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wiktotherusesA stain is a discoloration that can be clearly distinguished from the surface, material, or medium it is found upon. Stains are caused by the chemical or physical interaction of two dissimilar materials. Stains are used intentionally in a variety of fields, including in research ( staining (biology)|biochemical staining ), technology (metal staining), and art ( wood staining , stained glass ).
Formation
There can be intentional stains (such as wood stains or paint),Understanding Wood Finishing: How to Select and Apply the Right Finish.Bob Flexner. Reader's Digest, 1999. Pg 121. ISBN 0-7621-0191-1, ISBN 978-0-7621-0191-7 indicative stains (like food coloring or adding a substance to make bacteria visible under a microscope),Staining Procedures Used by the Biological Stain Commission: Published for the Biological Stain Commission. George Clark, James W. Bartholomew. Williams & Wilkins, 1981. Pg 32-33, 45. ISBN 0-683-01707-1, ISBN 978-0-683-01707-6 natural stains (such as rust on iron or a patina on bronze),Architectural Metals: A Guide to Selection, Specification, and Performance. L. William Zahner . Wiley, 1995. Pg 101. ISBN 0-471-04506-3, ISBN 978-0-471-04506-9 and accidental stains (like spilling ketchup on your shirt). While the types of stains are very different in application, they all form in the same basic ways:
The primary method of stain formation is surface stains, where the staining substance is spilled out onto the surface or material and is trapped in the fibers, pores, indentations or other capillary structure of that surface. The material that is trapped coats the underlying material, and the stain reflects back light according to its own color. Applying paint, spilled food, and wood stains are of this nature.Materials Performance. NACE International. Published by National Association of Corrosion Engineers, 1987. v.26 1987 Jul-Dec, pg 33
A secondary method of stain involves a chemical or molecular reaction between the material and the staining material. Many types of natural stains fall into this category. Finally, there can also be molecular attraction between the material and the staining material, involving being held in a covalent bond and showing the color of the bound substance.The Stain Removal Handbook. Max Alth, Simon Alth. Hawthorn Books, 1977. Pg 22 ISBN 0-8015-7071-9, ISBN 978-0-8015-7071-1
Different types of material can be stained by different substances, and stain resistance is an important characteristic in modern textile engineering .
In many cases, stains can be affected by heat , and may become reactive enough to bond with the underlying material. Extreme heat, such as from ironing or dry cleaning, can cause a chemical reaction on an otherwise removable stain, turning it into a chemical compound that is impossible to remove.
Removal
Various laundry techniques exist to attempt to remove or minimize existing stains, and Stain removal|stain remover s are an important type of chemical in laundry detergent s. Some stand-alone stain removers also exist.
See also
Dye
Paint
References
Reflist
Further reading
Stain & Spot Removal Handbook: Consumer guide. by the editors of Consumer Guide .. Skokie, Ill:Beekman House, 1981. 9780517316832
Zia, Stephanie. Stain Removal. London: Hamlyn, 2005.Distributed in the U.S. and Canada by Sterling Pub. Co., 2005. 9780600611240
Soto, Anne Marie Stain Rescue!: The A-Z Guide to Removing Smudges, Spots & Other Spills By good Housekeeping Institute (New York, N.Y.). Published by Sterling Publishing Company, 2007 ISBN
Mendelson, Cheryl Laundry: The Home Comforts Book of Caring for Clothes and Linens Simon and Schuster, 2005 ISBN 978-0-7432-7145-5
Category:Laundry Category:Biological techniques and tools Category:Artistic techniques
