Throne

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Biography

: This article is about royal and ecclesiastical thrones; for other meanings see Throne (disambiguation) .

A throne is the seat of state of a potentate or dignitary, especially the seat occupied by a sovereign on state occasions; or the seat occupied by a pope or bishop on ceremonial occasions.Oxford English Dictionary, ISBN 0-19-861186-2 "Throne" in an abstract sense can also refer to the monarchy or the Crown itself, an instance of metonymy , and is also used in many expressions such as " power behind the throne|the power behind the throne ".

Antiquity

Thrones were found throughout the canon of Ancient Furniture|ancient furniture . The depiction of monarchs and deities as seated on chairs is a common topos in the iconography of the Ancient Near East .

The word :wikt:throne|throne itself is from Ancient Greek|Greek :wikt:??????|?????? ( thronos ), "seat, chair",, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon , on Perseus in origin a derivation from the PIE root "to support" (also in dharma "post, sacrificial pole").
Early Greek ???? ??????? ( Dios thronous ) Sophocles , Antigone , , on Perseus was a term for the "support of the heavens", i.e. the axis mundi , which term when Zeus became an anthropomorphic god was imagined as the "seat of Zeus".Janda, Michael, Die Musik nach dem Chaos , Innsbruck 2010. In Ancient Greek, a "thronos" was a specific but ordinary type of chair with a footstool, a high status object but not necessarily with any connotaions of power. The Achaeans (Homer)|Achaeans (according to Homer ) were known to place additional, empty thrones in the royal palace s and temple s so that the gods could be seated when they wished to be. The most famous of these thrones was the throne of Apollo in Amyclae .

The Ancient Rome|Romans also had two types of thrones- one for the Roman Emperor|Emperor and one for the goddess Roma (mythology)|Roma whose statues were seated upon thrones, which became centers of worship.

Hebrew Bible

The word "throne" in English translations of the Bible renders Biblical Hebrew|Hebrew '' .
The Pharaoh of the Exodus is described as sitting on a throne (Exodus 11:5, 12:29), but mostly the term
refers to the throne of the Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)|kingdom of Israel , often called the "throne of David " or "throne of Solomon ". The literal throne of Solomon is described in :
"Moreover the king made a great throne of ivory, and overlaid it with the best gold.. The throne had six steps, and the top of the throne was round behind: and there were stays on either side on the place of the seat, and two lions stood beside the stays.
And twelve lions stood there on the one side and on the other upon the six steps: there was not the like made in any kingdom."
In the Book of Esther (5:3), the same word refers to the throne of the king of Persia.

The Yahweh|God of Israel himself is frequently described as sitting on a throne in the Psalms , and in a vision Isaiah (6:1), and notably in Isaiah 66:1, YHWH says of himself "The heaven is my throne, and the earth is my footstool" (this verse is alluded to by Gospel of Matthew|Matthew 5:34-35).

Christianity

Christian Bible

In the New Testament , the angel Gabriel also refers to this throne in the Gospel of Luke ():
"He will be great, and will be called the Son of the Highest; and the Lord God will give Him the throne of His father David. And He will reign over the house of Jacob forever, and of His kingdom there will be no end."

Jesus promised his Twelve Apostles|Apostles that they would sit upon "twelve thrones", judging the twelve tribes of Israel (). John the Evangelist|John 's Book of Revelation|Revelation states: "And I saw a great white throne, and him that sat on it, from whose face the earth and the heaven fled away" ().

The Paul of Tarsus|Apostle Paul speaks of " thrones " in . Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite , in his work, De Coelesti Hierarchia (VI.7) interprets this as referring to one of the ranks of angel s (corresponding to the Hebrew Arelim or Ophanim ). This concept was expanded upon by Thomas Aquinas in his Summa Theologica (I.108), wherein the thrones are concerned with carrying out divine justice.

In Medieval times the "Throne of Solomon" was associated with the Virgin Mary , who was depicted as the throne upon which Jesus sat. The ivory in the biblical description of the Throne of Solomon was interpreted as representing purity, the gold representing divinity, and the six steps of the throne stood for the six virtues . was also interpreted as referring to the Virgin Mary, the entire Psalm describing a royal throne room.

Ecclesiastical thrones

From ancient times, bishop s of the Roman Catholic , Eastern Orthodox , Anglican and other churches where episcopal offices exist, have been formally seated on a throne, called a cathedra (). Traditionally located in the sanctuary , the cathedra symbolizes the bishop's authority to teach the faith (hence the expression " ex cathedra ") and to govern his flock.

"Ex cathedra" refers to the explicative authority, notably the extremely rarely used procedure required for a papal declaration to be ' Papal infallibility|infallible ' under Roman Catholic Canon law (Catholic Church)|Canon law . In several languages the word deriving from cathedra is commonly used for an academic teaching mandate, the professorial chair.

From the presence of this cathedra (throne), which can be as elaborate and precious as fits a secular prince (even if the prelate is not a prince of the church in the secular sense), a bishop's primary church is called a cathedral . In the Roman Catholic Church, a basilica -from the Greek basilikos 'royal'-, now refers to the presence there of a papal baldachin|canopy ( ombrellino ), part of his Papal regalia and insignia|regalia , and applies mainly to many cathedrals and Catholic churches of similar importance and/or splendor. In Roman Antiquity a basilica was secular public hall. Thus, the term basilica may also refer to a church designed after the manner of the ancient Roman basilica. Many of the churches built by the emperor Constantine the Great and Justinian are of the basilica style.

Some other prelates besides bishops are permitted the use of thrones, such as abbot s and abbess es. These are often simpler than the thrones used by bishops and there may be restrictions on the style and ornamentation used on them, according to the regulations and traditions of the particular denomination.

As a mark of distinction, Roman Catholic bishops and higher prelates have a right to a canopy above their thrones at certain ecclesiastical functions. It is sometimes granted by special privilege to prelates inferior to bishops, but always with limitations as to the days on which it may be used and the character of its ornamentation. The liturgical colour|liturgical color of the canopy should correspond with that of the other vestments. When ruling monarchs attend services, they are also allowed to be seated on a throne that is covered by a canopy, but their seats must be outside the sanctuary.

In the Greek Orthodox Church , the bishop's throne will often combine features of the monastic choir stall ( kathisma ) with appurtenances inherited from the Byzantine court, such as a pair of lions seated at the foot of the throne.

The term "throne" is often used in reference to Patriarchs to designate their ecclesiastical authority; for instance, "the Ecumenical Throne" refers to the authority of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople .

Western bishops may also use a faldstool to fulfill the liturgical purpose of the cathedra when not in their own cathedral.

Papal Thrones

In the Roman Catholic Church , the Pope is an elected monarchy|elected monarch , both under Canon law (Catholic Church)|canon law as papal supremacy|supreme head of the church , and under international law as the head of state -styled "sovereign pontiff"- of the Vatican City State (the sovereign state within the city of Rome established by the 1929 Lateran Treaty ). Until 1870, the Pope was the elected monarch of the Papal States , which for centuries constituted one of the largest political powers on the divided Italian peninsula. To this day, the Holy See maintains officially-recognised diplomatic status, and papal nuncio s and papal legate|legates are deputed on diplomatic mission s throughout the world.

The Pope's throne ( Cathedra Romana ), is located in the apse of the Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano|Basilica of St. John Lateran , his cathedral as Bishop of Rome .

In apse of Saint Peter's Basilica , above the "Altar of the Chair" lies the Chair of Saint Peter| Cathedra Petri , a throne believed to have been used by St Peter himself and other earlier Popes; this relic is enclosed in a glit bronze casting and forms part of a huge monument designed by Gian Lorenzo Bernini .

Unlike at his cathedral, there is no permanent cathedra for the Pope in St Peter's Basilica, so a removable throne is placed in the Basilica for the Pope's use whenever he presides over a liturgical ceremony. Prior to the liturgical reforms that occurred in the wake of the Second Vatican Council , a huge removable canopied throne was placed above an equally removable dais in the choir side of the "Altar of the Confession" (the high altar above the tomb of St Peter and beneath the monumental bronze St. Peter's baldachin|baldachin ); this throne stood between the apse and the Altar of the Confession.

This practise has fallen out of use with the 1960s and 1970s reform of Papal liturgy and, whenever the Pope celebrates Mass in St. Peter's Basilica, a simpler portable throne is now placed on platform in front of the Altar of the Confession. However, whenever the current Pope Benedict XVI celebrates the Liturgy of the Hours at St Peter's, a more ellaborate removable throne is placed on a dais to the side of the Altar of the Chair. When the Pope celebrates Mass on the Basilica steps facing St. Peter's Square , portable thrones are also used.

In the past, the pope was also carried on occasions in a portable throne, called the sedia gestatoria . Originally, the sedia was used as part of the elaborate procession surrounding papal ceremonies that was believed to be the most direct heir of pharaoh|pharaonic splendor, and included a pair of flabellum|flabella (fans made from ostrich feathers) to either side. Pope John Paul I at first abandoned the use of these implements, but later in his brief reign began to use the sedia so that he could be seen more easily by the crowds. However, he did not restore the use of the flabella. The use of the sedia was abandoned by Pope John Paul II in favor of the so-called " popemobile " when outside. Near the end of his pontificate, Pope John Paul II had a specially-constructed throne on wheels that could be used inside.

Prior to 1978, at the Papal conclave , each cardinal (Catholic)|cardinal was seated on a throne in the Sistine Chapel during the balloting. Each throne had a baldachin|canopy over it. After a successful election, once the new pope accepted election and decided by what name he would be known, the cardinals would all lower their canopies, leaving only the canopy over the newly-elected pope. This was the new pope's first throne. This tradition was dramatically portrayed in the 1963 film, The Shoes of the Fisherman .

Islam

The verse of throne : Al-Baqara 255

Middle Ages

In European feudal countries, monarchs often were seated on thrones, based in all likelihood on the Roman magisterial chair. These thrones were originally quite simple, especially when compared to their Asian counterparts. One of the grandest and most important was the Throne of Ivan "the Terrible". Dating from the mid-16th century, it is shaped as a high-backed chair with arm rests, and adorned with ivory and walrus bone plaques intricately carved with mythological, heraldic and life scenes. The plaques carved with scenes from the biblical account of King David ’s life are of particular relevance, as David was seen as the ideal for Christian monarchs.

The throne of the Byzantine Empire included elaborate automaton s of singing birds.

In the Indian subcontinent, the term gaddi (, also called rajgaddi ) was reserved for the throne of a Hindu princely state 's ruler, while their Muslim colleagues throned on a musnad (), even though both were in the shape of a divan . In the Mughal era|Mughal times the throne was called Shahi takht (), while traditional Sanskrit name for the throne was singhasana (lit., seat of a lion).

In the ' Regent|regency ' (nominally an Ottoman province, de facto an independent realm) of the Bey of Tunis , the throne was called kursi .

Modern period

During the Russian Empire , the throne in St George's Hall and Apollo Room of the Winter Palace|St. George's Hall (the "Greater Throne Room") in the Winter Palace was regarded as the throne of Russia. It sits atop a seven-stepped dais with a proscenium arch above and the symbol of the Imperial Family behind (the two-headed eagle ). Peter I of Russia|Peter I's Room (the "Smaller Throne Room") is modest in comparison to the former. The throne was made for Empress Anna Ivanovna in London. There is also a throne in the Grand Throne Room of the Peterhof Palace .

In some countries which retain a monarchy, thrones are still used and have important symbolic and ceremonial meaning. Among the most famous thrones still in usage are St Edward's Chair , on which the British monarch is crowned, and the thrones used by monarchs during the state opening of parliaments in the United Kingdom , the Netherlands , Canada , Australia , and Japan (see above) among others.

Some republics use distinctive throne-like chairs in some state ceremonial. The President of Ireland sits on a former Lord Lieutenant of Ireland|viceregal throne during his or her inauguration ceremony while Lord Mayor|Lords Mayor of many United Kingdom|British and Ireland|Irish cities often preside over local councils from throne-like chairs.

List of named thrones

The Throne of Solomon

Europe

The Throne of Apollo in Amyclae

St. Edward's Chair in Westminster Abbey , London , where British monarchs are crowned. It at one time contained the Stone of Scone (also called the Stone of Destiny) upon which the Kings of Scotland were crowned

The Throne of Charlemagne in the Aachen Cathedral|cathedral at Aachen , Germany

The Imperial Throne of Goslar|Imperial Throne of the medieval German kings and emperors in Goslar , Germany .

The Ivory Throne of Ivan the Terrible

The papal sedia gestatoria

Christina of Sweden|Queen Christina's Silver Throne in the Stockholm Palace|Royal Palace , Stockholm , Sweden .

The Thorne of Ottoman - Ottoman princes fighting for the throne

Africa

the Asante royal thrones|Golden Stool of the The Ashanti|Ashanti

the Throne of David of the Emperor s of Ethiopia

Asia

Dragon Throne of the Table of Chinese monarchs|Emperors of China

Chrysanthemum Throne of the List of Emperors of Japan|Emperors of Japan

the Phoenix Throne of the List of monarchs of Korea|King s of Korea

the Lion Throne of the Dalai Lama of Tibet

the Lion Throne of Sikkim

the stone throne of King Kasyapa from SriLanka from the 5th century citadel of Sigiri

the stone throne of King Nissankamalla from Sri Lanka from the 12th century Polonnaruwa kingdom

the Kandian Throne of the Kingdom of Kandy and the Dominion of Ceylon

the Peacock Throne of the Mughal Empire|Mughal Emperor s, later became:

the Peacock Throne of the Persian Empire|Persian Shah s

the Takht-e Marmar of the Persian Empire|Persian Shah s

the Peacock Throne of Korea

the Peacock throne at Montchobo , then at Inwa|Ava , ancient capitals of Burma

the Saridhaleys 'ivory throne' and the sighsana 'lion throne' of the Maldives sultanate

the sandalwood throne, at Bikaner Fort

Maharaja Ranjit Singh's throne

Gallery

Thrones of kings and emperors

Thrones of the popes

Other uses

In music , the stool used to sit behind a drum kit is often called a throne.

In religion , a niche in an altar piece for displaying the Holy Sacrament is called a throne.

In slang , a common sit-down toilet is also called a throne.

One of the Angel choirs is an order called Ophanim or 'Thrones', said to carry God's heavenly throne - other choir names expressing power in secular terms include Powers, Principalities, Dominions

Sources and references

Copyright Citations

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