 10 November 17599 May 1805) was a German poet, Philosophy|philosopher, historian, and playwright. During the last seventeen years of his life (1788–1805), Schiller struck up a productive, if complicated, friendship with already famous and influential Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. They frequently discussed issues concerning aesthetics, and Schiller encouraged Goethe to finish works he left as sketches. This relationship and these discussions led to a period now referred to as Weimar Classicism. They also worked together on Xenien, a collection of short satirical poems in which both Schiller and Goethe challenge opponents to their philosophical vision.
Early life and career
Friedrich Schiller was born on 10 November 1759, in Marbach am Neckar|Marbach, Duchy of Württemberg|Württemberg as the only son of military doctor Johann Kaspar Schiller (1733–96), and Elisabeth Dorothea Kodweiß (1732–1802). They also had five daughters. His father was away in the Seven Years' War when Friedrich was born. He was named after king Frederick the Great, but he was called Fritz by nearly everyone. Lahnstein 1981, p. 18. Kaspar Schiller was rarely home during the war, but he did manage to visit the family once in a while. His wife and children also visited him occasionally wherever he happened to be stationed. Lahnstein 1981, p. 20. When the war ended in 1763, Schiller's father became a recruiting officer and was stationed in Schwäbisch Gmünd. The family moved with him. Due to the high cost of living—especially the rent—the family moved to nearby Lorch (Württemberg)|Lorch. Lahnstein 1981, p. 20–1.
Although the family was happy in Lorch, Schiller's father found his work unsatisfying. He sometimes took his son with him. Lahnstein 1981, p. 23 In Lorch, Schiller received his primary education. The quality of the lessons was fairly bad, and Friedrich regularly cut class with his older sister. Lahnstein 1981, p. 24. Because his parents wanted Schiller to become a pastor, they had the pastor of the village instruct the boy in Latin and Greek language|Greek. Pastor Moser was a good teacher, and later Schiller named the cleric in his first play Die Räuber ( The Robbers ) after him. As a boy, Schiller was excited by the idea of becoming a cleric and often put on black robes and pretended to preach. Lahnstein 1981, p. 25.
In 1766, the family left Lorch for the Duke of Württemberg's principal residence, Ludwigsburg. Schiller's father had not been paid for three years, and the family had been living on their savings but could no longer afford to do so. So Kaspar Schiller took an assignment to the garrison in Ludwigsburg. Lahnstein 1981, p. 27.
There the Schiller boy came to the attention of Charles Eugene, Duke of Württemberg|Karl Eugen, Duke of Württemberg. He entered the Karlsschule Stuttgart (an elite military academy founded by the Duke), in 1773, where he eventually studied medicine. During most of his short life, he suffered from illnesses that he tried to cure himself.
While at the Karlsschule, Schiller read Jean-Jacques Rousseau|Rousseau and Goethe and discussed Classical ideals with his classmates. At school, he wrote his first play, The Robbers, which dramatizes the conflict between two aristocratic brothers: the elder, Karl Moor, leads a group of rebellious students into the Bohemian forest where they become Robin Hood-like bandits, while Franz Moor, the younger brother, schemes to inherit his father's considerable estate. The play's critique of social corruption and its affirmation of proto-revolutionary republican ideals astounded its original audience. Schiller became an overnight sensation. Later, Schiller would be made an honorary member of the French Republic because of this play.
In 1780, he obtained a post as regimental doctor in Stuttgart, a job he disliked. In order to attend the first performance of The Robbers in Mannheim, Schiller left his regiment without permission. As a result, he was arrested, sentenced to 14 days of imprisonment, and forbidden by Karl Eugen from publishing any further works.
He fled Stuttgart in 1782, going via Frankfurt, Mannheim, Leipzig, and Dresden to Weimar, where he settled in 1787. In 1789, he was appointed professor of History and Philosophy in Jena, where he wrote only historical works.
Marriage and family
On 22 February 1790, Schiller married Charlotte von Lengefeld (1766–1826). Two sons (Karl Friedrich Ludwig and Ernst Friedrich Wilhelm) and two daughters (Karoline Luise Henriette and Luise Henriette Emilie) were born between 1793 and 1804. The last living descendant of Schiller was a grandchild of Emilie, Baron Alexander von Gleichen-Rußwurm, who died at Baden-Baden, Germany, in 1947. at the Schiller Birth House Museum's site
Weimar and later career
Schiller returned with his family to Weimar from Jena in 1799. Goethe convinced him to return to playwriting. He and Goethe founded the Deutsches Nationaltheater and Staatskapelle Weimar|Weimar Theater, which became the leading theater in Germany. Their collaboration helped lead to a renaissance of drama in Germany.
For his achievements, Schiller was Nobility|ennobled in 1802 by the Duke of Weimar, adding the nobiliary particle " von " to his name. He remained in Weimar, Saxe-Weimar until his death at 45 from tuberculosis in 1805.
Legacy and honors
The first significant biography of Schiller was by his sister-in-law Caroline von Wolzogen in 1830.
The coffin containing Schiller's skeleton is in the Weimarer Fürstengruft (Weimar's Ducal Vault), the burial place of Houses of Grand Dukes ( großherzogliches Haus ) of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach in the Historical Cemetery, Weimar|Historical Cemetery of Weimar. On 3 May 2008, scientists announced that DNA tests have shown that the Friedrich Schiller's skull|skull of this skeleton is not Schiller's, and his tomb is now vacant., Der Spiegel, 3 May 2008., Die Welt, 3 May 2008. The physical resemblance between this skull and the extant death mask as well as to portraits of Schiller, had led many experts to believe that the skull was Schiller's.
The city of Stuttgart has named a square Schillerplatz (Stuttgart)|Schillerplatz and erected a statute in his memory on that square in 1839.
In September 2008, Schiller was voted by the audience of the TV channel Arte as the second most important playwright in Europe after William Shakespeare.
Schiller has become an inextricable part of pop culture at the American undergraduate college, Carleton College, in Northfield, Minnesota. Several secret student groups on campus own busts of Schiller, which they show at popular campus events. Other students are set on stealing these busts from the secret societies. https://carltown.carleton.edu/pg/forum/topic/86818/schillers-story/ The Carleton's beloved "DVD Fest" has, in past years, been renamed "The Golden Schillers. http://apps.carleton.edu/goldenschillers/ The college has also named its student dollars "Schillers", https://apps.carleton.edu/campus/onecard/terms/ and the "Schiller Society" is part of the admissions office. http://apps.carleton.edu/student/orgs/schiller/
Freemasonry
Some Freemasons speculate that Schiller was a Freemasonry|Freemason, but this has not been proven. http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/schiller_f/schiller_f.html
In 1787, in his tenth letter about Don Carlos, Schiller wrote: : "I am neither Illuminati nor Mason, but if the fraternization has a moral purpose in common with one another, and if this purpose for human society is the most important,..." Eugen Lennhoff, Oskar Posner, Dieter A. Binder: Internationales Freimaurer Lexikon. Herbig publishing, 2006, ISBN 978-3-7766-2478-6
In a letter from 1829, two Freemasons from Rudolstadt complain about the dissolving of their Lodge Günther zum stehenden Löwen that was honoured by the initiation of Schiller. According to Schiller's great-grandson Alexander von Gleichen-Rußwurm, Schiller was brought to the Lodge by Wilhelm Heinrich Karl von Gleichen-Rußwurm. No membership document has been found.
Writing
Philosophical papers
Schiller wrote many philosophical papers on ethics and aesthetics. He synthesized the thought of Immanuel Kant with the thought of Karl Leonhard Reinhold. He elaborated Christoph Martin Wieland 's concept of the Schöne Seele (beautiful soul), a human being whose emotions have been educated by reason, so that Pflicht und Neigung (duty and inclination) are no longer in conflict with one another; thus beauty, for Schiller, is not merely an aesthetic experience, but a moral one as well: the Good is the Beautiful. His philosophical work was also particularly concerned with the question of human freedom, a preoccupation which also guided his historical researches, such as the Thirty Years' War and the Dutch Revolt, and then found its way as well into his dramas (the Wallenstein trilogy concerns the Thirty Years' War, while Don Carlos addresses the revolt of the Netherlands against Spain.) Schiller wrote two important essays on the question of the sublime ( das Erhabene ), entitled "Vom Erhabenen" and "Über das Erhabene"; these essays address one aspect of human freedom—the ability to defy one's animal instincts, such as the drive for self-preservation, when, for example, someone willingly sacrifices themselves for conceptual ideals.
Dramas
Schiller is considered by most Germans to be Germany's most important classical playwright. Critics like F.J. Lamport and Eric Auerbach have noted his innovative use of dramatic structure and his creation of new forms, such as the melodrama and the bourgeois tragedy. What follows is a brief, chronological description of the plays.
The Robbers ( Die Räuber ): The language of The Robbers is highly emotional, and the depiction of physical violence in the play marks it as a quintessential work of Germany's Romanticism|Romantic ' Sturm und Drang|Storm and Stress ' movement. The Robbers is considered by critics like Peter Brooks (writer)|Peter Brooks to be the first European melodrama. The play pits two brothers against each other in alternating scenes, as one quests for money and power, while the other attempts to create revolutionary anarchy in the Bohemian Forest. The play strongly criticises the hypocrisies of class and religion, and the economic inequities of German society; it also conducts a complicated inquiry into the nature of evil. Schiller was inspired by the play Julius von Tarent by Johann Anton Leisewitz., Encyclopedia Britannica
Fiesco (play)|Fiesco ( Die Verschwörung des Fiesco zu Genua ):
Intrigue and Love ( Kabale und Liebe ): The aristocratic Ferdinand von Walter wishes to marry Luise Miller, the bourgeois daughter of the city's music instructor. Court politics involving the duke's beautiful but conniving mistress Lady Milford and Ferdinand's ruthless father create a disastrous situation reminiscent of Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet . Schiller develops his criticisms of absolutism and bourgeois hypocrisy in this bourgeois tragedy. Act 2, scene 2 is an anti-British parody that depicts a firing-squad massacre. Young Germans who refused to join the Hessian (soldiers)|Hessian s and British to quash the American Revolutionary War are fired upon. The Autobiography of Col. John Trumbull, Sizer 1953 ed., p. 184, n. 13) Giuseppe Verdi 's opera Luisa Miller is based on this play.
Don Carlos (play)|Don Carlos : This play marks Schiller's entrée into historical drama. Very loosely based on the events surrounding the real Carlos, Prince of Asturias|Don Carlos of Spain, Schiller's Don Carlos is another republican figure—he attempts to free Flanders from the despotic grip of his father, King Philip II of Spain|Phillip. The Marquis Posa's famous speech to the king proclaims Schiller's belief in personal freedom and democracy.
The Wallenstein (play)|Wallenstein Trilogy: These plays follow the fortunes of the treacherous commander Albrecht von Wallenstein during the Thirty Years' War.
Mary Stuart (play)|Mary Stuart ( Maria Stuart ): This "revisionist" history of the Scottish queen, who was Elizabeth I's rival, portrays Mary Stuart as a tragic heroine, misunderstood and used by ruthless politicians, including and especially, Elizabeth.
The Maid of Orleans (play)|The Maid of Orleans ( Die Jungfrau von Orleans ): about Joan of Arc
The Bride of Messina ( Die Braut von Messina )
William Tell (play)|William Tell ( Wilhelm Tell )
Demetrius (play)|Demetrius (unfinished)
Aesthetic Letters
A pivotal work by Schiller was ( Über die ästhetische Erziehung des Menschen in einer Reihe von Briefen ), first published 1794, which was inspired by the great disenchantment Schiller felt about the French Revolution, its degeneration into violence and the failure of successive governments to put its ideals into practice. Schiller, On the Aesthetic Education of Man, ed. Wilinson and Willoughby, 1967 (OED) Schiller wrote that "a great moment has found a little people"; he wrote the Letters as a philosophical inquiry into what had gone wrong, and how to prevent such tragedies in the future. In the Letters he asserts that it is possible to elevate the moral character of a people, by first touching their souls with beauty, an idea that is also found in his poem Die Künstler ( The Artists ): "Only through Beauty's morning-gate, dost thou penetrate the land of knowledge."
On the philosophical side, Letters put forth the notion of der sinnliche Trieb / Sinnestrieb ("the sensuous drive") and Formtrieb ("the formal drive"). In a comment to Immanuel Kant 's philosophy, Schiller transcends the dualism between Formtrieb and Sinnestrieb with the notion of Spieltrieb ("the play drive"), derived from, as are a number of other terms, Kant's Critique of Judgment|Critique of the Faculty of Judgment . The conflict between man's material, sensuous nature and his capacity for reason ( Formtrieb being the drive to impose conceptual and moral order on the world), Schiller resolves with the happy union of Formtrieb and Sinnestrieb, the "play drive," which for him is synonymous with artistic beauty, or "living form." On the basis of Spieltrieb, Schiller sketches in Letters a future ideal state (a utopia|eutopia ), where everyone will be content, and everything will be beautiful, thanks to the free play of Spieltrieb. Schiller's focus on the dialectical interplay between Formtrieb and Sinnestrieb has inspired a wide range of succeeding aesthetic philosophical theory, including notably Jacques Rancière 's conception of the "aesthetic regime of art," as well as social philosophy in Herbert Marcuse, in the second part of his important work Eros and Civilization, where he finds Schiller's notion of Spieltrieb useful in thinking a social situation without the condition of modern social alienation. He writes, "Schiller's Letters ... aim at remaking of civilization by virtue of the liberating force of the aesthetic function: it is envisaged as containing the possibility of a new reality principle." Herbert Marcuse|Marcuse, Herbert. Eros and Civilization . Beacon Press. 1966
Works
Plays
The Robbers|Die Räuber ( The Robbers ), 1781
Fiesco (play)|Fiesco ( Die Verschwörung des Fiesco zu Genua ), 1783
Intrigue and Love|Kabale und Liebe ( Intrigue and Love ), 1784
Don Carlos (play)|Don Karlos, Infant von Spanien ( Don Carlos ), Mike Poulton translated this play in 2004. 1787
Wallenstein (play)|Wallenstein, Wallenstein (play)|Wallenstein was translated from a manuscript copy into English as The Piccolomini and Death of Wallenstein by Samuel Taylor Coleridge|Coleridge in 1800. 1800
Mary Stuart (play)|Maria Stuart ( Mary Stuart ), 1800
The Maid of Orleans (play)|Die Jungfrau von Orleans ( The Maid of Orleans ), 1801
Turandot, Prinzessin von China, 1801
The Bride of Messina|Die Braut von Messina ( The Bride of Messina ), 1803
William Tell (play)|Wilhelm Tell ( William Tell ), 1804
Demetrius (play)|Demetrius (unfinished at his death)
Histories
Geschichte des Abfalls der vereinigten Niederlande von der spanischen Regierung or The Revolt of the Netherlands
Geschichte des dreißigjährigen Kriegs or ''A History of the Thirty Years' War
Über Völkerwanderung, Kreuzzüge und Mittelalter or On the Barbarian Invasions, Crusaders and Middle Ages
Translations
Euripides, Iphigenia in Aulis
William Shakespeare, Macbeth
Jean Racine, Phèdre
Carlo Gozzi, Turandot (Gozzi)|Turandot, 1801
Prose
Der Geisterseher or The Ghost-Seer (unfinished novel) (started in 1786 and published periodically. Published as book in 1789)
Über die ästhetische Erziehung des Menschen in einer Reihe von Briefen ( On the Aesthetic Education of Man in a series of Letters ), 1794
The Criminal of Lost Honour|Der Verbrecher aus verlorener Ehre ( Dishonoured Irreclaimable ), 1786
Poems
An die Freude ( Ode to Joy ) (1785) became the basis for the fourth movement of Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven 's Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)|ninth symphony
Der Taucher ( The Diver )
Die Kraniche des Ibykus ( The Cranes of Ibykus )
Der Ring des Polykrates (poem)|Der Ring des Polykrates (''Polycrates' Ring )
Die Bürgschaft ( The Hostage ; set to music by Franz Schubert|Schubert )
Das Lied von der Glocke ( Song of the Bell )
Das verschleierte Bild zu Sais ( The Veiled Statue At Sais )
Der Handschuh ( The Glove )
Nänie (set to music by Johannes Brahms|Brahms )
Quotations
"Stay true to the dreams of thy youth." (Elizabeth, in: Don Carlos )
"Mit der Dummheit kämpfen Götter selbst vergebens," which means "Against stupidity the gods themselves contend in vain." (Talbot, in: The Maid of Orleans )
"Deeper meaning resides in the fairy tales told to me in my childhood than in any truth that is taught in life."
"Eine Grenze hat die Tyrannenmacht", which literally means "A tyrant's power has a limit" (a Swiss freedom fighter, in: Wilhelm Tell )
"The voice of the majority is no proof of justice." (Talbot, in: Maria Stuart )
"It is not flesh and blood but the heart which makes us fathers and sons."
"Live with your century but do not be its creature." (From On the Aesthetic Education of Man )
Musical settings
Ludwig van Beethoven said that a great poem is more difficult to set to music than a merely good one because the composer must rise higher than the poet – "who can do that in the case of Schiller? In this respect Goethe is much easier," wrote Beethoven.
There are relatively few famous musical settings of Schiller's poems. Two notable exceptions are Beethoven's setting of "An die Freude" ( Ode to Joy ) in the final movement of his Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)|Ninth Symphony, and Johannes Brahms ' choral setting of " Nänie ". In addition, several poems were set by Franz Schubert as Lied er, such as " Die Bürgschaft ", mostly for voice and piano. In 2005 Graham Waterhouse set Der Handschuh (Waterhouse)|Der Handschuh (The Glove) for cello and speaking voice.
The Italian composer Giuseppe Verdi admired Schiller greatly and adapted several of his stage plays for his opera s: I masnadieri is based on The Robbers ; '' Giovanna d'Arco on The Maid of Orleans (play)|The Maid of Orleans ; Luisa Miller on Intrigue and Love ; La forza del destino is based partly on Wallenstein (play)|Wallenstein ; and Don Carlos '' on the play of the same title. Gaetano Donizetti|Donizetti's Maria Stuarda is based on Mary Stuart (play)|Mary Stuart, and Gioachino Rossini|Rossini's William Tell (opera)|Guillaume Tell is an adaptation of William Tell (play)|William Tell . Nicola Vaccai 's ''Giovanna d'Arco (1827) is based on The Maid of Orleans and his La sposa di Messina (1839) on The Bride of Messina''. Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky|Tchaikovsky 's 1881 opera The Maid of Orleans (opera)|The Maid of Orleans is partly based on Schiller's work. The 20th century composer Giselher Klebe adapted The Robbers for his first opera of Die Räuber (opera)|the same name, which premiered in 1957.
Schiller's burial
A poem written about the poet's burial:
:Two dim and paltry torches that the raging storm :And rain at any moment threaten to put out. :A waving pall. A vulgar coffin made of pine :With not a wreath, not e'en the poorest, and no train – :As if a crime were swiftly carried to the grave! :The bearers hastened onward. One unknown alone, :Round whom a mantle waved of wide and noble fold, :Followed this coffin. 'Twas the Spirit of Mankind. ::::::– Conrad Ferdinand Meyer
Notes and citations
Bibliography
Engel, Manfred: "Schiller und wir – Ferne aus großer Nähe". Oxford German Studies 37 (2008) 1: 37–49
Schiller's complete works are published in the following excellent editions:
Historical-critical edition by Karl Goedeke|K. Goedeke (17 volumes, Stuttgart, 1867–76)
Säkular-Ausgabe edition by Von der Hellen (16 volumes, Stuttgart, 1904–05)
historical-critical edition by Günther and Witkowski (20 volumes, Leipzig, 1909–10).
Other valuable editions are:
the Hempel edition (1868–74)
the Boxberger edition, in Kürschners National-Literatur (12 volumes, Berlin, 1882–91)
the edition by Kutscher and Zisseler (15 parts, Berlin, 1908)
the Horenausgabe (16 volumes, Munich, 1910, et. seq.)
the edition of the Tempel Klassiker (13 volumes, Leipzig, 1910–11)
Helios Klassiker (6 volumes, Leipzig, 1911).
Documents and other memorials of Schiller are in the :de:Goethe- und Schiller-Archiv|Goethe- und Schiller-Archiv in Weimar.
See also
Musen-Almanach
Friedrich Schiller (train)| Friedrich Schiller (train), an express train in Germany
Copyright Citations
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