Tongue

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Biography

The tongue is a muscular hydrostat on the floors of the mouth s of most vertebrate s which manipulates food for mastication . It is the primary organ (anatomy)|organ of taste ( gustation ), as much of the upper surface of the tongue is covered in taste buds|papillae and taste buds . It is sensitive and kept moist by saliva , and is richly supplied with nerve s and blood vessel s. In human s a secondary function of the tongue is Articulatory phonetics|phonetic articulation . The tongue also serves as a natural means of oral hygiene|cleaning one's teeth . The ability to perceive different tastes is not localised in different parts of the tongue, as is widely believed. Scientific American , 2001-03-18. This error arose because of misinterpretation of some 19th century research (see tongue map ).

Description

Musculature

The eight muscles of the human tongue are classified as either intrinsic or extrinsic . The four intrinsic muscles act to change the shape of the tongue, and are not attached to any bone. The four extrinsic muscles act to change the position of the tongue, and are anchored to bone.

Extrinsic muscles

# Genioglossus
# Hyoglossus
# Styloglossus
# Palatoglossus
The extrinsic muscles originate from bone and extend to the tongue. Their main functions are altering the tongue's position allowing for protrusion, retraction, and side-to-side movement.

Intrinsic muscles

# Superior longitudinal muscle of tongue|Superior longitudinal
# Inferior longitudinal muscle of tongue|Inferior longitudinal
# Verticalis muscle|Verticalis
# Transversus muscle|Transversus
The main function of the intrinsic muscles is to provide shape. They are not involved with changing the position of the tongue and are not attached to bone.

Vasculature

The tongue receives its blood supply primarily from the lingual artery , a branch of the external carotid artery and lingual veins which drain into internal jugular vein. The floor of the mouth also receives its blood supply from the lingual artery. The triangle formed by the intermediate tendon of the digastric muscle , the posterior border of the mylohyoid muscle , and the hypoglossal nerve is sometimes called Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov|Pirogov 's, Pirogoff's, or Pirogov- Belclard 's triangle. The lingual artery is a good place to stop severe hemorrage from the tongue.

There is also secondary blood supply to the tongue from the tonsillar branch of the facial artery|tonsillar branch of the facial artery and the ascending pharyngeal artery .

Nerve supply

Anterior 2/3rds of tongue

General somatic afferent : lingual nerve branch of V3 of the trigeminal nerve CN V

Taste : chorda tympani branch of facial nerve CN VII (carried to the tongue by the lingual nerve ).

Posterior 1/3rd of tongue

General somatic afferent and taste : Glossopharyngeal nerve CN IX

Motor

All intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue are supplied by the hypoglossal nerve ( CN XII ), except for one of the extrinsic muscles, palatoglossus , which is innervated by CN X of the pharyngeal plexus.

Length

The average length of the human tongue from the oropharynx to the tip is 10& nbsp;cm (4& nbsp;in).

Tongue physiology

Chemicals that stimulate gustatory receptor cells are known as
tastants. Once a tastant is dissolved in saliva , it can make contact
with the plasma membrane of the gustatory hairs, which are
the sites of taste transduction .Principles of Anatomy and Physiology 12th Edition - Tortora, Chapter-17, Page-602.

Tongue is composed of many taste buds , and each taste bud is composed of taste cells
that can sense different tastes. There are taste cells for: sweet, bitter, salty or sour, and umami.
Human Physiology: An integrated approach 5th Edition - Silverthorn, Chapter-10, Page-352.

Tongue pathology

After the Gingiva|gum s, the tongue is the second most common soft tissue site for various pathology|pathologies in the oral cavity . Pathological conditions of the tongue include geographic tongue , burning mouth syndrome , tongue necrosis , oral hairy leukoplakia , granular cell tumor and squamous cell carcinoma .
Owing to optimal conditions of humidity, temperature and hiding niche between the tongue papillae and inside the tongue piercing|pierced tongue , the tongue is a preferred site for colonization of Candida albicans .

Use in pharmacy

Many infections are often found on or under the tongue. One rare but very possible infection is gonorrhea, characterized by small white bumps located underneath the tongue. The sublingual region underneath the front of the tongue is a location where the oral mucosa is very thin, and underlain by a plexus of veins. This is an ideal location for introducing certain medications to the body. The sublingual route takes advantage of the highly Blood vessel|vascular quality of the oral cavity, and allows for the speedy application of medication into the cardiovascular system, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract. This is the only convenient and efficacious route of administration (apart from Intravenous therapy|I.V. administration) of Glyceryl trinitrate (pharmacology)|nitroglycerin to a patient suffering chest pain from angina pectoris . If the tablet is swallowed, the medication is completely neutralized by the detoxification process of the liver .

Non-human tongues

Most vertebrate animals have tongues. In mammals such as dog s and cat s, the tongue is often used to clean the fur and body. The tongues of these species have a very rough texture which allows them to remove oils and parasites. A dog's tongue also acts as a heat regulator. As a dog increases its exercise the tongue will increase in size due to greater blood flow. The tongue hangs out of the dog's mouth and the moisture on the tongue will work to cool the bloodflow.

Some animals have tongues that are specially adapted for catching prey. For example, chameleon s, frog s, and anteater s have prehensility|prehensile tongues.

Many species of fish have small folds at the base of their mouths that might informally be called tongues, but they lack a muscular structure like the true tongues found in most tetrapod s.

Other animals may have organs that are analogy (biology)|analogous to tongues, such as a butterfly 's proboscis or a radula on a mollusca|mollusc , but these are not related to the tongues found in vertebrates.

As food

The tongues of some animals are consumed and sometimes considered delicacies. Hot tongue sandwiches are frequently found on menus in Kosher delicatessen s in America. Taco|Taco de lengua ( lengua being Spanish for tongue) is a taco filled with beef tongue , and is especially popular in Mexican cuisine. Tongue can also be prepared as birria . Pig and beef tongue are consumed in Chinese cuisine. Duck tongues are sometimes employed in Szechuan cuisine|Szechuan dishes, while Lamb (food)|lamb 's tongue is occasionally employed in Continental and contemporary American cooking. Fried cod tongue is a relatively common part of fish meals in Norway and Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland . In Argentina and Uruguay cow tongue is cooked and served in vinegar ( lengua a la vinagreta ). In the Czech Republic and Poland, a pork tongue is considered a delicacy,and there are many ways of preparing it. In Eastern Slavic countries, pork and beef tongues are commonly consumed, boiled and garnished with horseradish or jelled; beef tongues fetch a significantly higher price and are considered more of a delicacy. In Alaska, cow tongues are among the more common.

Etymology

The word tongue derives from the Old English tunge , which comes from Proto-Germanic * tungon . It has cognates in other Germanic languages — for example tonge in West Frisian language|West Frisian , tong in Dutch language|Dutch / Afrikaans , tunge in Danish language|Danish / Norwegian language|Norwegian and tunga in Icelandic language|Icelandic / Faroese language|Faroese / Swedish language|Swedish . The ue ending of the word seems to be a fourteenth century attempt to show "proper pronunciation", but it is "neither etymological nor phonetic". Some used the spelling tunge and tonge as late as the sixteenth century.

It can be used as a metonymy|metonym for language , as in the phrase mother tongue . Many languages Afrikaans language|Afrikaans tong ; Danish language|Danish tunge ; Albanian language|Albanian gjuha ; Armenian language|Armenian lezu (?????); Greek language|Greek glóssa (???ssa); Irish language|Irish teanga ; Manx language|Manx çhengey ; Latin and Italian language|Italian lingua ; Catalan language|Catalan llengua ; French language|French langue ; Portuguese language|Portuguese língua ; Spanish language|Spanish lengua ; Romanian language|Romanian limba ; Bulgarian language|Bulgarian ezik (????); Polish language|Polish jezyk ; Russian language|Russian yazyk (????); Czech language|Czech and Slovak language|Slovak jazyk ; Slovene language|Slovene , Bosnian language|Bosnian , Croatian language|Croatian , and Serbian language|Serbian jezik ; Kurdish language|Kurdish ziman (????); Persian language|Persian and Urdu zaban (????); Arabic lisan (????); Aramaic language|Aramaic liššana (????/????); Hebrew language|Hebrew lašon (???????); Maltese language|Maltese ilsien ; Estonian language|Estonian keel ; Finnish language|Finnish kieli ; Hungarian language|Hungarian nyelv ; Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani and Turkish language|Turkish dil ; Kazakh language|Kazakh and Khakas language|Khakas til (???) have the same word for "tongue" and " language ".

Figures of speech

A common temporary failure in word Recollection|retrieval from memory is referred to as the Tip of the tongue|tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon . The expression Tongue-in-cheek|tongue in cheek refers to a statement that is not to be taken entirely seriously; something said or done with subtle ironic or sarcastic humour. A tongue twister is a phrase made specifically to be very difficult to pronounce. Aside from being a Ankyloglossia|medical condition , "tongue-tied" means being unable to say what you want to due to confusion or restriction. The phrase "cat got your tongue" refers to when a person is speechless. To "bite one's tongue" is a phrase which describes holding back an opinion to avoid causing offence. A "slip of the tongue" refers to an unintentional utterance, such as a Freudian slip . Speaking in tongues is a common phrase used to describe glossolalia , which is to make smooth, language-resembling sounds that is no true spoken language itself. A deceptive person is said to have a forked tongue , and a smooth-talking person said to have a silver tongue .

Cultural aspects

Sticking one's tongue out at someone is considered a childish gesture of rudeness and/or defiance in many countries; the act may also have sexual connotations, depending on the way in which it is done. However, in Tibet it is considered a greeting. A farmer from Fabriano , Italy was convicted and fined by Court of Cassation (Italy)|the country's highest court for sticking his tongue out at a neighbor with whom he had been arguing. Proof of the affront had been captured with a cell phone camera.
Blowing a raspberry can also be meant as a gesture of derision.

Body art

Being a cultural custom for long time, tongue piercing and tongue splitting|splitting has become quite common in western countries in recent decades, with up to one-fifth of young adults having at least one piece of body art in the tongue.

Copyright Citations

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