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About|supernatural conjurationredirect10|Summoning|Summoner|Conjurationrefimprove|date=February 2012cleanup-reorganize|date=February 2012 Evocation is the act of calling or summoning a spirit , demon , god or other supernatural agent, in the Western mystery tradition . Comparable practices exist in many religion s and Magic (paranormal)|magic al traditions.
Evocation in the Western mystery tradition
The Latin word Glossary of ancient Roman religion#evocatio|evocatio was the "calling forth" or "summoning away" of a city's tutelary deity . The ritual was conducted in a military setting either as a threat during a siege or as a result of surrender, and aimed at diverting the god's favor from the opposing city to the Roman side, customarily with a promise of better-endowed cult or a more lavish temple. Mary Beard (classicist)|Mary Beard , J.A. North, and S.R.F. Price, Religions of Rome: A Sourcebook (Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 41. Evocatio was thus a kind of ritual dodge to mitigate looting of sacred objects or images from shrines that would otherwise be sacrilegious or impious.Nicholas Purcell, "On the Sacking of Corinth and Carthage", in Ethics and Rhetoric: Classical Essays for Donald Russell on His Seventy (Oxford University Press, 1995), pp. 140–142.
The calling forth of spirits was a relatively common practice in Neoplatonism , theurgy and other esoteric systems of antiquity. In contemporary Western mystery tradition|western esotericism , the magic of the grimoire s is frequently seen as the classical example of this idea. Manuals such as the Key of Solomon|Greater Key of Solomon the King , The Lemegeton|Lesser Key of Solomon (or Lemegeton ), the The Book of Abramelin|Sacred Magic of Abramelin the Mage and many others provided instructions that combined intense devotion to the divine with the summoning of a personal cadre of spiritual advisers and Familiar spirit|familiars .
The grimoires provided a variety of methods of evocation. The Spirits are, in every case, commanded in the Names of God|name of God - most commonly using cabalistic and Hellenic 'barbarous names' added together to form long Litany|litanies . The magician used wand s, staves, incense and fire, Athame|dagger s and complex diagrams drawn on parchment or upon the ground. In Enochian magic , spirits are evoked into a crystal ball or mirror, in which a human volunteer (a 'seer') is expected to be able to see the spirit and hear its voice, passing the words on to the evoker. Sometimes such a seer might be an actual Medium (spirituality)|medium , speaking as the spirit, not just for it. In other cases the spirit might be 'housed' in a symbolic image, or conjuring into a diagram from which it cannot escape without the magician's permission.
While many later, corrupt and commercialised grimoires include elements of ' diabolism ' and one ( The Grand Grimoire ) even offers a method for making a pact with the devil , in general the art of evocation of spirits is said to be done entirely under the power of the divine. The magician is thought to gain authority among the spirits only by purity, worship and personal devotion and study.
In more recent usage, evocation refers to the calling out of lesser spirits (beneath the Deity|deific or archangel ic level), sometimes conceived of as arising from the self. This sort of evocation is contrasted with invocation , in which spiritual powers are called into the self from a divine source.
Important contributors to the concept of evocation include Henry Cornelius Agrippa , Francis Barrett (occultist)|Francis Barrett , Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers , Aleister Crowley , Franz Bardon and Kenneth Grant . The work of all of these authors can be seen as attempts to systematize and modernize the grimoiric procedure of evocation. Only more modern authors, such as Peter Carroll and Konstantinos (occultist)|Konstantinos , have attempted to describe evocation in a way independent enough from the grimoiric tradition to fit similar methods of interaction with alleged supernatural agents in other traditions.
However, the most enthusiastic and romantically inspired figurePOV-statement|date=February 2012 in the field of evocation/invocation arts and overall a devotee of the Western mystical tradition is known today by the name of Caroll "Poke" Runyon , the Grand Magus of O.T.A. and the author of several books, who attempted to describe particularities of ceremonial working in order to summon spirits to "physical appeareance" and even provided a video as an example of going through a real process of "Solomonic Magick" which is an alternative name for Goetia or simply a complex of techniques to conjure lesser deities of a lower astral realm ( demons ) to the temple of the magician.cn|date=February 2012 off-topic|date=February 2012 Conjuration in traditional and most contemporary usage refers to a magic (paranormal)|magical act of invoking spirits or using incantations or charms to cast magical spells. In the context of legerdemain , it may also refer to the performance of illusion or magic (illusion)|magic tricks for show. This article discusses mainly the original and primary usage, describing acts of a supernatural or paranormal nature. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/conjure http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/conjuration
The word conjuration (from Latin conjure , conjurare , to "swear together") can be interpreted in several different ways: as an invocation or evocation (the latter in the sense of binding by a vow); as an exorcism ; and as an act of producing effects by magic (paranormal)|magical means.
The word is often used synonymously with terms such as "invocation" or "evocation" or "summoning", although many authors find it useful to maintain some distinction between these terms. The term "conjuring" is also used as a general term for casting spells in some magical traditions, such as Hoodoo (folk magic)|Hoodoo . In that context, amulets and talismans are often kept in a "conjure bag" and "conjuring oils" may be used to anoint candles and other magical supplies and thus imbue them with specific magical powers.
Alternatively, the term "conjuration" may be used refer to an act of magic (illusion)|illusionism or legerdemain, as in the performance of magic tricks for entertainment.
One who performs conjurations is called a conjurer or conjuror. The word (as conjuration or conjurison ) was formerly used in its Latin meaning of "conspiracy".Ex. gr. Chaucer, Wycliffe, Caxton; see OED s.v.
Texts and language
The text of the charms to be recited to conjure the spirit varies considerably from simple sentences to complex paragraphs with plenty of magic words. The language usually is that of the conjurer's, but since the Middle Ages in Western tradition , Latin was the most common (although many texts have been translated into other languages).
Objectives of conjuration
The conjuration of the ghost s or soul s of the dead for the purpose of divination is called necromancy .
When it is said that a person is calling upon or conjuring misfortune or disease, it is due to the ancient belief that personified diseases and misfortune as evil deity|deities , spirits or demon s that could enter a human or animal body; see demon possession .
Religious reactions
The notion of the action of a conjuration is traditionally linked to the task of repelling negative spirits away, and protecting an individual, space or collectivity. However, it is also believed by many, particularly in Christianity|Christian and Islam ic societies, that magic, and thus conjuration, is an inherently evil practice. According to these beliefs, conjurers summon demons or other evil spirits to cause harm to people or things, to obtain favors from them, or simply to enter servitude to such beings. The belief in similarly-minded conjurers also exists in belief systems in which magic is not inherently evil, although in these cultures these " black magic ians" are not the rule and have opposition among more traditional magicians.
Conjuration in the Middle East
Conjuration is a very common Mysticism|mystic practice in the Middle East, most commonly found in Morocco , Oman , Saudi Arabia , the United Arab Emirates and Iraq . Many practice it to settle personal grudges or for healing, personal enhancement, or foretelling the future. There are also those who will sell their services as conjurers to others.
Islam strongly forbids the use of conjuration, because it is seen as an unholy procedure, and therefore to perform it is to give an insult to God. It is also considered to, in the end, harm people more than help them: those who regularly contact demons are believed to go mad through overdosing on power, or being possessed (since demons are thought to be short-tempered beings, and given the opportunity might overpower and enslave the one who summoned them).
Contemporary references
Within some magic (paranormal)|magical traditions today, such as contemporary witchcraft , hoodoo (folk magic)|hoodoo and Hermeticism or ceremonial magic , conjuration may refer specifically to an act of calling or invoking deities and other spirits; or it may refer more generally to the casting of magic spells by a variety of techniques.cite encyclopedia |author= Harry Houdini|Houdini, Harry |url= http://www.britannica.com/bps/additionalcontent/14/117891/conjuring |title=Conjuring |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |edition=13th |year=1926 |accessdate=March 26, 2011 Used in the sense of invoking or evoking deities and other spirits, conjuration can be regarded as one aspect of magic and religion|religious magic .
In the context of magic (illusion)|illusionist magic practiced today as entertainment only, "conjurer" or "conjuror" is still a common term used by practitioners. In times past, illusionist conjurors were suspected of using magic power to create their entertaining illusions and even suspected of casting spells. They were regarded as "magicians" by the general public, who were often not cognizant of the techniques and tricks used to create their illusions.
Comparable practices elsewhere
In a wider sense, evocation is the Magic (paranormal)|magical art of calling forth spirit s, angel s or demon s to bring spiritual inspiration, do the bidding of the magician or provide information. Methods for the attainment of this exist in most or all cultures that feature a belief in spirits, such as the shamanism|shamanic traditions . Daoism , Shintoism , Spiritism and the African-American religions ( Santería , Umbanda etc.) have particularly sophisticated systems of evocation. Even the various forms of Christian and Islamic exorcism can be considered evocations in this sense, albeit relatively simple ones.
Religions that use this type of ritual are often judged and criticized by monotheists as potentially Satan ic. However, this is not true from the viewpoint of study of religion . Evocation is a practice held sacred by societies such as certain American Indian tribes, some ancient Middle Eastern religions and even the Jews in biblical times.Citation needed|date=June 2011 This rite is not a "secret" in the society. It is common, practiced openly and frequently not distinguishable from prayer.
See also
Wiktionary|conjuration|summon
Evocation in popular culture
Magic (paranormal)
Magic and religion
Hermeticism
Theurgy
Thaumaturgy
Hoodoo (folk magic)
Sex magic
References
Reflist
Kocku von Stuckrad: Western Esotericism: A Brief History of Secret Knowledge. Translated and with a Foreword by Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke . London: Equinox. XII, 167 pp.
