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Biography
pp-protected|expiry=2012-06-01T16:21:26Z|small=yesOther uses2|SmileA smile is a facial expression formed by flexing the muscle s near both ends of the mouth .cite book |last=Freitas-Magalhães |first=A. |last2=Castro |first2=E. |year=2009 |chapter=The Neuropsychophysogical Construction of the Human Smile |editor-first=A. |editor-last=Freitas-Magalhães |title=Emotional Expression: The Brain and The Face |pages=1–18 |location=Porto |publisher=University Fernando Pessoa Press |isbn=978-989-643-034-4 The smile can also be found around the human eye|eyes (see ' #Duchenne smiling|Duchenne Smiling ' below). Among human s, it is an expression denoting pleasure , wikt:joy|joy , happiness , or amusement , but can also be an involuntary expression of anxiety , in which case it is known as a wikt:Special:Search/grimace|grimace . Smiling is something that is understood by everyone despite culture, race, or religion; it is internationally known. Cross-cultural studies have shown that smiling is a means of communicating emotions throughout the world.cite book |first=Carroll E. |last=Izard |year=1971 |title=The Face of Emotion |location=New York |publisher=Appleton-Century-Croft |isbn=0-390-47831-8 But there are large differences between different cultures. A smile can also be spontaneous or wikt:artificial|artificial .
Historical background
Many biologists think the smile originated as a sign of fear. Primalogist Signe Preuschoft traces the smile back over 30 million years of evolution to a "fear grin" stemming from monkeys and apes who often used barely clenched teeth to portray to predators that they were harmless. Biologists believe the smile has evolved differently among species and especially among humans.
Biology is not the only academic discipline that interprets the smile. Those who study kinesics view the smile as an affect display . It can communicate feelings such as: love, happiness, pride, contempt, and embarrassment. More info: Freitas-Magalhaes|The Psychology of Human Smile , wikisource:The Smile|The Smile
Development of smiling in infants
Newborns often exhibit smiles within the first three days of their lives, especially while sleeping. However these early smiles are spontaneous and are not a response to outside stimulation. These early smiles are referred to as "reflex smiles." Between 6 and 8 weeks, most babies begin to exhibit "social smiles", meaning the baby will smile at his/her caregivers or in response to stimuli. Most babies laugh between 3 and 4 months.
Social behavior
“Service with a Smile”—This has always been at the core of American businesses since the beginning of the 1900s. Research continually proves that this is true; smiling really does increase attractiveness and likability between humans. In fact, smiling correlates with greater trust, greater financial earnings, and increased interpersonal cooperation.cite journal |last=Godoy |first=R. |last2= et al. |title=Do smiles have a face value? Panel evidence from Amazonian Indians |journal=Journal of Economic Psychology |year=2005 |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=469–490 |doi=10.1016/j.joep.2004.10.004 In a time of increased stress due to cutbacks, high debt, and increasing family issues, employees are often required to work with a distressed public. However, a smile tends to convey respect, patience, empathy, hospitality and compassion. For example, when an employee smiles at a stressed customer, and exhibits excellent listening skills, most of the time, there is a report of total satisfaction.cite journal |last=Hunter |first=J. |title=A study of consumer perception of smiling customer service within the airline industry |journal=Journal of Transportation Security |year=2011 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=35–36 |doi=10.1007/s12198-010-0057-9 Research also reports that people receive more help when they smile. Even the smile of a stranger produces more “ Good Samaritan ” effects on the receiver.cite journal |last=Guéguen |first=N. |first2=Marie-Agnès |last2=De Gaila |title=The effect of smiling on helping behavior: Smiling and good Samaritan behavior |journal=Communication Reports |year=2003 |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=133–140 |doi=10.1080/08934210309384496 When you smile, even memory retrieval of your name is enhanced as is shown in neuroscience research.cite journal |last=Tsukiura |first=T. |last2=Cabeza |first2=R. |title=Orbifrontal and hippocampal contributions to memory for face-name associations: The rewarding power of a smile |journal=Neuropsychologia |year=2008 |volume=46 |issue=9 |pages=2310–2319 |doi=10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.03.013
Laughter
In social contexts, smiling is related to laughter . In this situation, two kinds of smiling are analyzed:
Smiling is not a pre-laughing device and is a common pattern for paving the way to laughter;
Smiling can be used as a response to laughter in the previous turn.cite journal |last=Haakana |first=M. |title=Laughter and smiling: Notes on co-occurrences |journal=Journal of Pragmatics |year=2010 |volume=42 |issue=6 |pages=1499–1512 |doi=10.1016/j.pragma.2010.01.010 Smiling and laughter have different functions in the order of sequence in social situations.
Sex appeal
Smiling is a signaling system that evolved from a need to communicate information of many different forms. One of these is advertisement of sexual interest. Female smiles are appealing to males, increasing physical attractiveness and enhancing sex appeal . However, recent research indicates a man's smile may or may not be most effective in attracting women, and that facial expressions such as pride or even shame might be more effective.cite journal |first=Jessica L. |last=Tracy |first2=Alec T. |last2=Beall |title=Happy Guys Finish Last: The Impact of Emotion Expressions on Sexual Attraction |journal= Emotion (journal)|Emotion |volume=11 |issue=6 |year=2011 |pages=1379–1387 |url= http://www.publicaffairs.ubc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/Happy-Guys...in-pres-Emotion.pdf |doi=10.1037/a0022902
Cultural differences
While most often, smiling is perceived as a positive emotion, there are many countries that perceive smiling as a negative expression and consider it unwelcoming. Too much smiling can be viewed as a sign of shallowness or dishonesty . http://www.andrews.edu/~tidwell/bsad560/NonVerbal.html Non Verbal Communication The Japanese may smile when they are confused or angry. In other parts of Asia, people may smile when they are embarrassed. Some people may smile at others to indicate a friendly greeting. A smile may be reserved for close friends and family members. Many people in Russia consider smiling at strangers in public to be unusual and even suspicious behavior. Yet many Americans smile freely at strangers in public places (although this is less common in big cities). Some Russians believe that Americans smile in the wrong places; some Americans believe that Russians don't smile enough. In Southeast Asia|Asian cultures, a smile is frequently used to cover emotional pain or embarrassment . Vietnamese people may tell the sad story of how they had to leave their country but end the story with a smile. http://www.rpi.edu/dept/advising/american_culture/social_skills/nonverbal_communication/reading_exercise.htm Nonverbal Communication
Dimples
Dimple|Cheek dimples are visible indentations of the epidermis (skin)|epidermis , caused by underlying flesh, which form on some people's cheeks, especially when they smile. Dimples are genetically inherited and are a dominant trait. A rarer form is the single dimple, which occurs on one side of the face only. Anatomically, dimples may be caused by variations in the structure of the facial muscle known as zygomaticus major muscle|zygomaticus major . Specifically, the presence of a double or bifid zygomaticus major muscle may explain the formation of cheek dimples.cite journal |last=Pessa |first=Joel E. |last2= et al. |title=Double or bifid zygomaticus major muscle: Anatomy, incidence, and clinical correlation |year=1998 |journal=Clinical Anatomy |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=310–313 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1098-2353(1998)11:5<310::AID-CA3>3.0.CO;2-T |pmid=9725574 This bifid variation of the muscle originates as a single structure from the zygomatic bone . As it travels anteriorly, it then divides with a superior bundle that inserts in the typical position above the corner of the mouth. An inferior bundle inserts below the corner of the mouth.
Real smiles vs. fake smiles
Duchenne smiling
Although many different types of smiles have been identified and studied, researchers (e.g. Freitas-Magalhães ) have devoted particular attention to an anatomical distinction first recognized by French physician Duchenne de Boulogne|Guillaume Duchenne . While conducting research on the physiology of facial expressions in the mid-19th century, Duchenne identified two distinct types of smiles. A Duchenne smile involves contraction of both the zygomaticus major muscle|zygomatic major muscle (which raises the corners of the mouth) and the orbicularis oculi muscle (which raises the cheeks and forms wrinkle (skin)|crow's feet around the eyes). A non-Duchenne smile involves only the zygomatic major muscle. “Research with adults initially indicated that joy was indexed by generic smiling, any smiling involving the raising of the lip corners by the zygomatic major…. More recent research suggests that smiling in which the muscle around the eye contracts, raising the cheeks high (Duchenne smiling), is uniquely associated with positive emotion.”cite journal |last=Messinger |first=D. S. |last2=Fogel |first2=A. |last3=Dickson |first3=K. |year=2001 |title=All smiles are positive, but some smiles are more positive than others |journal=Developmental Psychology |volume=37 |issue=5 |pages=642–653 |doi=10.1037/0012-1649.37.5.642
Pan-Am smile
The Pan-Am smile, also known as the "Botox smile", is the name given to a "fake smile", in which only the zygomatic major muscle is voluntarily contracted to show politeness. It is named after the airline Pan American World Airways , whose flight attendants would always flash every jet-setter the same, perfunctory smile.cite news|last=Harlow|first=John|title=The smile that says where you’re from|url= http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article516707.ece|accessdate=18 January 2011|newspaper=The Sunday Times|date=February 20, 2005
Hidden emotions within smiling
Happiness is most often the motivating cause of a smile. However, there are many exceptions, especially among animal s. The exposure of teeth , which may bear a resemblance to a smile, is often used as a threat display|threat or warning display —known as a snarl —or a sign of submission . For chimpanzees , it can also be a sign of fear . The study of smiles is a part of gelotology , psychology , and linguistics , comprising various theories of affect (psychology)|affect , humor , and laughter .cite book |last=Freitas-Magalhães |first=A. |year=2006 |title=The Psychology of Human Smile |location=Oporto |publisher=University Fernando Pessoa Press Smiling can also be interpreted as nervousness in an animal—humans also smile as a result of nervousness, embarrassment and even frustration.Hoque, M.E., Picard, R.W., "Acted vs. natural frustration and delight: Many people smile in natural frustration," 9th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG'11), Santa Barbara, CA, USA, March 21-25, 2011. In one study, created to investigate the correspondence between perceived meanings of smiles and their morphological and dynamic characteristics, it was found that “perceived embarrassed/nervous smiles had greater amplitude, longer duration…related to those perceived as polite.”Hoque, M. E., Morency, L-P, Picard, R.W. "Are you friendly or just polite? - Analysis of smiles in spontaneous face-to-face interactions," In Proceedings of the Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction, Memphis, October 9-12, 2011.cite journal |last=Ambadar |first=Zara |first2=Jeffrey |last2=Cohn |first3=Lawrence |last3=Reed |title=All Smiles are Not Created Equal: Morphology and Timing of Smiles Perceived as Amused, Polite, and Embarrassed/Nervous |journal=Journal of Nonverbal Behavior |volume=33 |issue=1 |year=2009 |pages=17–34 |doi=10.1007/s10919-008-0059-5 Work by John Gottman has shown that smiling and other such expressions of positive emotions are important to shaping relationships with others; researchers could predict the quality of marriages many years into the future based on the number of such interactions (see also agreeableness ).cite journal |jstor=353438 |first=John M. |last=Gottman |first2=James |last2=Coan |first3=Sybil |last3=Carrere |first4=Catherine |last4=Swanson |title=Predicting Marital Happiness and Stability from Newlywed Interactions |year=1998 |journal=Journal of Marriage and the Family |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=5–22 |doi=
Gallery
See also
Commons category
Laughter
Emotion
Emoticon
Facial Action Coding System
Frown
Facial expression
Smiley
Social Psychology
References
Reflist|30em
Further reading
cite journal | last1 = Conniff | first1 = R. | year = 2007 | title = What's behind a smile? | url = | journal = Smithsonian Magazine | volume = 38 | issue = | pages = 46–53
Miller, Professor George A., et. al . Overview for "smile." Retrieved 12 December 2003 from http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu/cgi-bin/webwn? stage=1& word=smile this page.
Ottenheimer, H.J. (2006). The anthropology of language: An introduction to linguistic anthropology. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworh.
Duchenne smile
Freitas-Magalhães, A. (2006). The Psychology of human smile. Oporto: University Fernando Pessoa Press.
Ekman, P., Davidson, R.J., & Friesen, W.V. (1990). The Duchenne smile: Emotional expression and brain psysiology II. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58 , 342-353. Cited in: Russell and Fernandez-Dols, eds. (1997).
Russell and Fernandez-Dols, eds. (1997). The Psychology of Facial Expression . Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-58796-4.
http://www.nlrg.com/jrsd/smiles.html See examples of genuine, false, and contempt smiles
http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/mind/surveys/smiles/ Spot The Fake Smile on BBC Science & Nature
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4155/is_20010212/ai_n13897093 Expressions of Positive Emotion in Women's College Yearbook Pictures and Their Relationship to Personality and Life Outcomes Across Adulthood.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/3105580.stm BBC News: Scanner shows unborn babies smile
