Seeger, Pete

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Biography

Peter "Pete" Seeger (born May 3, 1919) is an American folk singer and an iconic figure in the mid-20th-century American folk music revival .See Richard Silverstein,
, Guardian UK, April 30, 2009: "As the iconic folk singer turns 90, we can say that America is a far better country for his having shared his music with us. Pete Seeger, the American troubadour and balladeer of the common man." For Pete Seeger as a cultural icon see also: Minna Bromberg and Alan Fine, "Resurrecting the Red: Pete Seeger and the Purificaton of Difficult Reputations", Social Forces , Vol. 80 (June 2002), No. 4, pp. 1135–1155. They write:

We chart Seeger's reputation through four historical periods: recognition among his peers on the Left (1940s), ruin in the McCarthy period (1950-62), renown among sympathetic subcultures (1960s), and institutionalization as a cultural icon. While it has clear advantages, institutionalization can also have a dampening effect on an artist's oppositional potency.

A fixture on nationwide radio in the 1940s, he also had a string of hit records during the early 1950s as a member of The Weavers , most notably their recording of Lead Belly 's " Goodnight, Irene ", which topped the charts for 13 weeks in 1950.Alec Wilkinson, "The Protest Singer: Pete Seeger and American folk music," in The New Yorker (April 17, 2006), pp. 44–53. Members of The Weavers were blacklist ed during the McCarthyism|McCarthy Era . In the 1960s, he re-emerged on the public scene as a prominent singer of protest song|protest music in support of nuclear disarmament|international disarmament , civil rights , and environmentalism|environmental causes .
As a song writer, he is best known as the author or co-author of " Where Have All the Flowers Gone? ", " If I Had a Hammer|If I Had a Hammer (The Hammer Song) ", (composed with Lee Hays of The Weavers), and " Turn& #33; Turn& #33; Turn& #33; (song)|Turn, Turn, Turn! ", which have been recorded by many artists both in and outside the folk revival movement and are still sung throughout the world. "Flowers" was a hit recording for The Kingston Trio (1962); Marlene Dietrich , who recorded it in English, German and French (1962); and Johnny Rivers (1965). "If I Had a Hammer" was a hit for Peter, Paul & Mary (1962) and Trini Lopez (1963), while The Byrds popularized "Turn, Turn, Turn!" in the mid-1960s, as did Judy Collins in 1964, and The Seekers in 1966. Seeger was one of the folksingers most responsible for popularizing the spiritual " We Shall Overcome " (also recorded by Joan Baez and many other singer-activists) that became the acknowledged anthem of the 1960s African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968)|American Civil Rights Movement , soon after folk singer and activist Guy Carawan introduced it at the founding meeting of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) in 1960. In the PBS " American Masters " episode Pete Seeger: The Power of Song , Seeger states it was he who changed the lyric from the traditional "We will overcome" to the more singable "We shall overcome".

Family and personal life

Seeger was born in French Hospital, Midtown Manhattan . His Yankee-Protestant family, which Seeger called "enormously Christian, in the Puritan, Calvinist New England tradition", David King Dunaway , How Can I Keep From Singing (New York: , revised edition, Villard Books, 2008), p. 17. traced its genealogy back over 200 years. A paternal ancestor, Karl Ludwig Seeger, a physician from Wurtemburg, Germany, had emigrated to America in American Revolution|revolutionary times and married into an old New England family in the 1780s.See
His namesake, Pete's father, Harvard-trained composer and musicologist Charles Louis Seeger|Charles Louis Seeger, Jr. , established the first musicology curriculum in the U.S. at the University of California in 1913; helped found the American Musicological Society ; and was a key founder of the academic discipline of ethnomusicology . Pete's mother, Constance de Clyver Edson, raised in Tunisia and trained at the Paris Conservatory of Music , was a concert violinist and later a teacher at the Juilliard School .Dunaway (2008), p. 20.

In 1912 Charles Seeger was hired to establish the music department at the University of California, Berkeley|University of California at Berkeley , but was forced to resign in 1918 because of his outspoken Pacifism during World War I .According to Dunaway, the British-born president of the university "all but fired" Charles Seeger ( How Can I Keep From Singing , p. 26). Charles and Constance moved back east, making Charles' parents' estate in Patterson, New York , northeast of New York City, their base of operations. When baby Pete was eighteen months old, they set out with him and his two older brothers in a home-made trailer, on a quixotic mission to bring musical uplift to the working people in the American South.Ann Pescatello, Charles Seeger: A Life In Music , 83–85. On their return, Constance taught violin and Charles composition at the New York Institute of Musical Art (later Juilliard School| Juilliard ), whose president, family friend Frank Damrosch , was Constance's adoptive "uncle". Charles also taught part time at the New School for Social Research . Career and money tensions led to quarrels and reconciliations, but when Charles discovered Constance had opened a secret bank account in her own name, they separated, and Charles took custody of their three sons.Dunaway, How Can I Keep From Singing , p. 32. Frank Damrosch, siding with Constance, fired Charles from Juilliard, see Judith Tick, ''Ruth Crawford Seeger: a Composer's Search for American Music'' (Oxford University Press, 1997), pp. 224–25. Beginning in 1936, Charles held various administrative positions in the federal government's Resettlement Administration|Farm Resettlement program , the Works Projects Administration| WPA 's Federal Music Project (1938–1940), and the wartime Pan American Union . After World War II , he taught ethnomusicology at the University of California and Yale University.Dunaway, How Can I Keep From Singing , pp. 22, 24.Winkler (2009), p. 4.

Charles and Constance Seeger divorced when Pete Seeger was seven, and in 1932 Charles married his composition student and assistant, Ruth Crawford Seeger , now considered by many one of the most important Modernism (music)|modernist composer s of the 20th century.See Judith Tick, Deeply interested in folk music, Ruth had contributed musical arrangements to Carl Sandburg 's extremely influential folk song anthology Carl Sandburg# folk music|the American Songbag (1927) and later created significant original settings to eight of Sandburg's poems. Pete's eldest brother, Charles Seeger III, was a radio astronomer, and his next older brother, John Seeger, taught in the 1950s at the Dalton School in Manhattan and was the principal from 1960 to 1976 at Ethical Culture Fieldston School|Fieldston Lower School in the Bronx . Pete's uncle, Alan Seeger , a noted poet ("I Have a Rendezvous with Death"), had been one of the first American soldiers to be killed in First World War. All four of Pete's half siblings from his father's second marriage – Margaret (Peggy), Mike, Barbara, and Penelope (Penny) – became folk singers. Peggy Seeger , a well-known performer in her own right, was married for many years to British folk singer and activist Ewan MacColl . Mike Seeger was a founder of the New Lost City Ramblers , one of whose members, John Cohen (musician)|John Cohen , married Pete's half-sister Penny (herself a talented singer who died young); Barbara Seeger joined her siblings in recording folks songs for children.

In 1943, Pete married Toshi-Aline Ota, whom he credits with being the support that helped make the rest of his life possible. Their first child, Peter Ota Seeger, was born in 1944 and died at six months while Pete was deployed overseas. Pete never saw him.Dunaway, How Can I Keep From Singing , p. 131. They went on to have three more children: Daniel (an accomplished photographer and filmmaker); Mika Seeger|Mika (Potter and muralist); and Tinya Seeger (Potter) – and grandchildren Tao Rodríguez-Seeger|Tao (musician); Cassie Seeger (Artist); Kitama Cahill-Jackson (filmmaker); Moraya; Penny; and Isabelle. Tao is a folk musician in his own right, singing and playing guitar, banjo and harmonica with the Mammals . Kitama Jackson is a documentary film maker who was associate producer of the PBS documentary Pete Seeger: The Power of Song .

Seeger lives in Beacon, New York. He remains very engaged politically and maintains an active lifestyle in the Hudson Valley Region of New York, especially in the nearby Beacon, New York|City of Beacon, New York . He and Toshi purchased their land in 1949 and lived there first in a trailer, then in a log cabin they built themselves.Wilkinson, The Protest Singer (2006), pp. 47–48.

Musical career

Early work

At four, Seeger was sent away to boarding school , but came home two years later, when his parents learned the school had failed to inform them he had contracted scarlet fever.Wilkinson, "The Protest Singer" (2006) p. 50 and Dunaway, How Can I Keep From Singing , p. 32. He attended first and second grades in Nyack, New York, where his mother lived, before entering boarding school in Ridgefield, Connecticut.Alec Wilkinson, The Protest Singer: An Intimate Portrait of Pete Seeger (New York: Knopf, 2009), p. 43. Despite being classical musicians, his parents did not press him to play an instrument. On his own, the otherwise bookish and withdrawn boy gravitated to the ukulele , becoming adept at entertaining his classmates with it, while laying the basis for his subsequent remarkable audience rapport. At thirteen, Seeger entered prep school at the Avon Old Farms boarding school in Connecticut , where he was selected to attend Camp Rising Sun , the Louis August Jonas Foundation's international summer leadership program. During the summer of 1936, while traveling with his father and stepmother, Pete heard the five-string banjo for the first time at the Bascom Lamar Lunsford#The Mountain Dance and Folk Festival|Mountain Dance and Folk Festival in western North Carolina near Asheville, North Carolina| Asheville , organized by local folklorist, lecturer, and traditional music performer Bascom Lamar Lunsford , whom Charles Seeger had hired for Resettlement Administration| Farm Resettlement music projects.Dunaway, How Can I Keep From Singing , pp. 48-49. The festival took place in a covered baseball field. There the Seegers

watched square-dance teams from Bear Wallow, Happy Hollow, Cane Creek, Spooks Branch, Cheoah Valley, Bull Creek, and Soco Gap; heard the five-string banjo player Samantha Bumgarner ; and family string bands, including a group of Indians from the Cherokee reservation who played string instruments and sang ballads. They wandered among the crowds who camped out at the edge of the field, hearing music being make there as well. As Lunsford’s daughter would later recall, those country people "held the riches that Dad had discovered. They could sing, fiddle, pick the banjos, and guitars with traditional grace and style found nowhere else but deep in the mountains. I can still hear those haunting melodies drift over the ball park."Judith Tick, Ruth Crawford Seeger , p. 239.

For the Seegers, experiencing the beauty of this music firsthand was a "conversion experience". Pete was deeply affected and, after learning basic strokes from Lunsford, spent much of the next four years trying to master the five-string banjo.Judith Tick, Ruth Crawford Seeger , p. 239. The teenage Seeger also sometimes accompanied his parents to regular Saturday evening gatherings in at the Greenwich Village loft of painter and art teacher Thomas Hart Benton (painter)|Thomas Hart Benton and his wife Rita. Benton, a lover of Americana, played Cindy (folk song)|"Cindy" and " Old Joe Clark " with his students Charles Pollock| Charlie and Jackson Pollock ; friends from the Old-time music| "hillbilly" recording industry; as well as avant-garde music|avant-garde composers Carl Ruggles and Henry Cowell . It was at one of Benton's parties that Pete heard " John Henry (folklore)# music|John Henry " for the first time.Judith Tick, Ruth Crawford Seeger , p. 235. According to John Szwed, Jackson Pollock, later famous for his "drip" paintings, played harmonica, having smashed his violin in frustration, see: Alan Lomax: The Man Who Recorded the World (Viking, 2010), p. 88.

Seeger enrolled at Harvard College on a partial scholarship, but as he became increasingly involved with politics and folk music, his grades suffered and he lost his scholarship. He dropped out of college in 1938.According to Wilkinson, "The Protest Singer" (2006), p. 51, after failing one of his winter exams and losing his scholarship. He dreamed of a career in journalism and also took courses in art. His first musical gig was leading students in folk singing at the Dalton School, where his aunt was principal. He polished his performance skills during summer stint of touring New York State with The Vagabond Puppeteers (Jerry Oberwager, 22; Mary Wallace, 22; and Harriet Holtzman, 23), a traveling puppet theater "inspired by rural education campaigns of post-revolutionary Mexico". Dunaway, How Can I Keep From Singing , pp. 61–63. One of their shows coincided with a strike by dairy farmers. The group reprised its act in October in New York City. An article in the October 2, 1939, Daily Worker reported on the Puppeteers' six-week tour this way:

During the entire trip the group never ate once in a restaurant. They slept out at night under the stars and cooked their own meals in the open, very often they were the guests of farmers. At rural affairs and union meetings, the farm women would bring "suppers" and would vie with each other to see who could feed the troupe most, and after the affair the farmers would have earnest discussions about who would have the honor of taking them home for the night.

"They fed us too well," the girls reported. "And we could live the entire winter just by taking advantage of all the offers to spend a week on the farm."

In the farmers' homes they talked about politics and the farmers’ problems, about antisemitism and Unionism, about war and peace and social security—"and always," the puppeteers report, "the farmers wanted to know what can be done to create a stronger unity between themselves and city workers. They felt the need of this more strongly than ever before, and the support of the CIO in their milk strike has given them a new understanding and a new respect for the power that lies in solidarity. One summer has convinced us that a minimum of organized effort on the part of city organizations—unions, consumers’ bodies, the American Labor Party and similar groups—can not only reach the farmers but weld them into a pretty solid front with city folks that will be one of the best guarantees for progress.Emery, Lawrence, "Interesting Summer: Young Puppeteers in Unique Tour of Rural Areas," quoted on

That fall Seeger took a job in Washington, D.C., assisting Alan Lomax , a friend of his father's, at the Archive of American Folk Song of the Library of Congress . Seeger's job was to help Lomax sift through commercial " African American music|race " and " Old-time music|hillbilly " music and select recordings that best represented American folk music, a project funded by the music division of the Pan American Union (later the Organization of American States ), of whose music division his father, Charles Seeger, was head (1938–53).The resultant 22-page mimeographed "List of American Folk Music on Commercial Recordings", issued in 1940 and mailed by Lomax out to academic folklore scholars, became the basis of Harry Everett Smith|Harry Smith's celebrated Anthology of American Folk Music on Folkways Records . Seeger also did similar work for Lomax at Decca Records|Decca in the late 1940s. Lomax also encouraged Seeger's folk singing vocation, and Seeger was soon appearing as a regular performer on Alan Lomax and Nicholas Ray 's weekly CBS|Columbia Broadcasting show Back Where I Come From (1940–41) alongside of Josh White , Burl Ives , Leadbelly , and Woody Guthrie (whom he had first met at Will Geer 's Grapes of Wrath benefit concert for migrant workers on March 3, 1940). Back Where I Come From was unique in having a Racial integration|racially integrated cast, which made news when it performed in March 1941 at a command performance at the White House organized by Eleanor Roosevelt called "An Evening of Songs for American Soldiers,", Time , March 3, 1941. Accessed online 30 September 2008. before an audience that included the U.S. Secretary of War|Secretaries of War , U.S. Secretary of the Treasury|Treasury , and the U.S. Secretary of the Navy|Navy , among other notables. The show was a success but was not picked up by commercial sponsors for nationwide broadcasting because of its integrated cast. During World War II|the war , Seeger also performed on nationwide radio broadcasts by Norman Corwin .

Group recordings

As a self-described "split tenor" (between an alto and a tenor),Wilkinson, "The Protest Singer" (2006), p. 47. Pete Seeger was a founding member of two highly influential folk groups: The Almanac Singers and The Weavers . The Almanac Singers , which Seeger co-founded in 1941 with Millard Lampell and Arkansas singer and activist Lee Hays , was a topical group, designed to function as a singing newspaper promoting the industrial unionization movement,See the Wikipedia entry on the Congress of Industrial Organizations|CIO . racial and religious inclusion, and other progressive causes. Its personnel included, at various times: Woody Guthrie , Bess Lomax Hawes , Baldwin "Butch" Hawes , Sis Cunningham , Josh White , and Sam Gary . As a controversial Almanac singer, the 21-year-old Seeger performed under the stage name "Pete Bowers" to avoid compromising his father's government career.

In 1950, the Almanacs were reconstituted as The Weavers , named after the title of a 1892 play by Gerhart Hauptmann about a workers' strike (which contained the lines, "We'll stand it no more, come what may!"). Besides Pete Seeger (performing under his own name), members of the Weavers included charter Almanac member Lee Hays, Ronnie Gilbert and Fred Hellerman (later, Frank Hamilton (musician)|Frank Hamilton , Erik Darling and Bernie Krause serially took the place of Seeger). In the atmosphere of the 1950s red scare, the Weavers' repertoire had to be less overtly topical than that of the Almanacs had been, and its progressive message was couched in indirect language—arguably rendering it even more powerful. The Weavers even on occasion performed in tuxedos (unlike the Almanacs, who had dressed informally) and their managers refused to let them perform at political venues. Because of this, the somewhat hokey string orchestra and chorus arrangements on their hit records with Decca Records , and, no doubt also because of their considerable, if temporary, financial success, the Weavers incurred criticism from some progressives for supposedly compromising their political integrity. It was a tricky dilemma, but Seeger and the other Weavers felt that the imperative of getting their music and their message out to the widest possible audience amply justified these measures.
The Weavers' string of major Chart-topper|hit s began with "On Top of Old Smokey" and an arrangement of Leadbelly 's signature waltz, "Goodnight, Irene," which topped the charts for 13 weeks in 1950 and was covered by many other pop singers. On the flip side of "Irene" was the Israeli song " Tzena, Tzena, Tzena ." Other Weaver hits included Woody Guthrie discography#1940, RCA Victor Sessions, Dust Bowl Ballads|Dusty Old Dust" ("So Long It's Been Good to Know You") (by Woody Guthrie ), " Kisses Sweeter Than Wine (song)|Kisses Sweeter Than Wine " (by Hays, Seeger, and Lead Belly), the South African Zulu song, " Wimoweh " (about "the lion," warrior chief Shaka Zulu ), to name a few.

The Weavers' performing career was abruptly derailed in 1953 at the peak of their popularity when blacklisting prompted radio stations to refuse to play their records and all their bookings were canceled. They briefly returned to the stage, however, at a sold-out reunion at Carnegie Hall in 1955 and in a subsequent reunion tour , which produced a hit version of Merle Travis 's " Sixteen Tons " as well as LPs of their concert performances. " Kumbaya ," a Gullah black spiritual dating from slavery days, was also introduced to wide audiences by Pete Seeger and the Weavers (in 1959), becoming a staple of Boy and Girl Scout campfires.

In the late 1950s, the Kingston Trio was formed in direct imitation of (and homage to) the Weavers, covering much of the latter's repertoire, though with a more buttoned-down, uncontroversial, and mainstream collegiate persona. The Kingston Trio produced another phenomenal succession of Billboard chart hits and in its turn spawned a legion of imitators, laying the groundwork for the 1960s commercial folk revival.

In the documentary film Pete Seeger: The Power of Song (2007), Seeger states that he resigned from the Weavers when the three other band members agreed to perform a jingle for a Tobacco advertising|cigarette commercial .

Banjo and 12-string guitar

In 1948, Seeger wrote the first version of his now-classic How to Play the Five-String Banjo , a book that many banjo players credit with starting them off on the musical instrument|instrument . He went on to invent the Long Neck or Seeger banjo. This instrument is three frets longer than a typical banjo, is slightly longer than a bass guitar at 25 frets, and is tuned a minor third lower than the normal 5-string banjo. Hitherto strictly limited to the Appalachian region, the five-string banjo became known nationwide as the American folk instrument par excellence, largely thanks to Seeger's championing of and improvements to it. According to an unnamed musician quoted in David King Dunaway 's biography, "by nesting a resonant chord between two precise notes, a melody note and a chiming note on the fifth string", Pete Seeger "gentrified" the more percussive traditional Appalachian "frailing" style, "with its vigorous hammering of the forearm and its percussive rapping of the fingernail on the banjo head."Dunaway, How Can I Keep From Singing , p. 100. Although what Dunaway's informant describes is the age-old droned frailing style, the implication is that Seeger made this more acceptable to mass audiences by omitting some of its percussive complexities, while presumably still preserving the characteristic driving rhythmic quality associated with the style.

From the late 1950s on, Seeger also accompanied himself on the 12-string guitar , an instrument of Mexican origin that had been associated with Lead Belly , who had styled himself "the King of the 12-String Guitar". Seeger's distinctive custom-made guitars had a triangular soundhole. He combined the long scale length (approximately 28") and capo-to-key techniques that he favored on the banjo with a variant of Drop D tuning|drop-D (DADGBE) tuning , tuned two whole steps down with very heavy strings, which he played with thumb and finger picks..

Introduction of the "Steel Pan" to U.S. Audiences

In 1956, then "Peter" Seeger (see film credits) and his wife, Toshi, traveled to Port of Spain, Trinidad, to seek out information on the steel pan, steel drum or "Ping-Pong" as it was sometimes called. The two searched out a local panyard and proceeded to film the construction, tuning and playing of the then new, national instrument of Trinidad-Tobago.

Recent work

Obama Inaugural Celebration

On January 18, 2009, Seeger joined Bruce Springsteen , grandson Tao Rodríguez-Seeger , and the crowd in singing the Woody Guthrie song " This Land Is Your Land " in the finale of Barack Obama's Inaugural concert in Washington, D.C.Tommy Stevenson, , Tuscaloosa News , January 18, 2009. Accessed January 19, 2009.Maria Puente and Elysa Gardner, , USA Today , January 19, 2008. Accessed January 20, 2009. The performance was noteworthy for the inclusion of This Land Is Your Land#Confirmation_of_two_other_verses|two verses not often included in the song, one about a "private property" sign the narrator cheerfully ignores, and the other making a passing reference to a Great Depression|Depression -era relief office.. Accessed January 20, 2009.

90th Birthday Celebration

On May 3, 2009, at The Clearwater Concert , dozens of musicians gathered in New York at Madison Square Garden to celebrate Seeger's 90th birthday (which was later televised on Public Broadcasting Service|PBS during the summer), ranging from Dave Matthews , John Mellencamp , Billy Bragg , Bruce Springsteen , Tom Morello , Ani DiFranco and Roger McGuinn to Joan Baez , Richie Havens , Tom Paxton , Ramblin' Jack Elliott and Arlo Guthrie . Cuban singer-songwriter Silvio Rodríguez was also invited to appear but his visa was not approved in time by the US government. Consistent with Seeger's long-time advocacy for environmental concerns, the proceeds from the event benefited the Hudson River Sloop Clearwater ,. a non-profit organization founded by Seeger in 1966, to defend and restore the Hudson River . Seeger's 90th Birthday was also celebrated at The College of Staten Island on May 4.Here are links to other "For Pete's Sake: Sing!" 90th-birthday shows on Sunday, May 3:
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Other appearances (2000s)

On March 16, 2007, Pete Seeger, his sister Peggy Seeger|Peggy , his brothers Mike Seeger|Mike and John, his wife Toshi, and other family members spoke and performed at a symposium and concert sponsored by the American Folklife Center in honor of the Seeger family, held at the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C.,. 2007 symposium and concert, American Folklife Center, Library of Congress (web presentation includes program, photographs, and webcasts). where Pete Seeger had been employed by the Archive of American Folk Song 67 years earlier.

On September 29, 2008, the 89-year-old singer-activist, once banned from commercial TV, made a rare national TV appearance on the Late Show with David Letterman , singing "Take It From Dr. King". In September 2008, Appleseed Recordings released At 89 , Seeger's first studio album in 12 years.

On September 19, Pete Seeger made his first appearance at the 52nd Monterey Jazz Festival, particularly notable because the Festival does not normally feature folk artists.

On April 18, 2009, Pete Seeger performed in front of a small group of Earth Day celebrants at Teachers College in New York City. Among the songs he performed were "This Land is Your Land", "Take it From Dr. King", and "She'll Be Coming 'Round the Mountain".

2010s

In 2010, still active at the age of 91, Seeger co-wrote and performed the song "God's Counting on Me, God's Counting on You" with Lorre Wyatt , commenting on the Deepwater Horizon oil spill .Patrick Doyle, , Rolling Stone online, 26 July 2010. Retrieved 27 July 2010.

On October 21, 2011, at age 92, Pete Seeger was part of a solidarity march with Occupy Wall Street to Columbus Circle in New York City. The march began with Seeger and fellow musicians exiting Symphony Space (95th and Broadway), where they had performed as part of a benefit for Seeger's Clearwater organization. Thousands of people crowded Pete Seeger by the time they reached Columbus Circle. Pete Seeger performed with his grandson, Tao Rodriguez-Seeger, Arlo Guthrie , David Amram, and other celebrated musicians. http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=4IPd_OkeVtI The event, promoted under the name #OccupyTheCircle, was LiveStreamed, and dubbed by some as "The Pete Seeger March".
He contributed a spoken version of Forever Young (Bob Dylan song)|Forever Young to the 2012 album Chimes of Freedom: Songs of Bob Dylan Honoring 50 Years of Amnesty International .

On April 26, 2012, tens of thousands of Norwegians gathered in a show of unity at a rally in Oslo to sing Pete Seeger's song "My Rainbow Race" which Anders Behring Breivik|a mass murderer had ridiculed as an example of "Marxist" brainwashing. The shooter was on trial for killing 77 people on July 22, 2011, insisting that his victims, who included 69 children, were traitors. The song, which Seeger wrote in 1971 to protest the war in Vietnam, has long been a popular children's song in Norway. Its lyrics include the lines: "Some want to take the easy way / Poisons, bombs& #33; They think we need 'em. / Don't they know you can't kill all the unbelievers. / There's no shortcut to freedom." Folksinger Lillebjørn Nilsen, author of the Norwegian version, led a crowd of over 40,000 in singing in both Norwegian and English. "I grew up with this song and have sung it to my child," said Lill Hjønnevåg, one of the organizers of the demonstration." Another organizer, blogger Bagnhild Holmås, said that although song might be Utopian, "the message is far from cheesy. & #91;The killer& #93; thinks we're brainwashed anyway, but it's important to show our distance. . . ." Culture ministers from Sweden, Denmark, the Faroe Islands and Iceland joined in the singing.. From the U.S. Pete Seeger voiced his support of the event.

Activism

1930s and 1940s

In 1936, at the age of 17, Pete Seeger joined the Young Communist League, USA|Young Communist League (YCL), then at the height of its popularity and influence. In 1942 he became a member of the Communist Party USA (CPUSA) itself. He eventually "drifted away" (his words) from the Party in the late 1940s and 1950s.He later commented "Innocently I became a member of the Communist Party, and when they said fight for peace, I did, and when they said fight Hitler, I did. I got out in ’49, though.... I should have left much earlier. It was stupid of me not to. My father had got out in ’38, when he read the testimony of the trials in Moscow, and he could tell they were forced confessions. We never talked about it, though, and I didn’t examine closely enough what was going on.... I thought Stalin was the brave secretary Stalin, and had no idea how cruel a leader he was." Wilkinson, "The Protest Singer" (2006), p. 52; see also The Protest Singer: An Intimate Portrait (2009), p. 114.

In the spring of 1941, the twenty-one-year-old Seeger performed as a member of the Almanac Singers along with Millard Lampell, Cisco Houston, Woody Guthrie, Butch and Bess Lomax Hawes , and Lee Hays. Seeger and the Almanacs cut several albums of 78s on Keynote and other labels, Songs for John Doe (recorded in late February or March and released in May 1941), the Talking Union , and an album each of sea chanteys and pioneer songs. Written by Millard Lampell, Songs for John Doe was performed by Lampell, Seeger, and Hays, joined by Josh White and Sam Gary. It contained lines such as, "It wouldn't be much thrill to die for Du Pont in Brazil," that were sharply critical of Roosevelt's unprecedented peacetime draft (enacted in September 1940). This anti-war/anti-draft tone reflected the Communist Party line after the 1939 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact , which maintained the war was "phony" and a mere pretext for big American corporations to get Hitler to attack Soviet Russia. Seeger has said he believed this line of argument at the time& mdash;as did many fellow members of the Young Communist League (YCL). Though nominally members of the Popular Front , which was allied with Roosevelt and more moderate liberals, the YCL's members still smarted from Roosevelt and Churchill's arms embargo to Loyalist Spain (which Roosevelt later called a mistake),
and the alliance frayed in the confusing welter of events.

A June 16, 1941, review in Time (magazine)|Time magazine, which under its owner, Henry Luce , had become very interventionist, denounced the Almanacs' John Doe , accusing it of scrupulously echoing what it called "the mendacious Moscow tune" that "Franklin Roosevelt is leading an unwilling people into a J. P. Morgan war." Eleanor Roosevelt, a fan of folk music, reportedly found the album "in bad taste," though President Roosevelt, when the album was shown to him, merely observed, correctly as it turned out, that few people would ever hear it. More alarmist was the reaction of eminent German-born Harvard Professor of Government Carl Joachim Friedrich , an adviser on domestic propaganda to the US military. In a review in the June 1941 Atlantic Monthly , entitled "The Poison in Our System," he pronounced Songs for John Doe "...strictly subversive and illegal," "...whether Communist or Nazi financed," and "a matter for the attorney general," observing further that "mere" legal "suppression" would not be sufficient to counteract this type of populist poison,. Note: Dunaway misses the significance of military propagandist Carl Joachim Friedrich, when he mistakenly refers to him as "Karl Frederick," an error other writers who relied on Dunaway repeated. the poison being folk music, and the ease with which it could be spread.Friedrich's review concluded: "The three records sell for one dollar and you are asked to ‘play them in your home, play them in your union hall, take them back to your people.’ Probably some of these songs fall under the criminal provisions of the Selective Service Act, and to that extent it is a matter for the Attorney-General. But you never can handle situations of this kind democratically by mere suppression. Unless civic groups and individuals will make a determined effort to counteract such appeals by equally effective methods, democratic morale will decline." Upon US entry into the war in 1942, Friedrich became chairman of the Executive Committee of the Council for Democracy, charged with combatting isolationism, and had his reprinted as one of several pamphlets which he sent to radio network executives.

At that point, the U.S. had not yet entered the war but was energetically re-arming. African American s were barred from working in defense plants, a situation that greatly angered both African Americans and white progressives. Black union leaders A. Philip Randolph , Bayard Rustin , and A. J. Muste began planning a huge march on Washington to protest racial discrimination in war industries and to urge desegregation of the armed forces. The march, which many regard as the first manifestation of the Civil Rights Movement, was canceled after President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802 (The Fair Employment Act) of June 25, 1941, barring discrimination in hiring by companies holding federal contracts for defense work. This Presidential act defused black anger considerably, although the US army still refused to desegregate, declining to participate in what it called " Social engineering (political science)|social engineering ."

Roosevelt's order came three days after Hitler broke the non-aggression pact and invaded the Soviet Union. The Communist Party now immediately directed its members to get behind the draft, and it also forbade participation in strikes for the duration of the war (angering some leftists). Copies of Songs for John Doe were removed from sale, and the remaining inventory destroyed, though a few copies may exist in the hands of private collectors.Although the Almanacs were accused -- both at the time and in subsequent histories -- of reversing their attitudes in response to the Communist Party's new party line, "Seeger has pointed out that virtually all progressives reversed course and supported the war. He insists that no one, Communist Party or otherwise, told the Almanacs to change their songs. (Seeger interview with Reuss 4/9/68)" quoted in William G. Roy, . The Almanac Singers' Talking Union album, on the other hand, was reissued as an LP by Folkways Records|Folkways (FH 5285A) in 1955 and is still available. The following year the Almanacs issued Dear Mr. President (Almanac Singers album)|Dear Mr. President , an album in support of Roosevelt and the war effort. The title song, "Dear Mr. President," was a solo by Pete Seeger, and its lines expressed his life-long credo:

Now, Mr. President, / We haven't always agreed in the past, I know, / But that ain't at all important now. / What is important is what we got to do, / We got to lick Mr. Hitler, and until we do, / Other things can wait.//

Now, as I think of our great land . . . / I know it ain't perfect, but it will be someday, / Just give us a little time. // This is the reason that I want to fight, / Not 'cause everything's perfect, or everything's right. / No, it's just the opposite: I'm fightin' because / I want a better America, and better laws, / And better homes, and jobs, and schools, / And no more Jim Crow, and no more rules like / "You can't ride on this train 'cause you're a Negro," / "You can't live here 'cause you're a Jew,"/ "You can't work here 'cause you're a union man."//

So, Mr. President, / We got this one big job to do / That's lick Mr. Hitler and when we're through, / Let no one else ever take his place / To trample down the human race. / So what I want is you to give me a gun / So we can hurry up and get the job done.

Seeger's critics, however, have continued to bring up the Almanacs' repudiated Songs for John Doe . In 1942, a year after the John Doe album's brief appearance (and disappearance), the FBI decided that the now-pro-war Almanacs were still endangering the war effort by subverting recruitment. According to the New York World Telegram (February 14, 1942), Carl Friedrich's 1941 article "The Poison in Our System" was printed up as a pamphlet and distributed by the Council for Democracy (an organization that Friedrich and Henry Luce 's right hand man, C. D. Jackson , Vice President of Time (magazine)|Time magazine, had founded "...to combat all the nazi, fascist, communist, pacifist..." antiwar groups in the United States).Blanche Wiessen Cook, Eisenhower Declassified (Doubleday, 1981), page 122. "The Council was a limited affair," Cook writes, "...that served mostly to highlight Jackson's talents as a propagandist." and was shown to the Almanac's employers in order to keep them off the air. Coincidentally, defamatory reviews and gossip items appeared in New York newspapers whenever they performed in public, and ultimately the Almanacs had to disband.See:

Seeger served in the United States Army|US Army in the Pacific Ocean theater of World War II|Pacific . He was trained as an airplane mechanic, but was reassigned to entertain the American troops with music. Later, when people asked him what he did in the war, he always answered "I strummed my banjo." After returning from service, Seeger and others established People's Songs , conceived as a nationwide organization with branches on both coasts and designed to "Create, promote and distribute songs of labor and the American People"People's Songs Inc. People's Songs Newsletter No 1. February 1946. Old Town School of Folk Music Resource center collection. With Pete Seeger as its director, People's Songs worked for the 1948 presidential campaign of Roosevelt's former Secretary of Agriculture and Vice President, Henry A. Wallace , who ran as a third-party candidate on the Progressive Party (United States, 1948)|Progressive Party ticket. Despite having attracted enormous crowds nationwide, however, Wallace won only in New York City, and, in the red-baiting frenzy that followed, he was excoriated (as Roosevelt had not been) for accepting the help in his campaign of Communists and fellow travelers such as Seeger and singer Paul Robeson .American Masters: "Pete Seeger: The Power of Song - KQED (TV)|KQED Broadcast 2-27-08.

Spanish Civil War songs

Seeger had been a fervent supporter of the Republican forces in the Spanish Civil War . In 1943, with Tom Glazer and Bess and Baldwin Hawes, he recorded an album of 78s called Songs of the Lincoln Battalion on Moe Asch's Stinson label. This included such songs as " There's a Valley in Spain called Jarama ," and " Ay Carmela|Viva la Quinta Brigada ." In 1960, this collection was re-issued by Moe Asch as one side of a Folkways LP called Songs of the Lincoln and International Brigades . On the other side was a reissue of the legendary Six Songs for Democracy (originally recorded in Barcelona in 1938 while bombs were falling), performed by Ernst Busch (actor)|Ernst Busch and a chorus of members of the Thälmann Battalion , made up of refugees from Nazi Germany. The songs were: "Moorsoldaten" ( Peat Bog Soldiers (song)|"Peat Bog Soldiers" , composed by political prisoners of German concentration camps), "Die Thaelmann-Kolonne," "Hans Beimler," "Das Lied Von Der Einheitsfront" ("Song of The United Front" by Hanns Eisler and Bertolt Brecht ), "Der Internationalen Brigaden" ("Song Of The International Brigades"), and "Los cuatro generales" ("The Four Generals," known in English as "The Four Insurgent Generals").

1950s and early 1960s

On August 18, 1955, Seeger was subpoenaed to testify before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC). Alone among the many witnesses after the 1950 conviction and imprisonment of the Hollywood Ten for contempt of Congress, Seeger refused to plead the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fifth Amendment (which asserted that his testimony might be self incriminating) and instead (as the Hollywood Ten had done) refused to name personal and political associations on the grounds that this would violate his First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment rights: "I am not going to answer any questions as to my association, my philosophical or religious beliefs or my political beliefs, or how I voted in any election, or any of these private affairs. I think these are very improper questions for any American to be asked, especially under such compulsion as this."Pete Seeger to the House Unamerican Activities Committee, August 18, 1955. Quoted, along with some other exchanges from that hearing, in Wilkinson, "The Protest Singer" (2006), p. 53. Seeger's refusal to testify led to a March 26, 1957, indictment for contempt of Congress ; for some years, he had to keep the federal government apprised of where he was going any time he left the Southern District of New York. He was convicted in a jury trial of contempt of Congress in March 1961, and sentenced to 10 years in jail (to be served simultaneously), but in May 1962 an appeals court ruled the indictment to be flawed and overturned his conviction.United States v. Seeger, 303 F. 2d 478 (2nd Circuit 1962)Wilkinson, "The Protest Singer" (2006), p. 53.

In 1960, the San Diego school board told him that he could not play a scheduled concert at a high school unless he signed an oath pledging that the concert would not be used to promote a communist agenda or an overthrow of the government. Seeger refused, and the American Civil Liberties Union obtained an injunction against the school district, allowing the concert to go on as scheduled. In February 2009, the San Diego School District officially extended an apology to Seeger for the actions of their predecessors.

Vietnam War era

A longstanding opponent of the arms race and of the Vietnam War, Seeger satire|satirically attacked then-President Lyndon B. Johnson|Lyndon Johnson with his 1966 recording, on the album Dangerous Songs!? , of Len Chandler 's children's song, " Beans in My Ears " . Beyond Chandler's lyrics, Seeger said that "Mrs. Jay's little son Alby" had "beans in his ears," which, as the lyrics imply,. ensures that a person does not hear what is said to them. To those opposed to continuing the Vietnam War , the phrase implied that "Alby Jay" was a loose pronunciation of Johnson's nickname "LBJ," and sarcastically suggested "that must explain why he doesn't respond to the protests against his war policies."
Seeger attracted wider attention starting in 1967 with his song " Waist Deep in the Big Muddy ", about a Captain (land)|captain & mdash;referred to in the lyrics as "the big fool"& mdash;who drowned while leading a platoon on maneuvers in Louisiana during World War II. In the face of arguments with the management of CBS about whether the song's political weight was in keeping with the usually light-hearted entertainment of the Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour , the final lines were "Every time I read the paper/those old feelings come on/We are waist deep in the Big Muddy and the big fool says to push on." The lyrics could be interpreted as an allegory of Johnson as the "big fool" and the Vietnam War as the foreseeable danger. Although the performance was cut from the September 1967 show, Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour , CBS, Season 2, Episode 1, September 10, 1967. after wide publicity. it was broadcast when Seeger appeared again on the Smothers' Brothers show in the following January. Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour , CBS, Season 2, Episode 24, February 25, 1968.

In the documentary film The Power of Song , Seeger mentions that he and his family visited North Vietnam in 1972.

Environmentalism

Seeger is involved in the environmental organization Hudson River Sloop Clearwater , which he co-founded in 1966. This organization has worked since then to highlight pollution in the Hudson River and worked to clean it. As part of that effort, the sloop Sloop Clearwater| Clearwater was launched in 1969 with its inaugural sail down from Maine to South Street Seaport Museum in New York City, and thence to the Hudson River .Featured in the PBS documentary, a more specific cite is needed. Amongst the inaugural crew was Don McLean , who co-edited the book Songs and Sketches of the First Clearwater Crew , with sketches by Thomas B. Allen for which Seeger wrote the foreword. Seeger and McLean sang "Shenandoah" on the 1974 Clearwater album. The sloop regularly sails the river with volunteer and professional crew members, primarily conducting environmental education programs for school groups. The Great Hudson River Revival (aka Clearwater Festival) is an annual two-day music festival held on the banks of the Hudson at Croton Point Park . This festival grew out of early fundraising concerts arranged by Seeger and friends to raise money to pay for ''Clearwater's construction.

Seeger wrote and performed "That Lonesome Valley" about the then-polluted Hudson River in 1969, and his band members also wrote and performed songs commemorating the Clearwater .

Seeger was inspired to clean the Hudson because he believed the river is a beautiful part of nature, and that if it were taken care of, it could be a place to bring people together. The Hudson was filled with oil pollution, sewage, and toxic chemicals that were killing off any life in it. Pete Seeger had a goal to change this, and took action to accomplish that goal.

The 106-foot-long sailboat, Clearwater, was built to conduct science-based environmental education aboard the sailing ship. Not only has this project allowed for the clean-up of the river, but also for many people to experience a first-hand look into water chemistry, and the river's ecosystem. Clearwater has education programs with many colleges and institutions, including SUNY New Paltz, and Pace University. The sail ship has become widely recognized for its key role in the environmental movement. Every summer, the Clearwater Festival brings Hudson Valley residents together to enjoy music, their cultural heritage, and support a good cause.See the .

Solo career and the folk song revival

To earn money during the blacklist period of the late 1950s and early 1960s, Seeger had gigs as a music teacher in schools and summer camps and traveled the college campus circuit. He also recorded as many as five albums a year for Moe Asch 's Folkways Records label. As the nuclear disarmament movement picked up steam in the late 1950s and early 1960s, Seeger's anti-war songs, such as, " Where Have All the Flowers Gone? " (co-written with Joe Hickerson ), " Turn& #33; Turn& #33; Turn& #33; (song)|Turn, Turn, Turn ", adapted from the Book of Ecclesiastes , and " The Bells of Rhymney " by the Welsh poet Idris Davies . (1957), gained wide currency. Seeger also was closely associated with the 1960s Civil Rights movement and in 1963 helped organize a landmark Carnegie Hall Concert, featuring the youthful Freedom Singers , as a benefit for the Highlander Folk School in Tennessee. This event and Martin Luther King's March on Washington in August of that year, in which Seeger and other folk singers participated, brought the Civil Rights anthem " We Shall Overcome " to wide audiences. A version of this song, submitted by Zilphia Horton of Highlander, had been published in Seeger's People's Songs Bulletin as early as in 1947.

By this time Seeger was a senior figure in the 1960s folk revival centered in Greenwich Village , as a longtime columnist in Sing Out! , the successor to the People's Songs Bulletin , and as a founder of the topical Broadside Magazine| Broadside magazine. To describe the new crop of politically committed folk singers, he coined the phrase "Woody's children", alluding to his associate and traveling companion, Woody Guthrie , who by this time had become a legendary figure. This urban folk-revival movement, a continuation of the activist tradition of the 1930s and 1940s and of People's Songs , used adaptations of traditional tunes and lyrics to effect social change, a practice that goes back to the Industrial Workers of the World or Wobblies' Little Red Song Book , compiled by Swedish-born union organizer Joe Hill (1879–1915). (The Little Red Song Book had been a favorite of Woody Guthrie's, who was known to carry it around.)

Pete Seeger toured Australia in 1963. His single "Little Boxes", written by Malvina Reynolds, was number one in the nation's Top 40s. That tour sparked a folk boom throughout the country at a a time when post Kennedy assassination popular musical tastes competed between folk, the surfing craze and the British rock boom which gave the world The Beatles, The Rolling Stones among others. Folk clubs sprung up all over the nation, folk performers were accepted in established venues and Australian performers singing Australian folk songs many of their own composing, emerged in concert and festivals, on television and on recordings and overseas performers were encouraged to tour Australia. In 1993 the Australian singer/playwright Maurie Mulheron assembled a musical biography of Seeger's, and friends', work in a stage production One Word ... WE! . It enjoyed a long and sold-out season at the New Theatre in the inner Sydney suburb of Newtown, New South Wales|Newtown . It was reprised in 2000 and most recently at the Tom Mann Theatre, a Trade Union-owned and operated theatre in Surry Hills, also in inner Sydney, on 12, 13 and 14 June 2009. 2009, and the company has also taken the show on tour to folk festivals at Maleny and Woodford in Queensland, and Port Fairy in Victoria. Mulheron was its Musical Director and it was directed by Frank Barnes.

A DVD of Seeger's 1963 Melbourne Town Hall concert has been released by The Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC). It is an historical document in black and white and is well worth owning. The Sydney-based instrumental and vocal ensemble Loosely Woven based at Humph Hall on the Northern Beaches of Sydney, showcased Seeger's work and times in one of its 2009 seasons, to celebrate the Pete Seeger ninetieth birthday. Loosely Woven's Artistic Director Wayne Richmond and his new wife Gial, attended the 2011 Clearwater Festival and met Pete Seeger..

The long television blacklist of Seeger began to end in the mid-1960s when he hosted a regionally broadcast, educational folk-music television show, Rainbow Quest . Among his guests were Johnny Cash , June Carter , Reverend Gary Davis , Mississippi John Hurt , Doc Watson , The Stanley Brothers , Elizabeth Cotten , Patrick Sky , Buffy Sainte-Marie , Tom Paxton , Judy Collins , Donovan , Richard Fariña and Mimi Fariña , Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee, Mamou Cajun Band, Bernice Johnson Reagon , The Beers Family, Roscoe Holcomb , Malvina Reynolds , and Shawn Phillips . Thirty-nine hour-long programs were recorded at WNJU 's Newark, New Jersey|Newark studios in 1965 and 1966, produced by Seeger and his wife Toshi, with Sholom Rubinstein. The Smothers Brothers ended Seeger's national blacklisting by broadcasting him singing " Waist Deep in the Big Muddy " on their CBS variety show on February 25, 1968, after his similar performance in September 1967 was censored by CBS.Dangerously Funny: The Uncensored Story of the Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour, by David Bianculli, Touchstone, 2009.

In November 1976 Seeger wrote and recorded the anti-death penalty song "Delbert Tibbs" about then death-row inmate Delbert Tibbs , who was later exonerated . Seeger wrote the music and selected the words from poems written by Tibbs.

Pete Seeger and Bob Dylan

Pete Seeger was one of the earliest backers of Bob Dylan and was responsible for urging John H. Hammond|John Hammond to produce Dylan's first LP on Columbia and for inviting him to perform at the Newport Folk Festival, of which Seeger was a board member.Fellow Newport Board member Bruce Jackson (scholar)|Bruce Jackson writes, "Pete Seeger, more than any of the other board members, had a personal connection with Bob Dylan: it was he who had convinced the great Columbia A and R man John Hammond, famous for his work with jazz and blues musicians, to produce Dylan's eponymous first album, Bob Dylan . If anyone was responsible for Bob Dylan’s presence on the Newport Stage , it was Pete Seeger". See Bruce Jackson, The Story Is True: The Art and Meaning of Telling Stories (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2008), p. 148. There was a widely repeated story that Seeger was so upset over the extremely loud amplified sound that Dylan, backed by members of the Paul Butterfield|Butterfield Blues Band , brought into the 1965 Newport Folk Festival that he threatened to disconnect the equipment. There are multiple versions of what went on, some fanciful. What is certain is that tensions had been running high between Dylan's manager, Albert Grossman and Festival Board members (who besides Seeger also included Theodore Bikel , Bruce Jackson (scholar)|Bruce Jackson , Alan Lomax, festival MC Peter Yarrow , and George Wein ) over the scheduling of performers and other matters. Two days earlier there had been a scuffle and brief exchange of blows between Grossman and Alan Lomax; and the Board, in an emergency session, had voted to ban Grossman from the grounds, but had backed off when George Wein pointed out that Grossman also managed highly popular draws Odetta and Peter, Paul, and Mary . John Szwed , ''Alan Lomax, 'The Man Who Recorded the World'' (Viking, 2010), p. 354. The Butterfield Blues Band, a new, integrated Chicago-based electric band, was the closer in an afternoon blues workshop entitled "Blues: Origins and Offshoots", hosted by Lomax, that had included African-American blues greats Willie Dixon , Son House , Memphis Slim , and a prison work group from Texas, along with bluegrass pioneer Bill Monroe and the Bluegrass Boys. Lomax, upset that Butterfield's group had been shoehorned into his workshop, reportedly complained aloud about how long they took to set up their electrical equipment and introduced them with the words, "Now, let's find out if these guys can play at all." This infuriated Grossman (who was angling to manage the new group), and he responded by attacking Lomax physically. Mike Bloomfield| Michael Bloomfield stated, "Alan Lomax, the great folklorist and musicologist, gave us some kind of introduction that I didn’t even hear, but Albert found it offensive. And Albert went upside his head. The next thing we knew, right in the middle of our show, Lomax and Grossman were kicking ass on the floor in the middle of thousands of people at the Newport Folk Festival. Tearing each other's clothes off. We had to pull 'em apart. We figured 'Albert, man, now there's a manager! quoted in Jan Mark Wolkin, Bill Keenom, and Carlos Santana's, Michael Bloomfield: If You Love These Blues (San Francisco: Miller Freeman Books), p. 102. See also Ronald D. Cohen's introduction to "Part III, The Folk Revival (1960s)" in Alan Lomax: Selected Writings , Ronald D. Cohen, ed. (London: Routledege), p. 192. Seeger has been portrayed as a folk "purist" who was one of the main opponents to Dylan's Electric Dylan controversy| "going electric" .Rock critic Greil Marcus wrote: "Backstage, Peter Seeger and the great ethnomusicologist Alan Lomax attempted to cut the band’s power cables with an axe." See Greil Marcus, Invisible Republic, the Story of the Basement Tapes , republished in paperback as ''The Old, Weird America: The World of Bob Dylan's Basement Tapes'' (New York: Holt, 2001), p. 12. Marcus's apocryphal story was elaborated by Maria Muldaur and Paul Nelson (critic)| Paul Nelson in Martin Scorsese 's film No Direction Home (2005). but when asked in 2001 about how he recalled his "objections" to the electric style, he said:

I couldn't understand the words. I wanted to hear the words. It was a great song, " Maggie's Farm ," and the sound was distorted. I ran over to the guy at the controls and shouted, "Fix the sound so you can hear the words." He hollered back, "This is the way they want it." I said "Damn it, if I had an axe, I'd cut the cable right now." But I was at fault. I was the MC, and I could have said to the part of the crowd that booed Bob, "you didn't boo Howlin' Wolf yesterday. He was electric!" Though I still prefer to hear Dylan acoustic, some of his electric songs are absolutely great. Electric music is the vernacular of the second half of the twentieth century, to use my father's old term.David Kupfer, , Whole Earth magazine, Spring 2001. Accessed online October 16, 2007.

Repudiation of Stalin

In 1982 Seeger performed at a benefit concert for August 31, 1982 demonstrations in Poland|Poland's Solidarity resistance movement . His biographer David King Dunaway|David Dunaway considers this the first public manifestation of Seeger's decades-long personal dislike of communism in its Soviet form.David King Dunaway (2008), p. 103. In the late 1980s Seeger also expressed disapproval of violent revolutions, remarking to an interviewer that he was really in favor of incremental change and that "the most lasting revolutions are those that take place over a period of time." In his autobiography Where Have All the Flowers Gone (1993 and 1997 reissued in 2009), Seeger wrote, "Should I apologize for all this? I think so." He went on to put his thinking in context:

How could Hitler have been stopped? Maxim Litvinov|Litvinov , the Soviet delegate to the League of Nations in '36, proposed a worldwide quarantine but got no takers. For more on those times check out pacifist Dave Dellinger 's book, From Yale to Jail ....David T. Dellinger, From Yale to Jail: The Life Story of a Moral Dissenter (New York : Pantheon Books, 1993 ISBN 0-679-40591-7). At any rate, today I'll apologize for a number of things, such as thinking that Stalin was merely a "hard driver" and not a "supremely cruel misleader." I guess anyone who calls himself a Christian should be prepared to apologize for the Inquisition , the burning of heretics by Protestants, the slaughter of Jews and Muslims by Crusades|Crusaders . White people in the U.S.A ought to apologize for Indian removal|stealing land from Native Americans and Slavery in the United States|enslaving blacks . Europeans could apologize for worldwide conquests, Mongolians for Genghis Khan . And supporters of Franklin D. Roosevelt|Roosevelt could apologize for his support of Somoza family|Somoza , of Dixiecrat|Southern White Democrats , of Francoist Spain|Franco Spain , for putting Japanese American internment|Japanese Americans in concentration camps . Who should my granddaughter Moraya apologize to? She's part African, part European, part Chinese, part Japanese, part Native American. Let's look ahead. Where Have All the Flowers Gone: A Musical Autobiography , edited by Peter Blood (Bethlehem, Pennsylvania: A Sing Out Publication, 1993, 1997), page 22.

In a 1995 interview, however, he insisted that "I still call myself a communist, because communism is no more what Russia made of it than Christianity is what the churches make of it."
In recent years, as the aging Seeger began to garner awards and recognition for his life-long activism, he also found himself attacked once again for his opinions and associations of the 1930s and 1940s. In 2006, David Boaz — Voice of America and NPR commentator and president of the Libertarianism|libertarian Cato Institute —wrote an opinion piece in The Guardian , entitled "Stalin's Songbird" in which he excoriated The New Yorker and The New York Times for lauding Seeger. He characterized Seeger as "someone with a longtime habit of following the party line" who had only "eventually" parted ways with the CPUSA. In support of this view, he quoted lines from the Almanac Singers ' May 1941 Songs for John Doe , contrasting them darkly with lines supporting the war from Dear Mr. President , issued in 1942, after the USA and the USSR had entered the war.Boaz's article is reprinted in his book, The Politics of Freedom (Washington, D.C.: The Cato Institute, 2008) pp. 283-84

In 2007, in response to criticism from a former banjo student—historian Ronald Radosh|Ron Radosh , a former Trotskyite who now writes for the conservative National Review —Seeger wrote a song condemning Stalin, "Big Joe Blues":Dunaway, How Can I Keep From Singing , p. 422. "''I'm singing about old Joe, cruel Joe. / He ruled with an iron hand. /He put an end to the dreams / Of so many in every land. / He had a chance to make / A brand new start for the human race. / Instead he set it back / Right in the same nasty place. / I got the Big Joe Blues. / Keep your mouth shut or you will die fast. / I got the Big Joe Blues. / Do this job, no questions asked. / I got the Big Joe Blues. ", NewStatesMan, 27/9/2007. The song was accompanied by a letter to Radosh, in which Seeger stated, "I think you’re right, I should have asked to see the gulag s when I was in U.S.S.R ."Daniel J. Wakin, , New York Times , September 1, 2007. Accessed October 16, 2007.

Thursday, April 26, 2012, Pete Seeger's song "My Rainbow Race" were sung by 40 000 people in Oslo, Norway. The Norwegian version, "Barn av regnbuen", translated by Lillebjørn Nielsen, 1973.
The occasion was the ongoing trial against the fascist Anders Behring Breivik, who shot and killed 69 youths on Utøya, July 22, 2011, and wounded many more.

Selected discography

Release Date	Album Title	Record Label
2012	The Complete Bowdoin College Concert 1960	Smithsonian Folkways
2009	American Favorite Ballads, The Complete Collection Vol.1-5	Smithsonian Folkways
2009	"Pete Seeger at Bard College" credited to "Ono Okoy and the Banshees," a student performance art group dedicated to "preserving the footsteps of Pete Seeger" by singing folk music and recording his footsteps.	Appleseed Recordings
2008	At 89	Appleseed Recordings
2007	American Favorite Ballads, Vol. 5	Smithsonian Folkways
2006	American Favorite Ballads, Vol. 4	Smithsonian Folkways
2004	American Favorite Ballads, Vol. 3	Smithsonian Folkways
2003	American Favorite Ballads, Vol. 2	Smithsonian Folkways
2002	American Favorite Ballads, Vol. 1	Smithsonian Folkways
2000	American Folk, Game and Activity Songs	Smithsonian Folkways
1998	Headlines and Footnotes: A Collection of Topical Songs	Smithsonian Folkways
1998	If I Had a Hammer: Songs of Hope and Struggle	Smithsonian Folkways
1998	Birds, Beasts, Bugs and Fishes (Little and Big)	Smithsonian Folkways
1996	Pete
1993	Darling Corey/ Goofing-Off Suite	Smithsonian Folkways
1992	American Industrial Ballads (Reissue of 1956 album)	Smithsonian Folkways
1991	Abiyoyo and Other Story Songs for Children	Smithsonian Folkways
1990	Folk Songs for Young People	Smithsonian Folkways
1990	American Folk Songs for Children	Smithsonian Folkways
1989	Traditional Christmas Carols	Smithsonian Folkways
1980	God Bless the Grass	Folkways Records
1979	Circles & Seasons	Warner Bros. Records
1974	Banks of Marble and Other Songs	Folkways Records
1973	Rainbow Race	Columbia Records
1968	Wimoweh and Other Songs of Freedom and Protest	Folkways Records
1967	"Waist Deep In The Big Muddy And Other Love Songs"	Columbia Records
1966	Dangerous Songs!?	Columbia Records
1966	God Bless The Grass	Columbia Records
1964	Songs of Struggle and Protest, 1930-50	Folkways Records
1964	Broadsides - Songs and Ballads	Folkways Records
1962	12-String Guitar as Played by Lead Belly	Folkways Records
1961	"Story Songs"	Columbia Records
1960	At The Village Gate	Folkways Records
1960	Champlain Valley Songs	Folkways Records
1959	American Play Parties	Folkways Records
1958	Gazette, Vol. 1	Folkways Records
1957	American Ballads	Folkways Records
1956	With Voices Together We Sing	Folkways Records
1956	Love Songs for Friends and Foes	Folkways Records
1955	"The Folksinger's Guitar Guide (Instruction)	Folkways Records
1955	Bantu Choral Folk Songs	Folkways Records
1954	How to Play a 5-String Banjo (instruction)	Folkways Records
1954	The Pete Seeger Sampler	Folkways Records

Tribute albums

In 1998 Appleseed Records issued a double-CD tribute album: Where Have All the Flowers Gone: the Songs of Pete Seeger , which included readings by Studs Terkel and songs by Billy Bragg , Jackson Browne , Eliza Carthy , Judy Collins , Bruce Cockburn , Donovan , Ani DiFranco , Dick Gaughan , Nanci Griffith , Richie Havens , Indigo Girls , Roger McGuinn , Holly Near , Odetta , Tom Paxton , Bonnie Raitt , Martin Simpson , and Bruce Springsteen , among others.

In 2001, Appleseed release "If I Had a Song: The Songs of Pete Seeger, Vol. 2." In 2003, it issued the double-CD Seeds: The Songs of Pete Seeger, Volume 3 , the final set in its trilogy of releases celebrating Seeger's music.

In April 2006 Bruce Springsteen released a collection of folk songs associated with Seeger's repertoire, titled, We Shall Overcome: The Seeger Sessions (which some reviewers noted that, oddly, contained no songs actually composed by Seeger). Springsteen and his band also toured to sellout crowds in a series of concerts based on those sessions. He had previously performed the Seeger staple, "We Shall Overcome", on Where Have All the Flowers Gone .

In the 1970s Harry Chapin released a song dedicated to Seeger called "Old Folkie".

Awards

Seeger has been the recipient of many awards and recognitions throughout his career, including :

The Mid Hudson Civic Center Hall of Fame (2008)

* Seeger and Arlo Guthrie performed the first public concert at the Poughkeepsie, New York not-for-profit family entertainment venue, close to Seeger's home, in 1976., accessed 2009-05-15. Grandson Tao Rodríguez-Seeger accepted the Hall of Fame plaque on behalf of his grandfather.

The Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award (1993)

The National Medal of Arts from the National Endowment for the Arts (1994)

Kennedy Center Lifetime Achievement Honor (1994)

The Harvard Arts Medal (1996)

"" (1996)

Induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (1996)

Grammy Award for Best Traditional Folk Album of 1996 for his record "Pete" (1997)

The Felix Varela Medal, Cuba 's highest honor for "his humanistic and artistic work in defense of the environment and against racism" (1999)

The Schneider Family Book Award for his children's picture book "The Deaf Musicians." (2007)

The Letelier-Moffitt Human Rights Award (1986)

The Eugene V. Debs Award (1979)

Grammy Award for best traditional album of 2008 for his record "At 89" (2008)

A proposal to name the Walkway Over the Hudson in his honor. Alan Chartock , "New York has a chance to honor an American hero," Legislative Gazette , April 24, 2009, found at

. Accessed April 29, 2009.

The Peace Abbey Courage of Conscience Award for his commitment to peace and social justice as a musician, songwriter, activist, and environmentalist that spans over sixty years. (2008)

The Dorothy and Lillian Gish Prize (2009)

Quotes

From Seeger

"Some may find them merely diverting melodies. Others may find them incitements to Red revolution. And who will say if either or both is wrong? Not I."Rolling Stone, April 13, 1972.

"I like to say I'm more conservatism|conservative than Barry Goldwater|Goldwater . He just wanted to turn the clock back to when there was no income tax. I want to turn the clock back to when people lived in small villages and took care of each other.", accessed 2009-05-15.

"Technology will save us if it doesn't wipe us out first.", Democracy Now! , September 4, 2006. Accessed December 6, 2008. (Interview from 2004).

"I still call myself a communist, because communism is no more what Russia made of it than Christianity is what the churches make of it. But if by some freak of history communism had caught up with this country, I would have been one of the first people thrown in jail."

"I certainly should apologize for saying that Stalin was a hard driver rather than a very cruel leader. I don't speak out about a lot of things. I don't talk about slavery. A lot of white people in America could apologize for stealing land from the Indians and enslaving Africans. Europe could apologize for worldwide conquest. Mongolia could apologize for Genghis Khan. But I think the thing to do is look ahead."

"There is hope for the world."& nbsp;– in Pete Seeger: The Power of Song .

"We sang about Alabama 1955, / But since 9-11, we wonder, will this world survive? / The world learned a lesson from Dr. King: / We can survive, we can, we will, and so we sing& nbsp;– // Don’t say it can’t be done, / The battle's just begun. / Take it from Dr. King, / You too can learn to sing, / So drop the gun.".

"I believe God is everywhere.", accessed 2009-05-15.

"Singing with children in the schools has been the most rewarding experience of my life."& nbsp;– Seeger, October 17, 2009, at community concert in Beacon, New York

"I usually quote Plato, who said: It is very dangerous to allow the wrong kind of music in the republic." 0:45 @

From others

Jim Musselman (founder of Appleseed Recordings ), longtime friend and record producer for Pete Seeger:
:He was one of the few people who invoked the First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment in front of the House Committee on Un-American Activities (HCUA). Everyone else had said the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fifth Amendment , the right against self-incrimination, and then they were Motion (legal)#Motion to dismiss|dismissed . What Pete did, and what some other very powerful people who had the guts and the intestinal fortitude to stand up to the committee and say, "I'm gonna invoke the First Amendment, the right of freedom of association...."

:...I was actually in law school when I read the case of United States v. Seeger , and it really changed my life, because I saw the courage of what he had done and what Hollywood blacklist#The Hollywood Ten|some other people had done by invoking the First Amendment, saying, "We're all Americans. We can associate with whoever we want to, and it doesn't matter who we associate with." That's what the founding fathers set up democracy to be. So I just really feel it's an important part of history that people need to remember."

Raffi (musician)|Raffi on his concert video "Raffi on Broadway" during the introduction of May There Always Be Sunshine :

"And this song is the one that I first heard Pete Seeger singing. And he tells me that it was written by a four-year-old boy in Russia. And it's just got four lines and it's been translated into a number of languages."

Notes

References

Dunaway, David K. How Can I Keep from Singing: The Ballad of Pete Seeger . Revised Edition. New York: Villard Trade Paperback, 2008 ISBN 0-07-018150-0, ISBN 0-07-018151-9, ISBN 0-306-80399-2, ISBN 0-345-50608-1.

Forbes, Linda C. "Pete Seeger on Environmental Advocacy, Organizing, and Education in the Hudson River Valley: An Interview with the Folk Music Legend, Author and Storyteller, Political and Environmental Activist, and Grassroots Organizer." Organization & Environment , 17, No. 4, 2004: pp.& nbsp;513–522.

Gardner, Elysa. "Seeger: A 'Power' in music, politics." USA Today , February 27, 2008. p.& nbsp;8D.

Seeger, Pete. How to Play the Five-String Banjo , New York : People’s Songs, 1948. 3rd edition, New York: Music Sales Corporation, 1969. ISBN 0-8256-0024-3.

Tick, Judith. ''Ruth Crawford Seeger: A Composer's Search for American Music . Oxford University Press, 1997.

Wilkinson, Alec. The New Yorker , April 17, 2006, pp.& nbsp;44–53.

Wilkinson, Alec. The Protest Singer: An Intimate Portrait of Pete Seeger . New York: Knopf, 2009.

External links

Copyright Citations

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