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about|the term "vine" in its broad sense|grapevines|Vitis|other usesA vine ( Latin vinea "grapevine", "vineyard", from vinum "wine") in the narrowest sense is the grapevine ( Vitis ), but more generally it can refer to any plant with a growth Habit (biology)|habit of trailing or Wiktionary:scandent|scandent , that is to say climbing, stems or runners. The word also can refer to such stems or runners themselves, for instance when used in wicker work.cite book |author=Brown, Lesley |title=The New shorter Oxford English dictionary on historical principles |publisher=Clarendon |location=Oxford Eng. |year=1993 |pages= |isbn=0-19-861271-0 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=Jackson, Benjamin, Daydon; A Glossary of Botanic Terms with their Derivation and Accent; Published by Gerald Duckworth & Co. London, 4th ed 1928
Climbing plants
Certain plants always grow as vines, while a few grow as vines only part of the time. For instance, poison ivy and Solanum dulcamara|bittersweet can grow as low shrubs when support is not available, but will become vines when support is available.
A vine displays a growth form based on long Plant stem|stems . This has two purposes. A vine may use rock exposures, other plants, or other supports for growth rather than investing energy in a lot of supportive tissue, enabling the plant to reach sunlight with a minimum investment of energy. This has been a highly successful growth form for plants such as kudzu and Japanese honeysuckle , both of which are invasive exotic s in parts of North America . There are some tropical vines that develop skototropism, and grow away from the light, a type of negative phototropism . Growth away from light allows the vine to reach a tree trunk, which it can then climb to brighter regions.Janice Glimn-Lacy, Peter B. Kaufman. http://www.springerlink.com/content/w3107p/ Botany Illustrated . Springer (2006).
The vine growth form may also enable plants to colonize large areas quickly, even without climbing high. This is the case with Vinca|periwinkle and ground ivy . It is also an adaptation to life in areas where small patches of fertile soil are adjacent to exposed areas with more sunlight but little or no soil. A vine can root in the soil but have most of its leaves in the brighter, exposed area, getting the best of both worlds.
A climbing habit has evolved independently in several plant families, using many different climbing methods.cite web |url= http://www.ecology.info/vines.htm |title=Vine Ecology |author=Francis E. Putz |accessdate=2012-03-01 Some plants climb by twining their stems around a support (e.g., morning glories, Ipomoea species). Others climb by way of adventitious, clinging roots (e.g., ivy, Hedera species), with twining petioles (e.g., Clematis species), or using tendril s, which can be specialized shoots ( Vitaceae ), leaves ( Bignoniaceae ), or even inflorescences ( Passiflora ). Others climb through the use of thorns, which pierce the support (e.g. climbing rose ); or by other hooked structures, such as hooked branches (e.g. Artabotrys hexapetalus ). The climbing fetterbush ( Pieris phillyreifolia ) is a woody shrub-vine which climbs without clinging roots, tendrils, or thorns. It directs its stem into a crevice in the bark of fibrous barked trees (such as bald cypress ) where the stem adopts a flattened profile and grows up the tree underneath the host tree's outer bark. The fetterbush then sends out branches that emerge near the top of the tree.Alan Weakley http://www.herbarium.unc.edu/WeakleyFlora2010Mar.pdf Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States (2010) p661 Species of Parthenocissus (Vitaceae) produce twining tendrils that are modified stems, but which also produce adhesive pads at the end that attach themselves quite strongly to the support. The evolution of a climbing habit has been implicated as a key innovation associated with the evolutionary success and diversification of a number of taxonomic groups of plants. http://www.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk/content/qw0k7pk7udc1rxfw/ Royal Society Publishing - Proc. R. Soc. B (1996-) - Volume 271 - Number 1552/October 07, 2004 - p2011-2015 - Evolution of a climbing habit promotes diversification in flowering plants - Journal Article
Most vines are flowering plants. These may be divided into woody vines or liana s, such as wisteria , kiwifruit , and Hedera|common ivy , and herbaceous (nonwoody) vines, such as morning glory .
One odd group of vining plants is the fern genus Lygodium , called climbing fern s. The stem does not climb, but rather the fronds (leaves) do. The fronds unroll from the tip, and theoretically never stop growing. In the meantime, they can form thickets as they unroll over other plants, rockfaces, and fences.
Use as garden plants
Gardener s can use the tendency of climbing plants to grow quickly. If a plant display is wanted quickly, a climber can achieve this. Climbers can be trained over wall s, pergola s, fence s, etc. Climbers can be grown over other plants to provide additional attraction. Artificial support can also be provided. Some climbers climb by themselves; others need work, such as tying them in and training them.
Some types of vines
Bitter gourd
Bottle gourd
Bougainvillea
Common Ivy
Cucumber
Grape
Japanese Honeysuckle
Kudzu
Luffa
Lygodium
Morning glory
Nepenthes
Passionfruit
Poison ivy
Sweet pea
Virginia Creeper
Wild Grape
Wisteria
See also
Liana
Vine training systems
* Pergola
* Trellis (architecture)
References
Reflist
External links
The article about the oldest vine in the world http://www.vinest.net/vinestjournal/index.php? ntc=113
