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Biography

Nikola Tesla ( Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|Serbian Cyrillic : ?????? ?????; 10 July 1856 – 7 January 1943) was an inventor, mechanical engineering|mechanical engineer , electrical engineer , and futurist . He was an important contributor to the use of mains electricity|commercial electricity , and is best known for developing the modern alternating current (AC) electrical supply system. His many revolutionary developments in the field of electromagnetism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries were based on the theories of electromagnetic technology discovered by Michael Faraday . List of Tesla patents|Tesla's patents and theoretical work also formed the basis of wireless communication and the radio .

Born in the village of Smiljan (now part of Gospic , present day Croatia ), Tesla was a subject of the Austrian Empire by birth and later became an American citizen. Because of his 1894 demonstration of short range wireless communication through radio and as the eventual victor in the " War of Currents ", he was widely respected as one of the greatest electrical engineers who worked in America. He pioneered modern electrical engineering and many of his discoveries were of groundbreaking importance. In the United States during this time, Tesla's fame rivaled that of any other inventor or scientist in history or popular culture. Tesla demonstrated wireless energy transfer to power electronic devices in 1891, and aspired to intercontinental wireless transmission of industrial power in his unfinished Wardenclyffe Tower project.

Tesla became reclusive towards the end of his life, living alone in a New York City hotel room and only appearing occasionally to make unusual statements to the press.Donald Clarke, Mark Dartford, The New illustrated science and invention encyclopedia: how it works: Volume 24, 1994, page 3332Emily J. McMurray, Jane Kelly Kosek, Roger M. Valade, Notable Twentieth-century Scientists: S-Z, Gale Research, 1995, page 2000 Because of his pronouncements and the nature of his work over the years Tesla gained a reputation in popular culture as the Archetype|archetypal " mad scientist ". He died without much money to his name.

Tesla's work fell into relative obscurity after his death but since the 1990s his reputation has experienced a popular culture comeback. In 2005 he was listed amongst the top 100 nominees in the TV show " The Greatest American ", an Open access poll|open access popularity poll conducted by AOL and The Discovery Channel .

The International System of Units|SI unit measuring magnetic field B (also referred to as the magnetic flux density and magnetic induction ), the Tesla (unit)|tesla , was named in his honor (at the General Conference on Weights and Measures|CGPM , Paris, 1960).

Early years

Nikola Tesla was born to Serbian parents in the village of Smiljan, Austrian Empire near the town of Gospic , in the territory of modern-day Croatia. His baptismal certificate reports that he was born on 28 June ( Old Style and New Style dates|N.S. 10 July) 1856 to father Milutin Tesla, a priest in the Serbian Orthodox Church . His mother was Ðuka Tesla, née Mandic, whose father was also a Serbian Orthodox priest. She was talented in making home craft tools and memorized many Serbian epic poetry|Serbian epic poems , but never learned to read. Tesla's biographer John Joseph O'Neill (journalist)|John O'Neill relates that "the Tesla and Mandic families originally came from the western part of Serbia near Montenegro."

Nikola was the fourth of five children, having one older brother (Danilo, who was killed in a horse-riding accident when Nikola was five) and three sisters (Milka, Angelina and Marica). His family moved to Gospic in 1862. Tesla attended school at Gymnasium Karlovac|Higher Real Gymnasium in Karlovac . He finished a four-year term in the span of three years.

Tesla went on to study electrical engineering at the Graz University of Technology|Austrian Polytechnic in Graz (1875). While there, he studied the uses of alternating current. Some sources say he received Baccalaureate degrees from the university at Graz."" says he matriculate d 4 degrees (physics, mathematics, mechanical engineering and electrical engineering) However, the university says that he did not receive a degree and did not continue beyond the first semester of his third year, during which he stopped attending lectures., D. Mrkich. Cited in Seifer, Marc, The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla, 1996 In December 1878, Tesla left Graz and broke all relations with his family. His friends thought that he had drowned in the Mur River . He went to Maribor|Marburg , (today's Maribor, in Slovenia ), where he was first employed as an assistant engineer for a year. He suffered a nervous breakdown during this time. Tesla was later persuaded by his father to attend the Charles University in Prague|Charles-Ferdinand University in Prague, which he attended for the summer term of 1880. Here, he was influenced by Ernst Mach . However, after his father died, he left the university, having completed only one term.
Tesla engaged in reading many works, memorizing complete books, supposedly having a photographic memory . Tesla related in his autobiography that he experienced detailed moments of inspiration. During his early life, Tesla was stricken with illness time and time again. He suffered a peculiar affliction in which blinding flashes of light would appear before his eyes, often accompanied by visions. Much of the time the visions were linked to a word or idea he might have come across, at other times they would provide the solution to a particular problem he had been encountering; just by hearing the name of an item, he would be able to envision it in realistic detail. Modern-day synesthesia|synesthetes report similar symptoms. Tesla would visualize an invention in his mind with extreme precision, including all dimensions, before moving to the construction stage; a technique sometimes known as picture thinking . He typically did not make drawings by hand, instead just conceiving all ideas with his mind. Tesla also often had flashbacks to events that had happened previously in his life; these began during his childhood.

In 1880, he moved to Budapest to work under Tivadar Puskás in a Telegraphy|telegraph company,
the National Telephone company|Telephone Company . There, he met Nebojša Petrovic, a young, Serbian inventor who lived in Austria. Although their encounter was brief, they did work on a project together using twin turbines to create continual power. On the opening of the telephone exchange in Budapest, 1881, Tesla became the chief electrician to the company, and was later engineer for the country's first telephone system. He also developed a device that, according to some, was a telephone repeater or amplifier , but according to others could have been the first loudspeaker .

Working for Edison in France and the U.S

In 1882 he moved to Paris, to work as an engineer for the Continental Edison Company , designing improvements to electric equipment brought overseas from Edison's ideas. According to Tesla's autobiography, in the same year he conceived of his induction motor and began developing various devices that use rotating magnetic field s for which he received patents in 1888. The paternity of the invention remains controversial since a prototype induction motor was demonstrated in Europe in 1885 by Galileo Ferraris . Ferraris published his findings in 1888.

On 6 June 1884, Tesla first arrived in the United States, in New York City with little besides a letter of recommendation from Charles Batchelor , a former employer. In the letter of recommendation to Thomas Edison , it is claimed that Batchelor wrote, 'I know two great men and you are one of them; the other is this young man', but the exact contents of the letter is disputed in McNichol's book. Edison hired Tesla to work for his Edison Machine Works . Tesla's work for Edison began with simple electrical engineering and quickly progressed to solving some of the company's most difficult problems. Tesla was even offered the task of completely redesigning the Edison company's direct current electrical generator|generators .

In 1885 Tesla claimed he could redesign Edison's inefficient motor and generators, making an improvement in both service and economy. According to Tesla, Edison remarked "''There's fifty thousand dollars in it for you - if you can do it''". This has been noted as an odd statement from an Edison whose company was stingy with pay and did not have that sort of cash on hand. After months of work when Tesla finished the task and inquired about payment Edison claimed he was only joking replying, "Tesla, you don't understand our American humor ".
Edison offered a $10 a week raise over Tesla's US$18 per week salary, but Tesla refused it and immediately resigned.

Tesla, in need of work, eventually found himself digging ditches for a short period of time for the Edison company. He used this time to focus on his AC polyphase system.

Middle years

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Various devices that use rotating magnetic field s (1882)

The Induction motor , rotary transformers, and "high" frequency alternator s

The Tesla coil , his magnifying transmitter , and other means for increasing the intensity of electrical oscillation s (including condenser discharge transformations and the Tesla oscillators Routledge, R., & Pepper, J. H. (1876). Discoveries and inventions of the nineteenth century. London: G. Routledge and sons. .Archie Frederick Collins, Wireless Telegraphy: Its History, Theory and Practice . McGraw publishing company, 1905. )

Alternating current Electric power transmission|long-distance electrical transmission system Tesla, Nikola, "A New System of Alternating Current Motors and Transformers". American Institute of Electrical Engineers, May 1888. (1888) and other methods and devices for power transmission

System s for wireless telecommunication|communication ( prior art for the invention of radio ) and radio frequency electronic oscillator|oscillators

Robert Routledge, Discoveries and Inventions of the Nineteenth Century . G. Routledge and Sons, 1903. .

Robot ics and the logic gate|electronic logic gate "'' ". 21st Century Books, Breckenridge, Colorado. ( ed ., this pertains to electronic logic gates in general; and )

Electrotherapy Tesla currents Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, " The IEEE standard dictionary of electrical and electronics terms ". 6th ed. New York, N.Y., Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, c1997. IEEE Std 100-1996. ISBN 1-55937-833-6 Dugan, William James, "Hand-book of electro-therapeutics". F.A.Davis Company, 1910. Page& nbsp;123. " speak of "Tesla currents" when we really mean the high frequency currents."Snow, William Benham, "Currents of high potential of high and other frequencies". Scientific authors' publishing Co., 1918. Page& nbsp;121.

Wireless energy transfer|Wireless transfer of electricity and the Tesla effect Norrie, H. S., "Induction Coils: How to make, use, and repair them".Norman H. Schneider, 1907, New York. 4th edition.Electrical experimenter, January 1919. Page& nbsp;615

Tesla impedance phenonomena The Electrical engineer. (1884). London: Biggs & Co.

Tesla electrostatic|electro-static field

Tesla principle

Bifilar coil

Telegeodynamics

Tesla insulation

Tesla impulses Bengt Anders Benson, Perseption apparatus for the Blind ,

Tesla frequencies . New York: W.J. Johnston. .

Tesla discharge

Forms of commutator (electric)|commutators and methods of regulating third brushes

Tesla turbine s (e.g., bladeless turbines) for water, steam and gas and the Tesla pumps

Tesla igniter

Corona discharge ozone generator

Tesla compressor

X-ray s Tubes using the Bremsstrahlung process

Devices for plasma (physics)|ionized gases and "''Hot Saint Elmo's Fire ".. New York: W.J. Johnston. .

Devices for Electric field gradient|high field emission

Devices for charged particle beam s

Phantom streaming devices. New York: W.J. Johnston. .

Arc light systems

Methods for providing extremely low level of resistance to the passage of electric current (predecessor to superconductivity )

Voltage multiplication Electronic circuit|circuitry

Devices for high voltage discharges

Devices for lightning protection

VTOL aircraft

Dynamic theory of gravity

Concepts for electric vehicles

Polyphase system s

In 1886, Tesla formed his own company, Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing . The initial financial investors disagreed with Tesla on his plan for an alternating current motor and eventually relieved him of his duties at the company. Tesla worked in New York as a laborer from 1886 to 1887 to feed himself and raise capital for his next project. In 1887, he constructed a brush (electric)|brushless alternating current induction motor , which he demonstrated to the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (now Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers|IEEE ) in 1888. In the same year, he developed the principles of his Tesla coil , and began working with George Westinghouse at Westinghouse Electric Corporation|Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company's Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|Pittsburgh labs. Westinghouse listened to his ideas for polyphase systems which would allow transmission of alternating current electricity over long distances.

In April 1887, Tesla began investigating what would later be called X-ray s using his own single terminal vacuum tube s (similar to his patent ). This device differed from other early X-ray tubes in that it had no target electrode. The modern term for the phenomenon produced by this device is bremsstrahlung (or braking radiation ). It is now known that this device operated by emitting electron s from the single electrode through a combination of field electron emission and thermionic emission . Once liberated, electrons are strongly repelled by the high electric field near the electrode during negative voltage peaks from the oscillating HV output of the Tesla Coil, generating X rays as they collide with the glass envelope. He also used Geissler tube s. By 1892, Tesla became aware of the skin damage that Wilhelm Röntgen later identified as an effect of X rays.

In the early research, Tesla devised several experimental setups to produce X-rays. Tesla held that, with his circuits, the "instrument will generate Roentgen rays of much greater power than obtainable with ordinary apparatus".N. Tesla, , American Electro-Therapeutic Association. Page& nbsp;25.

He also commented on the hazards of working with his circuit and single-node X-ray-producing devices. Of his many notes in the early investigation of this phenomenon, he attributed the skin damage to various causes. He believed early on that damage to the skin was not caused by the Roentgen rays, but the ozone generated in contact with the skin, and to a lesser extent, nitrous acid . Tesla incorrectly held that x-rays were longitudinal wave s, such as those produced in waves in plasma . There are known examples of this and these plasma waves can occur in the situation of force-free magnetic field s.Griffiths, David J. Introduction to Electrodynamics , ISBN 0-13-805326-X and Jackson, John D. Classical Electrodynamics , ISBN 0-471-30932-X. His hypotheses and experiments were confirmed by others.

Tesla continued research in the field. He performed several experiments prior to Roentgen's discovery (including photographing the bones of his hand; later, he sent these images to Roentgen) but did not make his findings widely known; much of his research was lost in the 5th Avenue laboratory fire of March 1895.

Tesla demonstrated wireless energy transmission as early as 1891. The Tesla effect is a term for an application of this type of electrical conduction (that is, the movement of energy through space and matter, not just the production of voltage across a conductor).

American citizenship

On 30 July 1891, at the age of 35, he became a Naturalization|naturalized citizen of the United States. Tesla established his South Fifth Avenue (Manhattan)|Fifth Avenue laboratory in New York in the same year. Later, Tesla established his Houston Street laboratory in New York at 46 E. Houston Street . He lit electric lamps wirelessly at both of the New York locations, providing evidence for the potential of wireless power transmission.

Soon thereafter, in 1892, Tesla was awakened from a dream in which his mother had died. He returned to Europe for her funeral. After her death, Tesla fell ill. He spent two to three weeks recuperating in Gospic and the village of Tomingaj near Gracac , his mother's birthplace.

Some of Tesla's closest friends were artists. He befriended The Century Magazine|Century Magazine editor Robert Underwood Johnson , who adapted several Serbian poems of Jovan Jovanovic Zmaj (which Tesla translated). Also during this time, Tesla was influenced by the Vedanta|Vedic philosophy ( i.e. , Hinduism ) teachings of the Swami Vivekananda ; so much so that, after his exposure to Hindu-Vedic thought, Tesla started using Sanskrit words to name some of his fundamental concepts regarding matter and energy.

When Tesla was 36 years old, the first patents concerning the polyphase power system were granted. He continued research of the system and rotating magnetic field principles. Tesla served, from 1892 to 1894, as the vice president of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers , the forerunner (along with the Institute of Radio Engineers ) of the modern-day Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers|IEEE . From 1893 to 1895, he investigated high frequency alternating currents. He generated AC of one million volt s using a conical Tesla coil and investigated the skin effect in Electrical conductor|conductors , designed tuned circuits, invented a machine for inducing sleep, invented a cordless gas discharge lamp, and transmitted Electrical energy|electromagnetic energy without wires, building the first transmitter|radio transmitter . In St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis , Missouri, Tesla made a demonstration related to radio communication in 1893. Addressing the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania and the National Electric Light Association , he described and demonstrated in detail its principles. Tesla's demonstrations were written about widely through various media outlets. Tesla also investigated harvesting energy that is present throughout space. He believed that it was merely a question of time when men would succeed in attaching their machinery to the very wheelwork of nature, stating: "Ere many generations pass, our machinery will be driven by a power obtainable at any point of the universe."

At the 1893 World's Fair , the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, an international exposition was held which, for the first time, devoted a building to electrical exhibits. It was a historic event as Tesla and George Westinghouse introduced visitors to AC power by using it to illuminate the Exposition. On display were fluorescent lamp s developed by Westinghouse http://onpoint.wbur.org/2010/01/27/nikola-tesla-and-innovation-today (approximately 19:00) and single node bulbs. An observer noted:

Tesla also explained the principles of the rotating magnetic field and induction motor by demonstrating how to make an egg made of copper stand on end in his demonstration of the device he constructed known as the "'' Tesla's Egg of Columbus|Egg of Columbus ".

The Tesla generator was developed by Tesla in 1895, in conjunction with his developments concerning the liquefaction of air. Tesla knew from Lord Kelvin's discoveries that more heat is absorbed by liquefied air when it is re-gasified and used to drive something than is required by theory; in other words, that the liquefaction process is somewhat anomalous or 'over unity'.Nikola Tesla, Startling Prediction of the World's Greatest Living Scientist (Article, the North American, 18 May 1902). Just before Tesla's completion of his work and the filing of a patent application, Tesla's laboratory burned down, destroying all his equipment, models and inventions. Immediately after the fire, Carl von Linde , in Germany, filed a patent application for the same process.Pages 284–285, William R. Lyne, Pentagon Aliens, 1993.

A "world system" for "the transmission of electrical energy without wires" that depends upon the electrical conductivity of the earth was proposed, in which transmission in various natural media with current that passes between the two points are used to power devices. In a practical wireless energy transmission system using this principle, a high-power ultraviolet beam might be used to form a vertical ionized channel in the air directly above the transmitter-receiver stations. The same concept is used in virtual lightning rod s and the electrolaser electroshock weapon , Barnes, Arnold A., Jr.; Berthel, Robert O.
and has been proposed for disabling vehicles.

Also in the late 1880s, Tesla and Thomas Edison became adversaries in part because of Edison's promotion of direct current (DC) for electric power distribution over the more efficient alternating current advocated by Tesla and Westinghouse. Until the development of the induction motor, AC's advantages for long distance high voltage transmission were counterbalanced by the inability to operate motors on AC. As a result of the " War of Currents ", Edison and Westinghouse went nearly bankrupt, so in 1897, Tesla released Westinghouse from contract, providing Westinghouse a break from Tesla's patent royalties. Also in 1897, Tesla researched Particle radiation|radiation , which led to setting up the basic formulation of cosmic ray s.Waser, André, "''Nikola Tesla's Radiations and the Cosmic Rays ".

In 1897, at age 41, Tesla filed the first radio patent (). A year later, he demonstrated a radio control|radio-controlled boat to the US military, believing that the military would want things such as radio-controlled torpedo es. Tesla claimed to have developed the " Art of Telautomatics ", a form of robotics , as well as the technology of remote control.Tesla, Nikola, " ", Electrical Experimenter magazine, Feb, June, and Oct, 1919. ISBN () In 1898, he demonstrated a radio-controlled boat to the public during an electrical exhibition at Madison Square Garden (1890)|Madison Square Garden . Tesla called his boat a "teleautomaton". In the same year, Tesla devised an "electric igniter" or spark plug for Internal combustion engine|Internal combustion gasoline engines. He gained , "Electrical Igniter for Gas Engines", on this ignition system|mechanical ignition system . Tesla lived in the former Gerlach Hotel, renamed The Radio Wave building, at 49 W 27th St. (between Broadway and Sixth Avenue), Lower Manhattan , before the end of the century where he conducted the radio wave experiments. A commemorative plaque was placed on the building in 1977 to honor his work. Remote radio control remained a novelty until World War I and afterward, when a number of countries used it in military programs.

Colorado Springs

In 1899, Tesla decided to move and began research in Colorado Springs, Colorado|Colorado Springs , Colorado in a lab located near Foote Ave. and Kiowa St.,According to the Tesla memorial marker in Memorial park on Pikes Peak Ave. where he would have room for his high-voltage, high-frequency experiments. Upon his arrival he told reporters that he was conducting wireless telegraphy experiments transmitting signals from Pikes Peak to Paris. Tesla's diary contains explanations of his experiments concerning the ionosphere and the ground's telluric current s via transverse wave s and longitudinal wave s.Tesla, Nikola, "The True Wireless". Electrical Experimenter , May 1919. ()
At his lab, Tesla proved that the earth was a conductor, and he produced artificial lightning (with discharges consisting of millions of volts, and up to 135& nbsp;feet long).Gillispie, Charles Coulston, " Dictionary of Scientific Biography "; Tesla, Nikola . Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. ISBN
Tesla also investigated atmospheric electricity , observing lightning signals via his receivers. Reproductions of Tesla's receivers and coherer circuits show an unpredicted level of complexity (e.g., Distributed element model|distributed Q factor|high- Q Helix|helical cavity resonator|resonators , radio frequency feedback , crude heterodyne effects, and Regenerative circuit|regeneration techniques ).Corum, K. L., J. F. Corum, and A. H. Aidinejad, "''Atmospheric Fields, Tesla's Receivers and Regenerative Detectors ". 1994.
Tesla stated that he observed stationary wave s during this time.Corum, K. L., J. F. Corum, " Nikola Tesla, Lightning Observations, and Stationary Waves ". 1994.

Tesla researched ways to transmit power and energy wirelessly over long distances (via transverse waves, to a lesser extent, and, more readily, longitudinal waves). He transmitted Extremely low frequency|extremely low frequencies through the ground as well as between the Earth's surface and the Kennelly–Heaviside layer . He received patents on wireless transceivers that developed standing waves by this method. In his experiments, he made mathematical calculations and computations based on his experiments and discovered that the resonant frequency of the Earth was approximately 8 hertz (Hz). In the 1950s, researchers confirmed that the resonant frequency of the Earth's ionospheric cavity was in this range (later named the Schumann resonance ).

In Colorado Springs Tesla carried out various long distance wireless transmission-reception experiments. Tesla effect is the application of a type of electrical conduction (that is, the movement of energy through space and matter; not just the production of voltage across a conductor). Through longitudinal wave s, Tesla transferred energy to receiving devices. He sent electrostatic forces through natural media across a conductor situated in the changing magnetic flux and transferred electrical energy to a wireless receiver.

In the Colorado Springs lab, Tesla observed unusual signals that he later thought may have been evidence of Extraterrestrial life|extraterrestrial radio wave communications coming from Venus or Mars .Tesla, Nikola, " ". Collier's Weekly, 19 February 1901. (EarlyRadioHistory.us) He noticed repetitive signals from his receiver which were substantially different from the signals he had noted from storms and earth noise. Specifically, he later recalled that the signals appeared in groups of one, two, three, and four clicks together. Tesla had mentioned that he thought his inventions could be used to talk with other planets. There have even been claims that he invented a " Teslascope " for just such a purpose. It is debatable what type of signals Tesla received or whether he picked up anything at all. Research has suggested that Tesla may have had a misunderstanding of the new technology he was working with, or that the signals Tesla observed may have been non-terrestrial natural radio source such as the Jupiter|Jovian Jupiter's magnetosphere|plasma torus signals.

Tesla left Colorado Springs on 7 January 1900. The lab was torn down ca. 1905 and its contents sold to pay debts. The Colorado experiments prepared Tesla for the establishment of the trans-Atlantic wireless telecommunications facility known as Wardenclyffe near Shoreham, Long Island.

Wardenclyffe years

In 1900, with US$150,000 (51% from J. Pierpont Morgan ), Tesla began planning the Wardenclyffe Tower facility. In June 1902, Tesla's lab operations were moved to Wardenclyffe from Houston Street. The tower was dismantled for scrap during World War I.

On his 50th birthday in 1906, Tesla demonstrated his 200& nbsp; horsepower|hp (150& nbsp;kW) 16,000& nbsp;rpm tesla turbine|bladeless turbine . During 1910–1911 at the Waterside Power Station in New York, several of his bladeless turbine engines were tested at 100–5000& nbsp;hp.

Nobel prize and Tesla

Since the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Guglielmo Marconi for radio in 1909, Thomas Edison and Tesla were mentioned in a press dispatch as potential laureates to share the Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize of 1915 , leading to one of several Nobel Prize controversies . Some sources have claimed that because of their animosity toward each other neither was given the award, despite their scientific contributions; that each sought to minimize the other's achievements and right to win the award; that both refused ever to accept the award if the other received it first; and that both rejected any possibility of sharing it.

In the years after these rumors, neither Tesla nor Edison won the Prize (although Edison did receive one of 38 possible bids in 1915, and Tesla did receive one bid out of 38 in 1937).
Earlier, Tesla alone was rumored to have been nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize of 1912 . The rumored nomination was primarily for his experiments with tuned circuits using high-voltage high-frequency resonant transformers.

Later years

In 1915, Tesla filed a lawsuit against Marconi attempting, unsuccessfully, to obtain a court injunction against Marconi's claims. After Wardenclyffe, Tesla built the Telefunken Wireless Station in Sayville, Long Island. Some of what he wanted to achieve at Wardenclyffe was accomplished with the Telefunken Wireless. In 1917, the facility was seized and torn down by the United States Marine Corps|Marines , because it was suspected that it could be used by German spies.

Before World War I (1914-1918), Tesla looked overseas for investors to fund his research. When the war started, Tesla lost the funding he was receiving from his patents in European countries. After the war ended, Tesla made predictions regarding the relevant issues of the post-World War I environment, in a printed article (20 December 1914). Tesla believed that the League of Nations was not a remedy for the times and issues. Tesla started to exhibit pronounced symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the years following. He became obsessed with the number three; he often felt compelled to walk around a block three times before entering a building, demanded a stack of three folded cloth napkins beside his plate at every meal, etc. The nature of OCD was little understood at the time and no treatments were available, so his symptoms were considered by some to be evidence of partial insanity, and this undoubtedly hurt what was left of his reputation.

At this time, he was staying at The Waldorf-Astoria Hotel , renting in an arrangement for deferred payments. Eventually, the Wardenclyffe deed was turned over to George Boldt , proprietor of the Waldorf-Astoria, to pay a US$20,000 debt. In 1917, around the time that the Wardenclyffe Tower was demolished by Boldt to make the land a more viable real estate asset, Tesla received American Institute of Electrical Engineers|AIEE's highest honor, the Edison Medal .

Tesla, in August 1917, first established principles regarding frequency and power level for the first primitive radar units.Page, R.M., " The Early History of RADAR ", Proceedings of the IRE , Volume 50, Number 5, May 1962, (special 50th Anniversary Issue).

In 1934, Émile Girardeau , working with the first French radar systems, stated he was building them "according to the principles stated by Tesla". By the 1920s, Tesla was reportedly negotiating with the United Kingdom government about a ray system. Tesla had also stated that efforts had been made to steal the so called "death ray". It is suggested that the removal of the Neville Chamberlain|Chamberlain government ended negotiations.
On Tesla's 75th birthday in 1931, Time magazine| Time magazine put him on its cover. The cover caption noted his contribution to Electricity generation|electrical power generation . Tesla received his last patent in 1928 for an apparatus for Aviation|aerial transportation which was the first instance of Vertical take-off and landing|VTOL aircraft. By the end of 1931, Tesla released " On Future Motive Power " which covered an ocean thermal energy conversion system. In 1934, Tesla wrote to consul Jankovic of his homeland. The letter contained a message of gratitude to Mihajlo Pupin who had initiated a donation scheme by which American companies could support Tesla. Tesla refused the assistance, choosing instead to live on a modest pension received from Yugoslavia, and to continue his research.

In 1936, replying to a birthday telegram from Vladko Macek , Tesla said he was "equally proud" of his "Serbian origin and Croatian homeland", a phrase often paraphrased in conciliatory context at modern-day joint Croatian-Serbian Tesla celebrations.
In addition, in the same telegram, Tesla wrote "Long live all Yugoslavs." When others tried to co-opt him into ethnic and other conflicts in Yugoslavia, Tesla once replied: "If your hate could be turned into electricity, it would light up the whole world."

Field theories

When he was 81, Tesla stated he had completed a "dynamic theory of gravity". He stated that it was "worked out in all details" and that he hoped to soon give it to the world. downloadable from www.tesla.hu
The theory was never published.

The bulk of the theory was developed between 1892 and 1894, during the period that he was conducting experiments with high frequency and high potential electromagnetism and patenting devices for their use. Reminiscent of Mach's principle , Tesla stated in 1925 that:

Tesla was critical of Einstein's relativity work, calling it:

Tesla also argued:

Tesla also believed that much of Albert Einstein 's Theory of relativity|relativity theory had already been proposed by Ruder Boškovic , stating in an unpublished interview:

Directed-energy weapon

Later in life, Tesla made remarkable claims concerning a " teleforce " weapon. The press called it a "peace ray" or death ray . In total, the components and methods included:"A Machine to End War". Feb. 1935.

An apparatus for producing manifestations of energy in free air instead of in a Vacuum|high vacuum as in the past. This, according to Tesla in 1934, was accomplished.

A mechanism for generating tremendous electrical force. This, according to Tesla, was also accomplished.

A means of intensifying and amplifying the force developed by the second mechanism.

A new method for producing a tremendous electrical repelling force. This would be the projector, or gun, of the invention.

Tesla worked on plans for a directed-energy weapon from the early 1900s until his death. In 1937, Tesla wrote a treatise entitled " The Art of Projecting Concentrated Non-dispersive Energy through the Natural Media ", which concerned charged particle beam s. Tesla published the document in an attempt to expound on the technical description of a " superweapon that would put an end to all war." This treatise describing the particle beam is currently in the Nikola Tesla Museum archive in Belgrade . It describes an open-ended vacuum tube with a gas jet seal that allows particles to exit, a method of charging particles to millions of volts, and a method of creating and directing nondispersive particle streams (through electrostatic repulsion).
His records indicate that the device is based on a narrow stream of Superatom|atomic clusters of liquid Mercury (element)|mercury or tungsten accelerated via high voltage (by means akin to his Magnifying transmitter|magnifying transformer ). Tesla gives the following description concerning the Charged particle beam|particle gun s operation:

Tesla described the weapon as being able to be used against ground based infantry or for antiaircraft purposes. Tesla tried to interest the United States Department of Defense|US War Department in the device."Aerial Defense 'Death-Beam' Offered to U.S. By Tesla" 12 July 1940 He also offered this invention to European countries. None of the governments purchased a contract to build the device. He was unable to act on his plans.Velox, . everything2.com

Theoretical inventions

Another of Tesla's theorized inventions is commonly referred to as ''Tesla's Flying Machine , which appears to resemble an ionocraft|ion-propelled aircraft . Tesla claimed that one of his life goals was to create a flying machine that would run without the use of an airplane engine, wings, ailerons , propellers , or an onboard fuel source. Initially, Tesla pondered about the idea of a flying craft that would fly using an electric motor powered by grounded base stations. As time progressed, Tesla suggested that perhaps such an aircraft could be run entirely electro-mechanically. The theorized appearance would typically take the form of a cigar or saucer. The Lost Journals of Nikola Tesla. by Tim Swartz. Inner Light& nbsp;– Global Communications (15 October 2000). Also see

Personal life

Possessing an eidetic memory , Nikola Tesla was a Polyglot (person)|polyglot , and along with his native tongue he also spoke Czech, English, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, and Latin.

During his second year of study at Graumltz, Tesla developed a passion for (and became very proficient at) billiards, chess and card-playing, sometimes spending more than 48 hours in a stretch at a gaming table. Tesla by nature required little sleep, claiming to never sleep more than two hours. On one occasion at his laboratory Tesla worked for a period of 84 hours without sleep or rest.

Tesla may have suffered from obsessive-compulsive disorder , and had many unusual quirks and phobias . He did things in threes, and was adamant about staying in a hotel room with a number divisible by three. Tesla was physically revolted by jewelry, notably pearl earrings. He was fastidious about cleanliness and hygiene, and was by all accounts mysophobia|mysophobic .

Tesla was obsessed with pigeons, ordering special seeds for the pigeons he fed in Central Park and even bringing injured ones into his hotel room to nurse them back to health. Tesla was an animal-lover, often reflecting contentedly about a childhood cat, "The Magnificent Macak." Tesla never married. He was celibacy|celibate and claimed that his chastity was very helpful to his scientific abilities. Nonetheless there have been numerous accounts of women vying for Tesla's affection, even some madly in love with him. Tesla, though polite, behaved rather ambivalently to these women in the romantic sense.

Tesla was prone to alienating himself and was generally soft-spoken. However, when he did engage in a social life, many people spoke very positively and admiringly of him. Robert Underwood Johnson described him as attaining a "distinguished sweetness, sincerity, modesty, refinement, generosity, and force." His loyal secretary, Dorothy Skerrit, wrote: "his genial smile and nobility of bearing always denoted the gentlemanly characteristics that were so ingrained in his soul." Tesla's friend Hawthorne wrote that "seldom did one meet a scientist or engineer who was also a poet, a philosopher, an appreciator of fine music, a linguist, and a connoisseur of food and drink."

Nevertheless, Tesla could be harsh at times; he openly expressed his disgust for overweight people, once firing a secretary because of her weight. He was quick to criticize others' clothing as well, on several occasions directing a subordinate to go home and change her dress.

Tesla was widely known for his great showmanship, presenting his innovations and demonstrations to the public as an artform, almost like a magician. This seems to conflict with his observed reclusiveness; Tesla was a complicated figure. He refused to hold conventions without his Tesla coil blasting electricity throughout the room, despite the audience often being terrified, though he assured them everything was perfectly safe.

In middle age, Tesla became close friends with Mark Twain . They spent a lot of time together in his lab and elsewhere.

Tesla remained bitter in the aftermath of his dispute with Edison. The day after Edison died the New York Times contained extensive coverage of Edison's life, with the only negative opinion coming from Tesla, who was quoted as saying:

Shortly before he died, Edison said that his biggest mistake had been in trying to develop direct current, rather than the superior alternating current system that Tesla had put within his grasp.

Tesla was good friends with Robert Underwood Johnson . He had amicable relations with Francis Marion Crawford , Stanford White , Fritz Lowenstein, George Scherff , and Kenneth Swezey. He ripped up a Westinghouse Electric Corporation (1886)|Westinghouse contract that would have made him the world's first billionaire, in part because of the implications it would have on his future vision of free power, and in part because it would run Westinghouse out of business, and Tesla had no desire to deal with the creditors.
Tesla lived the last ten years of his life in a two-room suite on the 33rd floor of the Hotel New Yorker , room 3327. There, near the end of his life, Tesla showed signs of encroaching senility, claiming to be visited by a specific white pigeon daily. Several biographers note that Tesla viewed the death of the pigeon as a "final blow" to himself and his work.

Tesla believed that war could not be avoided until the cause for its recurrence was removed, but was opposed to wars in general. However, Tesla came to find exceptions in which he thought certain situations and wars were justifiable. Tesla sought to reduce distance, such as in communication for better understanding, transportation, and transmission of energy, as a means to ensure friendly international relations ." " Albany Telegram, 25 February 1923 (doc).

Tesla was a life-long bachelor. Like many of his era, he became a proponent of an imposed selective breeding version of eugenics . His opinions stemmed from a belief that humans already interfered with the natural "ruthless workings of nature", rather than conceptions of a "master race" or inherent superiority of one person over another. His advocacy of it was however to push it further. In a 1937 interview, he stated:

In 1926, Tesla commented on the ills of the social subservience of women and the struggle of women toward gender equality , indicated that humanity's future would be run by "Queen Bees". He believed that women would become the dominant sex in the future.Kennedy, John B., " , An interview with Nikola Tesla ". Collier's Weekly|Colliers , 30 January 1926.

In his later years Tesla became a vegetarian. In an article for Century Illustrated Magazine he wrote: "It is certainly preferable to raise vegetables, and I think, therefore, that vegetarianism is a commendable departure from the established barbarous habit." Tesla argued that it is wrong to eat uneconomic meat when large numbers of people are starving; he also believed that plant food was "superior to in regard to both mechanical and mental performance". He also argued that animal slaughter was "wanton and cruel".

In his final years he suffered from extreme sensitivity to light, sound and other influences.

Death

Tesla died on 7 January 1943 at age 86 from heart thrombus, alone in room 3327 of the New Yorker Hotel . A few days after Tesla's death, the information center of the Yugoslav royal government-in-exile released a statement giving a short review of Tesla's achievements and the schedule for his memorial service and funeral. The speech, written by Louis Adamic, was read in a live broadcast on Radio New York by the mayor of New York City, Fiorello La Guardia , on 10 January 1943. The remains of Nikola Tesla were taken to Campbell cemetery. The protocol anticipated the funeral service would be conducted on 12 January in the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine in Manhattan . Bishop William Manning (Bishop of New York)|William T. Manning delivered the introductory and the last prayer in English. The funeral service was conducted in the name of the Serbian Orthodox Church by priest Dusan Sukletovic, the superior of the Serbian Orthodox Cathedral of St. Sava|Church of St. Sava of the New York parish. The bereaved family members present at the funeral were Sava Kosanovic and Nikola Trbojevic. A state funeral was attended by 2000 people. Tesla's casket was draped with U. S. and Yugoslav flags. The pallbearers were Nobel prize winners. Telegrams of condolence were received from many notables including the First Lady of the United States , Mrs Eleanor Roosevelt and Vice-President Henry A. Wallace . Tesla's body was cremated and his ashes taken to Belgrade, Serbia, then- SFRJ|Yugoslavia in 1957. The urn containing his ashes was placed in the Nikola Tesla Museum in Belgrade. Despite having sold his AC electricity patents, Tesla died with significant debts. Later that year the Supreme Court of the United States|US Supreme Court upheld Tesla's patent number 645576 in a ruling that served as the basis for patented radio technology in the United States.

Soon after his death Tesla's safe was opened by his nephew Sava Kosanovic. Shortly thereafter Tesla's papers and other property were impounded by the United States' Alien Property Custodian office in Tesla's compound at the Manhattan Warehouse, even though he was a United States nationality law|naturalized citizen .

Dr. John G. Trump was the main government official who went over Tesla's secret papers after his death in 1943. At the time, Trump was a well-known electrical engineer serving as a technical aide to the National Defense Research Committee of the Office of Scientific Research & Development, Technical Aids, Div. 14, NTRC (predecessor agency to the CIA's Office of Scientific Intelligence). Trump was also a professor at M.I.T., and had his feelings hurt by Tesla's 1938 review and critique of M.I.T.'s huge Van de Graaff generator with its two thirty-foot towers and two balls, mounted on railroad tracks—which Tesla showed could be out-performed in both voltage and current by one of his tiny coils about two feet tall.Page 278, William R. Lyne, Pentagon Aliens, 1993 Trump was asked to participate in the examination of Tesla's papers at the Manhattan Warehouse & Storage Co. Trump reported afterwards that no examination had been made of the vast amount of Tesla's property that had been in the basement of the New Yorker Hotel ten years prior to Tesla's death, or of any of his papers, except those in his immediate possession at the time of his death. Trump concluded in his report that there was nothing that would constitute a hazard in unfriendly hands.

After the FBI was contacted by the War Department, his papers were declared to be Classified information|top secret . The personal effects were sequestered on the advice of presidential advisers; J. Edgar Hoover declared the case most secret, because of the nature of Tesla's inventions and patents.Hoover, John Edgar, et al. One document stated that " is reported to have some 80& nbsp;trunks in different places containing transcripts and plans having to do with his experiments ". Altogether, in Tesla's effects, there were the contents of his safe, two truckloads of papers and apparatuses from his hotel, another 75 packing crates and trunks in a storage facility, and another 80 large storage trunks in another storage facility. The Navy and several "federal officials" spent two days microfilming some of the material at the Office of Alien Properties storage facility in 1943, and that was it, until Oct., 1945.Pages 278–279, William R. Lyne, Pentagon Aliens, 1993

Tesla's family and the Yugoslav embassy struggled with the American authorities to gain these items after his death because of the potential significance of some of his research. Eventually Mr. Kosanovic won possession of the materials, which are now housed in the Nikola Tesla Museum .

Literary works

Apart from doing pure work on inventing things, Tesla also wrote a number of books and articles for magazines and journals.
Among his books are My Inventions: The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla , The Fantastic Inventions of Nikola Tesla and The Tesla Papers .

A number of Tesla's writings are freely available on the web,
including the article The Problem of Increasing Human Energy which he wrote for The Century Magazine ,
and the article Experiments With Alternate Currents Of High Potential And High Frequency published in his book Inventions, Researches and Writings of Nikola Tesla .

Legacy and honors

The tesla (unit)|tesla (symbol T)& nbsp;– compound derived SI unit of magnetic flux density .

Tesla (crater)|Tesla & nbsp;– a crater on the far side of the moon of 26 kilometers in diameter at -2,0° width, -132.0° height.

2244 Tesla & nbsp;– a minor planet.

TPP Nikola Tesla & nbsp;– the largest power plant in Serbia.

The rock band Tesla (band)|Tesla takes its name from Nikola Tesla.

An Battery electric vehicle|electric car company, Tesla Motors , named their company in tribute to Tesla.

The Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport is named in his honor.

Google honoured Tesla on his birthday on 10 July 2009 by displaying a Google logo|doodle in the Google search home page, that showed the G as a tesla coil .

The Czechoslovakia n electro-technical company Tesla (company)|Tesla

The street sign “Nikola Tesla Corner” at the corner of the 40th Street and 6th Avenue in Manhattan, New York|Manhattan

The United States Postal Service honored Tesla with a commemorative stamp in 1983.

Tesla was inducted into the Inventor’s Hall of Fame in 1975.

The IEEE_Nikola_Tesla_Award|Nikola Tesla Award

Monuments

The Nikola Tesla Memorial Centre located in his birthplace of Smiljan near the town of Gospic in Croatia opened in 2006 features a statue of Tesla designed by sculptor Mile Blaževic. On 7 July 2006 on the corner of Masarykova and Preradoviceva streets in the Donji grad|Lower Town area in Zagreb the monument to Tesla was unveiled. This monument was designed by Ivan Meštrovic in 1952 and was transferred from the Zagreb-based Ruder Boškovic Institute where it had spent previous decades.

A monument to Tesla was established at Niagara Falls, New York|Niagara Falls , New York. This monument, sculpted by Frano Kršinic and portraying Tesla reading a set of notes, was presented to the United States by Yugoslavia in 1976 and is an identical copy of the monument standing in front of the University of Belgrade Faculty of Electrical Engineering . Another monument to Tesla, featuring him standing on a portion of an alternator, was established at Queen Victoria Park in Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada . The monument was officially unveiled on 9 July 2006 on the 150th anniversary of Tesla's birth. The monument was sponsored by St. George Serbian Church, Niagara Falls , and designed by Les Drysdale of Hamilton, Ontario . Drysdale's design was the winning design from an international competition.

In 1994, acting on the advice of the President's Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, a formal nomination process was initiated by the Tesla Wardenclyffe Project seeking placement of the Wardenclyffe laboratory-office building and the Tesla tower foundation on both the New York State and National Registers of Historic Places. This would result in the creation of a monument to Tesla out of the Wardenclyffe site itself.

Portrayals in popular culture

Nikola Tesla has appeared in popular culture as a character in books, films, radio, TV, music, live theatre, comics and video games. The lack of recognition received by Tesla during his own lifetime has made him a tragic and inspirational character well suited to dramatic fiction. The impact of the technologies invented by Tesla is a recurring theme in several types of science fiction.

Lomas, Robert, . Lecture to South Western Branch of Instititute of Physics.

Thomas Commerford Martin|Martin, Thomas Commerford , The Inventions, Researches, and Writings of Nikola Tesla , New York: The Electrical Engineer, 1894 (3rd Ed.); reprinted by Barnes & Noble, 1995 ISBN-X

Penner, John R.H. , corrupted version of " My Inventions ".

Pratt, H., Nikola Tesla 1856–1943 , Proceedings of the IRE , Vol. 44, September, 1956.

Weisstein, Eric W., . Eric Weisstein's World of Science.

Dimitrijevic, Milan S., Belgrade Astronomical Observatory Historical Review . Publ. Astron. Obs. Belgrade,, 162–170. Also, Srpski asteroidi, . Astronomski magazine.

Roguin, Ariel, Historical Note: Nikola Tesla: The man behind the magnetic field unit . J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;19:369–374. 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Sellon, J. L., The impact of Nikola Tesla on the cement industry . Behrent Eng. Co., Wheat Ridge, Colorado. Cement Industry Technical Conference. 1997. XXXIX Conference Record., 1997 IEEE/PC. Page(s) 125–133. ISBN

Valentinuzzi, M.E., Nikola Tesla: why was he so much resisted and forgotten? Inst. de Bioingenieria, Univ. Nacional de Tucuman; Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, IEEE. July/August 1998, 17:4, pp.& nbsp;74–75. ISSN

Secor, H. Winfield, ''Tesla's views on Electricity and the War , Electrical Experimenter, Volume 5, Number 4, August, 1917.

Florey, Glen, Tesla and the Military . Engineering 24, 5 December 2000.

Corum, K. L., J. F. Corum, Nikola Tesla, Lightning Observations, and Stationary Waves . 1994.

Corum, K. L., J. F. Corum, and A. H. Aidinejad, ''Atmospheric Fields, Tesla's Receivers and Regenerative Detectors . 1994.

Meyl, Konstantin, H. Weidner, E. Zentgraf, T. Senkel, T. Junker, and P. Winkels, Experiments to proof the evidence of scalar waves Tests with a Tesla reproduction . Institut für Gravitationsforschung (IGF), Am Heerbach 5, D-63857 Waldaschaff.

Anderson, L. I., ''John Stone Stone on Nikola Tesla's Priority in Radio and Continuous Wave Radiofrequency Apparatus . The AWA Review , Vol. 1, 1986, pp.& nbsp;18–41.

Anderson, L. I., Priority in Invention of Radio, Tesla v. Marconi . Antique Wireless Association monograph, March 1980.

Marincic, A., and D. Budimir, ''Tesla's contribution to radiowave propagation . Dept. of Electron. Eng., Belgrade Univ. (5th International Conference on Telecommunications in Modern Satellite, Cable and Broadcasting Service, 2001. TELSIKS 2001. pp.& nbsp;327–331 vol.1) ISBN-X

Page, R.M., The Early History of Radar , Proceedings of the IRE , Volume 50, Number 5, May, 1962, (special 50th Anniversary Issue).

C Mackechnie Jarvis Nikola Tesla and the induction motor . 1970 Phys. Educ. 5 280–287.

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Toby Grotz, '' .

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