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Biography
Other uses|Skylark (disambiguation)Refimprove|date=June 2009Taxobox| name = Skylark| status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1| status_ref = IUCN2008 | assessors= BirdLife International | year=2008 | id=148915 | title=Alauda arvensis | downloaded=24 February 2009| image = alauda arvensis 2.jpg| image_width = 240px| image_caption = audio|XN Alauda arvensis.ogg|Song| regnum = Animal ia| phylum = Chordate|Chordata | classis = bird|Aves | ordo = passerine|Passeriformes | familia = lark|Alaudidae | genus = Alauda | species = A. arvensis | binomial = Alauda arvensis | binomial_authority = Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus , 1758The Skylark ( Alauda arvensis ) is a small passerine bird species. This lark breeds across most of Europe and Asia and in the mountains of north Africa. It is mainly resident in the west of its range, but eastern populations are more bird migration|migratory , moving further south in winter. Even in the milder west of its range, many birds move to lowlands and the coast in winter. Asian birds appear as vagrants in Alaska ; this bird has also been introduced in Hawaii , western North America, eastern Australia and New Zealand .
Description
The Skylark is 16 to 18& nbsp;centimetres long. It is a bird of open farmland and heath, known throughout its range for the song of the male, which is delivered in hovering flight from heights of 50 to Nowrap|100 m, when the singing bird may appear as just a dot in the sky from the ground. The song generally lasts two to three minutes, but it tends to last longer later in the mating season. The male has broader wings than the female. This adaptation for more efficient hovering flight may have Evolution|evolved because of female Skylarks' preference for males that sing and hover for longer periods and so demonstrate that they are likely to have good overall Fitness (biology)|fitness .
Like most other larks, the Skylark is a rather dull-looking species on the ground, being mainly brown above and paler below. It has a short blunt crest on the head, which can be raised and lowered. In flight it shows a short tail and short broad wings. The tail and the rear edge of the wings are edged with white, which are visible when the bird is flying away, but not if it is heading towards the observer. The Skylark has sturdy legs and spends much time on the ground foraging for seeds, supplemented with insect s in the breeding season.
The Skylark makes a grass bird nest|nest on the ground, hidden amongst vegetation. It is sometimes found nesting in bracken , using it for cover. Generally the nests are very difficult to find. Three to six Egg (biology)|egg s are laid in June. A second or third brood may be started later in the year. The eggs are yellow/white with brownish/purple spots mainly at the large end.
Anchor|The effects of agriculture
Effects of UK agriculture
In the UK, Skylark numbers have declined over the last 30 years, as determined by the Common Bird Census started in the early 1960s by The British Trust for Ornithology. There are now only 10% of the numbers that were present 30 years ago. The RSPB have shown that this massive decline is mainly due to changes in farming practices and only partly due to pesticides. In the past cereal s were planted in the spring, grown through the summer and harvested in the early autumn. Cereals are now planted in the autumn, grown through the winter and are harvested in the early summer. The winter grown fields are much too dense in summer for the Skylark to be able to walk and run between the wheat stems to find its food.
English farmer s are now encouraged and paid to maintain and create biodiversity for improving the Habitat (ecology)|habitat for Skylarks. Natural England 's Environmental Stewardship Scheme offers 5 and 10 year grants for various beneficial options. For example there is an option where the farmer can opt to grow a spring cereal instead of a winter one, and leave the stubble untreated with pesticide over the winter. The British Trust for Ornithology likens the stubbles to 'giant bird tables' – providing spilt grain and weed seed to foraging birds.BTO News Number 269, March to April 2007, page 15
The RSPB 's research, over a six year period, of winter-planted wheat fields has shown that suitable nesting areas for Skylarks can be made by turning the seeding machine off (or lifting the drill) for a 5 to 10 metres stretch as the tractor goes over the ground to briefly stop the seeds being sown. This is repeated in several areas within the same field to make about two skylark plots per hectare. Subsequent spraying and fertilising can be continuous over the entire field. DEFRA suggests that Skylark plots should not be nearer than Nowrap|24 m to the perimeter of the field, should not be near to telegraph pole s, and should not be enclosed by trees.
When the crop grows, the Skylark plots (areas without crop seeds) become areas of low vegetation where Skylarks can easily hunt insects , and can build their well camouflaged ground nests. These areas of low vegetation are just right for Skylarks, but the wheat in the rest of the field becomes too closely packed and too tall for the bird to seek food. At the RSPB's research farm in Cambridgeshire Skylark numbers have increased threefold (from 10 pairs to 30 pairs) over six years. Fields where Skylarks were seen the year before (or nearby) would be obvious good sites for Skylark plots. Farmers have reported that skylark plots are easy to make and the RSPB hope that this simple effective technique can be copied nationwide.
In culture
When the word "lark" is used without specification, it usually refers to this species ( Oxford English Dictionary|OED ). A collective noun for Skylarks is an "exaltation". Although the OED describes this usage as "fanciful", it traces it back to a quotation from John Lydgate dating from about 1430. The verb "skylark", originally used by sailor s, means "play tricks or practical jokes; indulge in horseplay, frolic". The verb and noun "lark", with similar meaning, may be related to "skylark" or to the dialect word "laik" (New Shorter OED).
References
reflist
Further reading
Identification
Lidster, James (2007) http://www.birdwatch.co.uk/website/index.php? option=com_content& task=view& id=33& Itemid=102 Identification: Skylark and Woodlark Birdwatch (magazine)|Birdwatch
http://www.bbc.co.uk/suffolk/nature/rspb/2004/06/skylarks/skylarks.shtml Skylark on BBC website – includes a photograph of a skylark plot
http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/science/nature_20060605.shtml A nature feature "The Lark Ascending" broadcast June 2006 on BBC radio 4 – website includes photograph of a skylark plot
http://www.rspb.org.uk/countryside/farming/advice/farmhabitats/skylarkplots/index.asp Skylark plots, http://www.rspb.org.uk/birds/guide/s/skylark/index.asp the skylark, and http://www.rspb.org.uk/countryside/farming/vandfa/index.asp the RSPB's Volunteer & Farmer Alliance on RSPB website
http://www.rspb.org.uk/science/Ecology/2001/skylark_ecology.asp Skylark ecology on RSPB website
http://www.ibercajalav.net/img/302_SkylarkAarvensis.pdf Ageing and sexing (PDF) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta
http://www.ukbap.org.uk/UKPlans.aspx? ID=80 UKBAP site description
Use dmy dates|date=September 2010 Category:Alauda Category:Birds of Europe Category:Birds of Turkey Category:Birds of the Faroe Islands Category:Introduced birds Category:Birds of Pakistan Category:Birds of Lithuania Category:Introduced birds of Hawaii Category:Animals described in 1758
