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Tsar ( Tzar , Czar , or Csar ; Bulgarian language|Bulgarian , Serbian language|Serbian and Ukrainian language|Ukrainian : ???; ) is a title used to designate certain European Slav ic monarch s or supreme rulers. As a system of government in the Tsardom of Russia and Russian Empire , it is known as Tsarist autocracy , or Tsarism. The term is derived from the Latin word Caesar (title)|Caesar , which meant " Emperor " in the European medieval sense of the term - a ruler who claims the same rank as a Ancient Rome|Roman emperor, with the approval of another emperor or a supreme ecclesiastical official (the Pope or the Ecumenical Patriarch ).

Occasionally, the word could be used to designate other, secular, supreme rulers. In Russia and Bulgaria the imperial connotations of the term were blurred with time, due to the medieval translations of the Bible, and, by the 19th century, it had come to be viewed as an equivalent of Monarch|King .

"Tsar" was the official title of the supreme and great ruler in the following states:

First Bulgarian Empire , in 913–1018

Second Bulgarian Empire , in 1185–1422

Serbian Empire , in 1346–1371

Tsardom of Russia , in 1547–1721 (replaced in 1721 by Imperator| imperator , but remained in common usage until 1917)

Tsardom of Bulgaria , in 1908–1946

The first ruler to adopt the title tsar was Simeon I of Bulgaria ."Simeon I." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 12 July 2009, . Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha , the last Tsar of Bulgaria , is the last person to have borne the title Tsar as well as being the last surviving person to do so.

Meaning in Slavic languages

The title Tsar is derived from the Latin word for emperor, Caesar. In comparison to the corresponding Latin word "imperator", the Byzantine Greek term basileus was used differently depending on whether it was in a contemporary political context and in a historical or Biblical context. In the history of the Greek language, the word had originally meant something like "potentate", it had gradually approached the meaning of "king" in the Hellenistic civilization|Hellenistic Period , and it came to designate "emperor" after the inception in the Roman Empire . As a consequence, Byzantine sources continued to call the Biblical and ancient kings "basileus", even when that word had come to mean "emperor" when referring to contemporary monarchs (while it was never applied to Western European kings, whose title was transliterated from Latin "rex" as , or to other monarchs, for whom designations such as "leader", "chieftain" were used.)

As the Greek "basileus" was consistently rendered as "tsar" in Slavonic translations of Greek texts, the dual meaning was transferred into Church Slavonic language|Church Slavonic . Thus, "tsar" was not only used as an equivalent of Latin "imperator" (in reference to the rulers of the Byzantine Empire, the Holy Roman Empire and to native rulers) but was also used to refer to Biblical rulers and ancient kings.

From this ambiguity, the development has moved in different directions in the different Slavic languages. Thus, the Bulgarian language and Russian language no longer use tsar as an equivalent of the term emperor / imperator as it exists in the West European (Latin) tradition. Currently, the term tsar refers to native sovereigns, ancient and Biblical rulers, as well as monarchs in fairy tales and the like. The title of king (Russian ''korol' , Bulgarian kral ) is perceived as alien and is reserved for (West) European royalty (and, by extension, for those modern monarchs outside of Europe whose titles are translated as king in English, roi in French etc.). Foreign monarchs of imperial status, both inside and outside of Europe, ancient as well as modern, are generally called imperator (?????????), rather than tsar .

In contrast, the Serbian language|Serbian , (along with the closely related Croatian language and Bosnian language ) and Ukrainian language translates " emperor " (Latin imperator ) as tsar ( car , ???) and not as imperator , whereas the equivalent of king ( kralj , ????, ??????) is used to designate monarchs of non-imperial status, Serbian as well as foreign ancient rulers - just like Latin " rex ". Biblical rulers in Serbian are called ??? and in Croatian kralj .

In the West Slavic language s and Slovene language , the use of the terms is identical to the one in English and German: a king is designated with one term (Czech král , Slovak král , Polish król , Slovene kralj ), an emperor is designated with another, derived from Caesar as in German (Czech císar , Slovak cisár , Polish cesarz , Slovene cesar ; Croat cesar and Montenegrin cesar fall into disuse in the last century), while the exotic term "tsar" (Czech, Slovene and Polish car , Slovak cár ) is reserved for the Russian and Bulgarian rulers.

Bulgaria

The sainted Boris I is sometimes retrospectively referred to as tsar, because at his time Christianization of Bulgaria|Bulgaria was converted to Christianity . However, the title "tsar" (and its Byzantine Greek equivalent " basileus ") was actually adopted and used for the first time by his son Simeon I of Bulgaria|Simeon I , following a makeshift imperial coronation performed by the Patriarch of Constantinople in 913. After an attempt by the Byzantine Empire to revoke this major diplomatic concession and a decade of intensive warfare, the imperial title of the Bulgarian ruler was recognized by the Byzantine government in 924 and again at the formal conclusion of peace in 927. Since in Byzantine political theory there was place for only two emperors, Eastern and Western (as in the Late Roman Empire ), the Bulgarian ruler was crowned basileus as "a spiritual son" of the Byzantian basileus.????? ??????????. ????????? ?????? . ???????, 1997.

Some of the earliest attested occurrences of the contraction "tsar" (''car' ) from "tsesar" ( cesar' ) are found in the grave inscription of the chargubilja ( ichirgu-boil ) Mostich , a contemporary of Simeon I and Peter I, from Veliki Preslav|Preslav .

It has been hypothesized that Simeon's title was also recognized by a papal mission to Bulgaria in or shortly after 925, as a concession in exchange for a settlement in the Bulgarian- Croatia n conflict or a possible attempt to return Bulgaria to union with Rome. Thus, in the later diplomatic correspondence conducted in 1199–1204 between the Bulgarian ruler Kaloyan and Pope Innocent III , Kaloyan — whose self-assumed Latin title was "imperator Bulgarorum et Blachorum" — claims that the imperial crowns of Simeon I of Bulgaria|Simeon I , his son Peter I of Bulgaria|Peter I , and of Samuil of Bulgaria|Samuel were somehow derived from the Papacy . The Pope, however, only speaks of reges , kings of Bulgaria in his replies, and eventually grants only that lesser title to Kaloyan, who nevertheless proceeds to thank the Pope for the "imperial title" conferred upon him. Innocentii pp. III epistolae ad Bulgariae historiam spectantes . Recensuit et explicavit Iv. Dujcev. Sofia, 1942.

The title, later augmented with epithets and titles such as autokrator|autocrat to reflect current Byzantine practice, was used by all of Simeon's successors until the complete conquest of Bulgaria by the Ottoman Empire in 1422. In Latin sources the Emperor of Bulgaria is sometimes designated "Emperor of Zagora" (with variant spellings). Various additional epithets and descriptions apart, the official style read "Emperor and autocrat of all Bulgarians and Greeks".

During the five-century period of History of early Ottoman Bulgaria|Ottoman rule in Bulgaria , the sultan was frequently referred to as "tsar". This may be related to the fact that he had claimed the legacy of the Byzantine Empire or to the fact that the sultan was called "Basileus" in medieval Greek.

After Bulgaria's liberation from the Ottomans in 1878, its new monarchs were at first autonomous prince ( knjaz ). With the declaration of full independence, Ferdinand I of Bulgaria adopted the traditional title "tsar" in 1908 and it was used until the abolition of the monarchy in 1946. However, these titles were not generally perceived as equivalents of "Emperor" any longer. In the Bulgarian as in the Greek vernacular, the meaning of the title had shifted?????? ?????. 1895–1904. ?????? ?? ?????????? ????. (the entry on ??? in Naiden Gerov 's Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language ) (although Saint Paisius of Hilendar|Paisius ' Istoriya Slavyanobolgarskaya| Slavonic-Bulgarian History (1760–1762) had still distinguished between the two concepts). Accordingly, Ferdinand and his successors, Boris III of Bulgaria|Boris III and Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha|Simeon II , used the title of "king" in English. In the same fashion, the modern rulers of Greece used the traditional title of basileus in Greek and the title of "king" or "roi" in English and French.

Kievan Rus'

"Tsar" was used once by Church officials of Kievan Rus' in the naming of Yaroslav the Wise of Kiev . This may be connected to Yaroslav's war against Byzantium and to his efforts to distance himself from Constantinople . However, other princes of Kievan Rus' never styled themselves as "czars".Wladimir Vodoff. Remarques sur la valeur du terme "czar" appliqué aux princes russes avant le milieu du 15e siècle'', in "Oxford Slavonic Series", new series, vol. XI. Oxford University Press, 1978. After the fall of Constantinople to the Crusaders and the Mongol invasion of Rus' (1237–1240), the term "tsar" was applied by some people of Kievan Rus' to the Mongol ( Tatars|Tatar ) overlords of the Rus' principalities.

Serbia

The title Tsar was also used in Serbia, but only by two monarchs — Stefan Dusan|Stefan Uroš IV Dušan and Stefan Uroš V between 1345 and 1371. Earlier Serbian monarchs had used the royal title Kralj/???? ( monarch|King ) since 1077, which had been granted by the Papacy during an early union with the Western Church. In 1345, Stefan Uroš IV Dušan began to style himself "Emperor of Serbians and Greeks" (the Greek renderings read " basileus and autokrator of Serbians and Romans"), and was crowned as such in Skopje on Easter (April 16) 1346 by the newly created Serbian patriarch, alongside with the patriarch and the autocephalous archbishop of Ohrid. On the same occasion, he had his wife Helena of Bulgaria crowned as empress and his son associated in power as king. When Dušan died in 1355, his son Stefan Uroš V became the next "emperor of Serbians and Greeks". The new emperor's uncle Simeon Uroš (Siniša) contested the succession and claimed the same titles as a dynast in Thessaly. After his death around 1370, he was succeeded in his claims by his son John Uroš , who retired to a monastery in about 1373.

With the extinction of Nemanjic dynasty in Serbia in 1371, the imperial title became obsolete (though it was retained by Stefan Uroš IV's widow Elena of Bulgaria until her death in 1376/1377). The royal title was preserved by Vukašin Mrnjavcevic , a Serbian ruler in Macedonia (region)|Macedonia , who had been associated by Stefan Uroš
Several other Serbian rulers are known traditionally as tsars, although they realistically cannot be called so. They include Tsar Lazar , Tsar Jovan Nenad and Šcepan The Little|Tsar Stephen the Little .

During the five-century period of History of Ottoman Serbia|Ottoman rule in Serbia , the sultan was frequently referred to as "car", for instance in South Slavic languages|South Slavic oral tradition .

When Serbia, which had emerged as an autonomous principality after a long period of Ottoman domination, became an independent kingdom, its prince, knjaz , adopted the traditional title of king, kralj . The King's full style was, between 6 March 1882 and 1 December 1918 (New Style): ?? ??????? ??????? ? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? " By the grace of God and the will of the people, King of Serbia".

Russia

The first Russian ruler to openly break with the khan of the Golden Horde , Mikhail of Tver , assumed the title of "Basileus of Rus" and "czar".A.V. Soloviev. "Reges" et "Regnum Russiae" au moyen âge , in "Byzantion", t. XXXVI. Bruxelles, 1966.

This was related to Russia's growing ambitions to become an Orthodox " Third Rome ", after Fall of Constantinople|Constantinople had fallen . The Muscovite ruler was recognized as an emperor by Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I , the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire in 1514."Kayser vnnd Herscher aller Rewssen und Groszfürste zu Wolodimer" in the German text of Maximilian's letter; "Imperator et Dominator universorum Rhutenorum et Magnus Princeps Valadomerorum" in the Latin copy. Vasily III responded by referring to Maximilian as "Maximiliano Dei gratia Electo Romanorum Caesare", i.e., "Roman Caesar". Maximilian's letter was of great importance to Ivan the Terrible and Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great , when they wished to back up their titles of "tsar" and "emperor", respectively. Both monarchs demonstrated the letter to foreign ambassadors; Peter even referred to it when he proclaimed himself Emperor. However, the first Russian ruler to be formally crowned as "tsar of all Russia" was Ivan IV of Russia|Ivan IV , until then known as Grand Prince of all Russia (1547). Some foreign ambassadors — namely, Herberstein (in 1516 and 1525), Daniel Printz a Buchau (in 1576 and 1578) and Just Juel (in 1709) — indicated that the word "tsar" should not be translated as "emperor", because it is applied by Russians to David, Solomon and other Biblical kings, which are simple "reges".This objection may be used against translating "Basileus" as "emperor", too. Based on these accounts, the Popes repeatedly suggested to confer on the Russian monarchs the title of rex ("king"), if they only ally themselves with Vatican. Such a proposal was made for the last time in 1550, i.e., three years after Ivan IV had crowned himself tsar. As early as 1489, Ivan III declined the papal offer, declaring that his regal authority does not require anyone's confirmation. On the other hand, Jacques Margeret , a bodyguard of False Demetrius I , argues that the title of "tsar" is more honorable for Muscovites than "kaiser" or "king" exactly because it was God and not some earthly potentate who ordained to apply it to David, Solomon, and other kings of Israel."Et ainsi retiennent le nom de Zar comme plus autentique, duquel nom il pleut iadis à Dieu d'honorer David, Salomon et autres regnans sur la maison de Iuda et Israel, disent-ils, et que ces mots Tsisar et Krol n'est que invention humaine, lequel nom quelqu'un s'est acquis par beaux faits d'armes". Samuel Collins (physician)|Samuel Collins , a court physician to Tsar Alexis in 1659-66, styled the latter "Great Emperour", commenting that "as for the word Czar , it has so near relation to Cesar ... that it may well be granted to signifie Emperour. The Russians would have it to be an higher Title than King, and yet they call David Czar , and our kings, Kirrols , probably from Emperor Charles V|Carolus Quintus , whose history they have among them". The Present State of Russia, in a Letter to a Friend at London. Written by an Eminent Person residing at Great Tzars Court at Mosco for the space of nine years . 2nd ed. London, 1671. Pages 54–55.

In short, the Westerners were at a loss as to how the term "tsar" should be translated properly. In 1670, Pope Clement X expressed doubts that it would be appropriate for him to address Alexis as "tsar", because the word is "barbarian" and because it stands for an "emperor", whereas there is only one emperor in the Christian world and he does not reside in Moscow. Reviewing the matter, abbot Scarlati opined that the term is not translatable and therefore may be used by the Pope without any harm. Paul Menesius , the Russian envoy in Vatican, seconded Scarlati's opinion by saying that there is no adequate Latin translation for "tsar", as there is no translation for "shah" or "sultan". In order to avoid such difficulties of translation and to assert his imperial ambitions more clearly, an edict of Peter I of Russia|Peter I the Great decreed that the Latin-based title imperator should be used instead of "tsar" (1721).The first Russian monarch to update his title to "imperator" was False Demetrius I , following his coronation on 7 July 1605. Peter started to use the title informally in 1696. He prepared the official adoption of the new title by renaming the Boyar Duma to Governing Senate|Senate (as False Demetrius did before), with its ancient Roman associations, and by introducing the posts of State Chancellor and Vice-Chancellor, which were modeled on similar magistratures of the Holy Roman Empire. For Russian traditionalists, these moves signified Peter's conversion to pagan and Roman Catholic traditions, an opinion reinforced by his adoption of the heathen Roman titles of "Pater Patriae" (???? ?????????) and "Magnus" (???????) the same year.

The title tsar remained in common usage, and also officially as the designator of various titles signifying rule over various states absorbed by the Muscovite monarchy (such as the former Tatar khanates and the Georgian Orthodox kingdom). In the 18th century, it was increasingly viewed as inferior to "emperor" or highlighting the oriental side of the term. Boris Uspensky . ???? ? ?????????: ????????? ?? ???? ? ????????? ???????? ??????? . Moscow: ????? ??????? ????????, 2000. ISBN 5-7859-0145-5. Pages 48–52. Upon annexing Crimea in 1783, Catherine the Great adopted the hellenicized title of "Tsaritsa of Tauric Chersonesos Taurica|Chersonesos ", rather than "Tsaritsa of the Crimea", as should have been expected. By 1815, when a large part of Poland was annexed, the title had clearly come to be interpreted in Russia as the equivalent of Polish Król "king", and the Russian emperor assumed the title "tsar of Poland", (and the puppet Congress Poland|Kingdom of Poland was officially called Królewstwo Polskie in Polish and ??????? ???????? - Tsardom of Poland - in Russian) (see also tsar#Full style of Russian Sovereigns|Full style of Russian Sovereigns below).

Since the word "tsar" remained the popular designation of the Russian ruler despite the official change of style, its transliteration of this title in foreign languages such as English is commonly used also, in fact chiefly, for the Russian Emperors up to 1917.

The Tsar was also commonly called ??????? , which means "Father", a term of affectionate respect, especially by the lower classes. Some people translate ??????? as "Little Father"; the adjective "Little" was meant to contrast with the Heavenly "Big" Father, i.e. God.

Full style of Russian Sovereigns

The full title of Russian emperors started with By the Grace of God , Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias (????? ????????, ????????? ? ?????????? ????????????? ) and went further to list all ruled territories. For example, according to the article 59 of the Russian Constitution of April 23, 1906, "the full title of His Imperial Majesty is as follows: We, ------ by the Grace of God, Emperor and Autocrat of all the Russias , of Moscow , Kiev , Vladimir-Suzdal|Vladimir , Novgorod , Tsar of Kazan , Tsar of Astrakhan , Tsar of Congress Poland|Poland , Tsar of Siberia , Tsar of Chersonesos Taurica|Tauric Chersonesos , Tsar of Georgia (country)|Georgia , Lord of Pskov , and Grand Duke of Smolensk , Grand Duchy of Lithuania|Lithuania , Volhynia , Podolia , and Grand Duchy of Finland|Finland , Prince of Estonia , Livonia , Courland and Semigalia , Samogitia , Bialystok|Belostok , Karelia , Tver , Yugra , Perm , Kirov, Kirov Oblast|Vyatka , Volga Bulgaria|Bulgaria and other territories; Lord and Grand Duke of Nizhni Novgorod , Sovereign of Chernigov , Ryazan , Polotsk , Rostov , Yaroslavl , Beloozero , Udoria , Obdoria , Kondia , Vitebsk , Mstislavl , and all northern territories; Sovereign of Caucasian Iberia|Iveria , Kartli|Kartalinia , and the Kabard inian lands and Armenia n territories - hereditary Lord and Ruler of the Circassia ns and Mountain Princes and others; Lord of Turkestan , Heir of Norway , Duke of Schleswig-Holstein , Stormarn , Dithmarschen , Duchy of Oldenburg|Oldenburg , and so forth, and so forth, and so forth."

For example, Nicholas II of Russia (1 November 1894 - 15 March 1917) was titled as follows (notice the archaic Cyrillic spelling):
:????? ??????????????? ????????: ??, ??????? ?????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ?????????????
:??????????, ????????, ????????????, ????????????,
:???? ?????????, ???? ????????????, ???? ????????, ???? ?????????, ???? ????????? ????????????, ???? ??????????,
:???????? ?????????, ?
:??????? ????? ??????????, ?????????, ?????????, ?????????? ? ???????????;
:????? ???????????, ???????????, ??????????? ? ????????????, ???????????, ????????????, ??????????,
:????????, ????????, ????????, ???????, ?????????? ? ?????;
:???????? ? ??????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????, ????????????, ?????????, ?????????,
:??????????, ???????????, ???????????, ????????, ?????????, ??????????, ?????????, ???????????? ?
:???? ???????? ?????? ??????????; ?
:???????? ????????, ???????????? ? ???????????? ????? ? ??????? ?????????;
:??????????? ? ???????? ?????? ? ????? ????????? ???????? ? ??????????;
:???????? ?????????????;
:?????????? ??????????,
:??????? ????????-???????????, ????????????, ????????????? ? ??????????????, ? ??????, ? ??????, ? ??????.
Russian Latin transliteration

:Bozhiyu Pospeshestvuyusheyu Milostiju:
:MY, NIKOLAI VTOR'YI IMPERATOR I SAMODERSHETS VSEROSSIISKIY
:Moskovski, Kievskii, Vladimirskiy, Novogorodskiy,
:Tsar Kazanskiy, Tsar Astrakhanskiy, Tsar Pol'ski, Tsar Sibirski, Tsar Khersonesa Tavricheskago, Tsar Gruzinskiy,
:Gosudar' Pskovskiy, i Velikiy Knyaz' Smolenskiy, Litovskiy, Volynskiy, Podol'skiy i Finlyandskiy,
:Knyaz' Estlyandskiy, Liflyandskiy, Kurlyandskiy i Semigal'skiy, Samogitskiy, Belostokskiy, Korel'skiy,
:Tverskiy, Yugorskiy, Permskiy, Vyatskiy, Bolgarskiy i inykh,
:Gosudar' i Velikiy Knyaz' Novagoroda nizovskiya zemli, Chernigovskiy, Ryazanskiy, Polotskiy,
:Rostovskiy, Yarolslavskiy, Belozerskiy, Udorskiy, Obdorskiy, Kondiyskiy, Vitebskiy, Mstislavski i
:vseya Severnyia strany Povelitel', i
:Gosudar' Iverskiya, Kartalinskiya i Kabardinskiya zemli i oblasti Armenskiya,
:Cherkasskikh i Gorskikh Knyazei i inykh Nasledniy Gosudar' i Obladatel',
:Gosudar' Turkestanskiy;
:Naslednik Norvezhskiy,
:Gertsog Shlezvig-Golstinskiy, Stormarnskiy, Ditmarsenskiy i Ol'denburgskiy, i prochaya, i prochaya, i prochaya.

The Emperor's subsidiary title of Tsar of Kazan proclaimed the chief Orthodox dynasty as successor in law to the mighty Islamic khanate of Kazan , not maintaining its 'heathen' ( Khan (title)|khan ) title (as the Ottoman Great Sultans did in several cases), but christening it. It should also be noted that Khans of Kazan were mentioned in Russian chronicles such as Kazan Chronicle as Tsars of Kazan .

The Emperor's subsidiary title of Tsar of Siberia refers to the Tatar Siberia Khanate|Khanate of Sibiria , Conquest of Siberia|easily subdued in the early stages of the exploration and annexation of the larger eponymous region, most of it before inhabited by nomadic tribal people without a state in the European sense.The title was adopted by Boris Godunov to prop up his waning authority and to highlight similarity between his capture of Kuchum and Ivan IV's conquest of Kazan and Astrakhan half a century earlier.

The subsidiary title of Tsar in chief of Transcausasian Georgia (country)|Georgia is the continuation of a royal style of a native dynasty, that had as such been recognized by Russia.As early as 1592, Fyodor I of Russia styled himself "???????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ?????, ? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ? ??????? ??????", i.e., "Sovereign of Iberian lands of Georgian Tsars".

The subsidiary title of Tsar of Poland demonstrates the Russian Emperors' rule over the legally separate (but actually subordinate) Polish Kingdom, nominally in personal union with Russia, established by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 (hence also called " Congress Poland "), in a sense reviving the royal style of the pre-existent national kingdom of Poland. Internationally and in Poland, the tsars were referred to as Kings ( król owie ) of Poland.The title of Król, with its strong Catholic associations, was deemed not acceptable for an Orthodox ruler. When Fyodor I posited himself as a candidate to the vacant Polish throne in 1587, he envisaged his future title as "Tsar and Grand Duke of Moscow, Vladimir, and all Russia, King (??????) of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania".

In some cases, defined by the Code of Laws, the Abbreviated Imperial Title was used:
:"We, ------ by the grace of God, Emperor and Autocrat of all the Russias , of Moscow , Kiev , Vladimir, Russia|Vladimir , Novgorod , Tsar of Kazan , Tsar of Astrakhan , Tsar of Congress Poland|Poland , Tsar of Siberia , Tsar of Taurica|Tauric Chersonesos Taurica|Chersonesos , Tsar of Georgia (country)|Georgia , Lord of Pskov , and Grand Duke of Smolensk , Grand Duchy of Lithuania|Lithuania , Volhynia , Podolia , and Grand Duchy of Finland|Finland , and so forth, and so forth, and so forth."

In other cases, also defined by the Code of Laws, the Short Imperial Title was used:
:"We, ------ by the grace of God, Emperor and Autocrat of all the Russia s, Tsar of Congress Poland|Poland , Grand Duke of Grand Duchy of Finland|Finland , and so forth, and so forth, and so forth."

Titles in the Russian Royal/Imperial family

Tsaritsa (??????) is the term used for a Queen consort|Queen , though in English contexts this seems invariably to be altered to tsarina (since 1717, from Italian czarina , from German Zarin ). In Imperial Russia , the official title was Empress (???????????). Tsaritsa (Empress) could be either the ruler herself or the wife ( Empress consort ) of the tsar. The title of tsaritsa is used in the same way in Bulgaria and Serbia.

Tsesarevich (?????????) is the term for a male Heir Apparent|heir apparent , the full title was Heir Tsesarevich ("Naslednik Tsesarevich", ????????? ?????????), informally abbreviated in Russia to The Heir ("Naslednik") (capitalized).

Tsarevich (???????) was the term for the younger sons and grandsons of a Tsar or Tsaritsa prior to 1721. In older times the term was used in place of "Tsesarevich" (?????????). After 1721 a son who was not an heir was formally called Velikii Kniaz (??????? ?????) ( Grand Duke or Grand Prince ). The latter title was also used for grandsons (through male lines).

Tsarevna (???????) was the term for a daughter and a granddaughter of a Tsar or Tsaritsa prior to 1721. After 1721, the official title was Velikaya Kniaginya (??????? ???????), translated as Grand Duchess or Grand Princess .

See also Grand Duchess for more details on the Velikaya Kniaginya title.

Tsesarevich#Tsesarevna of Russia|Tsesarevna (?????????) was the wife of the Tsesarevich.

Metaphorical uses

Like many lofty titles, e.g. Magnate|Mogul , Tsar or Czar has been used as a metaphor for positions of high authority, in English, since 1866 (referring to U.S. President Andrew Johnson ), with a connotation of dictatorial powers and style, fitting since "Autocrat" was an official title of the Russian Emperor (informally referred to as 'the Tsar'). Similarly, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker of the House Thomas Brackett Reed was called "Czar Reed" for his dictatorial control of the United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives in the 1880s and 1890s.

In the United States the title "czar" is a slang term for certain high-level civil servants, such as the " drug czar " for the director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy , "terrorism czar" for a Presidential advisor on terrorism policy, "cybersecurity czar" for the highest-ranking Department of Homeland Security official on computer security and information security policy, and " war czar " to oversee the wars in Iraq War|Iraq and War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|Afghanistan . More specifically, a czar refers to a sub-cabinet level advisor within the executive branch of the U.S. government. One of the earliest known usages of the term was for Judge Kenesaw Mountain Landis , who was named commissioner of baseball, with broad powers to clean up the sport after it had been dirtied by the Black Sox scandal of 1919.

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Meaning in Slavic languages

Bulgaria

Kievan Rus'

Serbia

Russia

Full style of Russian Sovereigns

Titles in the Russian Royal/Imperial family

Metaphorical uses

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