Ultras

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Ultras are a type of sports fan s renowned for their fanatical support and elaborate displays. They are predominantly Europe an followers of Association football|football teams. The behavioral tendency of ultras groups includes the use of Flare (pyrotechnic)|flares (primarily in tifo choreography), vocal support in large groups and the displaying of banners at football stadiums, all of which are designed to create an atmosphere which encourages their own team and intimidates opposing players and supporters.

The actions of ultras groups can occasionally be overly extreme and are sometimes influenced by List of political ideologies|political ideologies or views on racism , in some instances to the point where the central ideology of the ultras phenomenon, passionate and loyal support of one's team, becomes a sideshow. In recent decades, the culture has become a focal point for the movement against the commercialization of sports and football in particular.

History

The origin of the ultras movement is disputed, with many supporters groups from various countries making claims solely on the basis of their dates of foundation. The level of dispute and confusion is aided by a contemporary tendency (mainly in Europe) to categorize all groups of overtly fanatical supporters as ultras . Supporters groups of a nature comparable to the ultras have been present in Brazil since 1939, when the first torcida organizada was formed. Inspired by the torcidas and the colorful scenes of the 1950 FIFA World Cup|1950 World Cup , supporters of HNK Hajduk Split|Hajduk Split formed Torcida Split on 28 October 1950. The group is often cited as the oldest ultras/torcida style group in Europe.

The country most associated with the ultras movement is Italy . The first Italian ultras groups were formed in 1951, including the Fedelissimi Granata of Torino F.C.|Torino . The 1960s saw the continuing spread and development of the culture with the formation of the Fossa dei Leoni and F.C. Internazionale Milano#Supporters and rivalries|Boys San groups, the former often regarded in Italy as the first full-fledged ultras group. The term Ultras was used as a name for the first time in 1969 when supporters of U.C. Sampdoria|Sampdoria formed the U.C. Sampdoria#Supporters and Rivalries|Ultras Tito Cucchiaroni and fans of Torino formed the Ultras Granata. The style of support that would become synonymous with Italian football developed most during the 1970s as more groups formed and the active support of the ultras became more apparent, in contrast with the "traditional" culture. Choreographic displays, signature banners and symbols, giant flags, drums and fireworks became the norm as groups aimed to take their support to higher levels. The decade also saw the Years of lead (Italy)|violence and unrest of Italian society at the time overlap with the ultras movement, adding a dimension that has plagued it ever since.

The ultras movement spread across Europe during the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s (decade)|2000s , starting with the countries geographically closest to Italy. The effects on the footballing cultures of the countries involved were more profound in some and less in others, as a certain level of organization amongst fans and/or a tradition of colorful support would have long been present in many countries. Germany , Belgium and the Netherlands , three countries whose footballing cultures were more influenced by British football in the past, experienced significant change. Football in England|English football is a rare example of a footballing culture in Europe which hasn't been heavily influenced by the ultras movement.

Characteristics

Ultras groups are usually based around a core group of founders or leaders (who tend to hold executive control), with smaller subgroups organized by location, friendship or political stance. Ultras tend to use various styles and sizes of banners and flags bearing the name and symbols of their group. Some ultras groups sell their own merchandise to raise funds for performing displays. An ultras group can number from a handful of fans to hundreds or thousands, with larger groups often claiming entire sections of a stadium for themselves. Ultras groups often have a Representation (politics)|representative who liaises with the club owners on a regular basis, mostly regarding tickets, seat allocations and storage facilities. Some clubs provide groups with cheaper tickets, storage rooms for flags and banners and early access to the stadium before matches in order to prepare displays. These types of favored relationships are often criticized when ultras groups abuse their power.

Hooliganism

While ultras groups can become violent, the vast majority of matches attended by ultras conclude with no violent incidents. Unlike List of hooligan firms|hooligan firms , whose main aim is to fight hooligans of other clubs, the main focus of ultras is to support their own team. Hooligans usually try to be inconspicuous when they travel; usually not wearing team colors, in order to avoid detection by the police . Ultras tend to be more conspicuous when they travel, proudly displaying their scarves and club colors while arriving en masse , which allows the police to keep a close eye on their movements.

However, there appears to be a degree of crossover in some countries between ultras and hooligans. In Italy, when English club Middlesbrough F.C.|Middlesbrough played a match against AS Roma in March 2006, three Middlesbrough fans were stabbed in an attack that was blamed on Roma supporting ultras.

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Undetermined Music Artists

Ultras

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Hooliganism

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