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Other usesRefimprove|date=November 2008A warlord is a person with power who has both military dictatorship|military and civilian|civil Cite web|url= http://www.thefreedictionary.com/warlord |title=warlord - definition of warlord by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia |publisher=Thefreedictionary.com |date= |accessdate=2010-06-25 control over a subnational area due to armed forces loyal to the warlord and not to a central authority. The term can also mean one who espouses the ideal that war is necessary, and has the means and authority to engage in war . Today, the word has a strong connotation that the person exercises far more power than his official title or rank (if any) legitimately permits. Under feudalism , by contrast, the local military leader may enjoy great autonomy and a personal army, and still derive legitimacy from formal fealty to a central authority.
Warlordism was coined to describe chaos at the end of the Qing Dynasty and the birth of the Republic of China , especially after the death of Yuan Shikai , as the warlord era|warlord era of China . It can however be used to describe similar periods in other countries or epochs such as in Japan during the Sengoku period, or in China during the Three Kingdoms , or in Somalia during the Somali Civil War .
The word "warlord" entered English as a translation from the German word "Kriegsherr", which was an official title of the German Emperor. Its use for Chinese military commanders who had a regional power base and ruled independently of the central government dates from the early 1920s, with Bertram Lenox Simpson being one source, according to the Oxford English Dictionary .
Current situation
Warlordism appears in so-called failed states : states in which central government and nationwide authorities have collapsed or exist merely formally without actual control over the state territory. They are usually defined by a high level of clientelism , low bureaucratic control and a high motivation in prolonging war for the maintenance of their economic system, mainly based on the extraction of natural resources.
Examples:
With the collapse of the Somalia n central government, groups of rival warlords constituted the only form of authority in some parts of the country.
Other countries and territories with warlords include Afghanistan ,cite news|url= http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2010/01/17/dealing_with_brutal_afghan_warlords_is_a_mistake/ |title=Dealing with brutal Afghan warlords is a mistake |publisher=Boston.com |date=2010-01-17 |accessdate=2010-06-25 | first1=Nick | last1=Grono | first2=Candace | last2=Rondeaux http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/jul/25/afghanistan-occupation-taliban-warlords Malalai Joya "The big lie of Afghanistan - My country hasn't been liberated: it's still under the warlords' control, and Nato occupation only reinforces their power" Iraq , Burma ( Wa State ), Russia ( Chechnya ), Colombia , the Democratic Republic of the Congo , Sudan , the Philippines , and Pakistan ( Pashtun people|Pashtun Federally Administered Tribal Areas|Tribal Areas ).
China
Warlords exercised widespread rule in China several times in Chinese history & mdash; notably in the period starting from the Xinhai Revolution , when numerous provinces rebelled and declared their independence from the Qing Dynasty in 1911, and especially after Yuan Shikai 's death, until the Northern Expedition (1926–1927)|Northern Expedition in 1927. This was a period known as the Warlord era . Despite the superficial unification of China in 1927 under the rule of the Kuomintang (KMT) under Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek , warlordism remained a problem until the victory of the Communist Party of China in 1949.
190& ndash;280
Cao Cao
Dong Zhuo
Gongsun Zan
Sun Ce
Sun Quan
Liu Bei
Liu Biao
Liu Zhang
Lü Bu
Ma Teng
Yuan Shao
Yuan Shu
618& ndash;907
The Tang Dynasty had the highest number of warlords in Chinese history, and in turn has become known as the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period .
Warlordism in Europe is usually connected to various mercenary companies and their chieftains, which often were de facto power-holders in the areas where they resided. Such free companies would arise in a situation when the recognized central power had collapsed, such as in the Great Interregnum in Germany (1254–1278) or in France during the Hundred Years' War after the Battle of Poitiers (1356)|Battle of Poitiers .
Free company mercenary captains, such as Sir John Hawkwood , Roger de Flor of Catalan Company or Hugh Calveley could be considered as warlords. Several condottieri in Italy can also be classified as warlords.
Ygo Gales Galama was a famous Frisians|Frisian warlord, and so was his cousin Pier Gerlofs Donia , who was the leader of the Arumer Black Heap .
The Imperial commanders-in-chief during the reign of Emperor Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I did hold the title Kriegsherr of which the direct translation was "warlord", but they were not warlords in sense of the word defined.
Russian Civil War
Warlordism was widespread in Civil War-era Russia (1918–1922). Many territories weren't under control of either Red government in Petrograd (later in Moscow) or White governments in Omsk and Rostov. These territories were controlled by warlords of various political colors. Anarchist warlords Nestor Makhno , leader of Free Territory , and his ally Maria Nikiforova operated in Ukraine . The Cossack ataman Grigory Semyonov|Semyonov held territories in Transbaikalia region, and the Bloody Baron Ungern von Sternberg was the dictator of Mongolia for a short time.
Note that the White generals such as Kolchak or Denikin are not considered warlords, because they created a legitimate, though ramshackle government and military command.
Japan
During most of the 16th century, before the Edo period|Tokugawa era, Japan was tormented by repeated wars among rival warlords (see Sengoku Era ). Each warlord had several castle s, neighbouring land with peasant s and a private army of samurai .
Oda Nobunaga
Uesugi Kenshin
Takeda Shingen
Hojo Soun
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Date Masamune
Tokugawa Ieyasu
Akechi Mitsuhide
Sanada Yukimura
Asakura Yoshikage
Shibata Katsuie
Azai Nagamasa
Mori Motonari
Korea
During the last years of the Silla|Kingdom of Silla , also known as the Later Three Kingdoms , various warlords rebelled against the government and were in de facto control of the Korean Peninsula . The warlordism in Korea plagued the nation until Goryeo Dynasty finally defeated and merged all the warlords and united the country once again.
Taejo of Goryeo|Wang Gun
Gung Ye
Gyeon Hwon
Yang Gil
Gi Hwon
Ajagae
Wang Sunsik
Vietnam
Twelve warlords war
A historical era between 945 AD to 967 AD ended by Ðinh B? Linh , a retainer of the warlord Tr?n Lãm .
Ngô Xuong Xí (???) held Bình Ki?u, now Khoái Châu, Hung Yen Province.
Ð? C?nh Th?c (???) referred himself as the Duke Ð? C?nh, held Ð? Ð?ng Giang, now Thanh Oai, Ha Tay Province.
Tr?n Lãm (??) referred himself as the Duke Tr?n Minh, held B? H?i Kh?u, K? B?, Thai Binh Province.
Ki?u Công Hãn (???) referred himself as Ki?u Tam Ch?, held Phong Châu – B?ch H?c, Phu Tho Province
Nguy?n Khoan (??) referred himself as Nguy?n Thái Bình, held Tam Ðái - Vinh Tu?ng, Vinh Phuc Province
Ngô Nh?t Khánh (???) referred himself as the Duke Ngô Lãm, held Ðu?ng Lâm, Ha Tay Province
Lý Khuê (??) referred himself as Lý Lãng, held Siêu Lo?i - Thu?n Thành, Bac Ninh Province.
Nguy?n Th? Ti?p (???) referred himself as Duke Nguy?n L?nh, held Tiên Du, Bac Ninh Province
Lã Ðu?ng (??) referred himself as the Duke Lã Tá, held T? Giang - Van Giang, Hung Yen Province
Nguy?n Siêu (??) referred himself as the Duke Nguy?n H?u, held Tây Phù Li?t - Thanh Trì, Hà N?i
Ki?u Thu?n (??) referred himself as the Duke Ki?u L?nh, held H?i H? - C?m Khê, Ha Tay Province
Ph?m B?ch H? (???) referred himself as Ph?m Phòng Át, held Ð?ng Châu, Hung Yen Province.
Lý dynasty
Toward the end of the Lý dynasty , the central government failed to execute its legitimate authority, giving rise to many local warlords, later conquered by chancellor Tr?n Th? Ð? of the Tr?n clan.
Lê dynasty
Years of unrest and civil war between Lê and M?c courts saw many warlords' rise and fall. The Vu clan in Tuyên Quang enjoyed their autonomy for 200 years before subdued by Lê force.
Mongolia
After the fall of the Mongol Empire , Mongolia was divided between the Eastern Mongols|Eastern disambiguation needed|date=August 2011 and Western Mongols . At the time of disintegration, many warlords tried to enthrone themselves or rule the khanate jointly, however, there had been powerful de facto s in all parts of the Mongol Empire before.
Mongol Empire
Yuan Dynasty
Bayan of the Merkid
El Temur of the Kypchak s or the Karchins
Golden Horde
Nogai Khan
Mamai
Edigu
Ilkhanate
Chupan
Hasan Buzurg
Hasan Kucek
Chagatai Khanate
Qazaghan
Amir Bulaji of the Dughlat , who raised Tughlugh Timur Khan.
Timur, who would become great Tamerlane
Northern Yuan Dynasty
Toghan of the Oirats
Arughtai , taishi of the Asud
Esyn Tayshi , the Oirat leader who enthrone himself the Khan of the Mongols and captured the Emperor of Ming China .
Reflist Category:Positions of authority Category:Warlordism|
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