West Side Story

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Biography

West Side Story is an American musical with a book by Arthur Laurents , music by Leonard Bernstein , lyrics by Stephen Sondheim , and conception and choreography by Jerome Robbins . It was inspired by William Shakespeare 's play Romeo and Juliet .

The story is set in the West 50s and West 60s of the Upper West Side neighborhood in New York City in the mid-1950s, an ethnic, blue-collar neighborhood. (In the early 1960s much of the neighborhood would be cleared in an urban renewal project for Lincoln Center , changing the neighborhood character.)Sarah Waxman, "The History of the Upper West Side" ny.com http://www.ny.com/articles/upperwest.html"About Lincoln Center", City Realty, http://www.cityrealty.com/nyc/lincoln-center/profile The musical explores the rivalry between the Jets and the Sharks, two teenage street gang s of different ethnicity|ethnic backgrounds. The members of the Sharks from Puerto Rico are taunted by the Jets, a white Social class in the United States#Working class|working-class group. guidetomusicaltheatre.com, accessed August 18, 2011 The young protagonist, Tony, one of the Jets, falls in love with Maria, the sister of Bernardo, the leader of the Sharks. The dark theme, sophisticated music, extended dance scenes, and focus on social problems marked a turning point in American musical theatre. Bernstein's score for the musical includes "Something's Coming", " Maria (1956 song)|Maria ", " America (West Side Story song)|America ", " Somewhere (song)|Somewhere ", " Tonight (1956 song)|Tonight ", "Jet Song", "I Feel Pretty", " A Boy Like That ", " One Hand, One Heart ", "Gee, Officer Krupke", and " Cool (Leonard Bernstein song)|Cool ".

The original 1957 Broadway production, directed and choreographed by Jerome Robbins and produced by Robert E. Griffith and Harold Prince , marked Sondheim's Broadway debut. It ran for 732 performances before going on tour. The production was nominated for five Tony Award s including Best Musical in 1957, but the award for Best Musical went to Meredith Willson 's The Music Man ; it won a Tony Award for Robbins' choreography. The show had an even longer-running London production, a number of revivals and international productions. The play spawned an innovative West Side Story (film)|1961 musical film of the same name , directed by Robert Wise and Robbins, starring Natalie Wood , Richard Beymer , Rita Moreno , George Chakiris and Russ Tamblyn . The film won ten Academy Awards out of eleven nominations, including Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture .

Background

Genesis of the concept

In 1949, Jerome Robbins approached Leonard Bernstein and Arthur Laurents about collaborating on a contemporary musical adaptation of Romeo and Juliet . He proposed that the plot focus on the conflict between an Irish American Roman Catholic family and a Jewish family living on the Lower East Side of Manhattan ,Long, Robert Emmet. Broadway, The Golden Years:Jerome Robbins and The Great Choreographer-Directors : 1940 to the present , Continuum International Publishing Group, 2003, ISBN 0-8264-1462-1, p. 96 during the Easter– Passover season. The girl has survived the Holocaust and emigrated from Israel; the conflict was to be centered around anti-Semitism of the Catholic "Jets" towards the Jewish "Emeralds" (a name that made its way into the script as a reference). Eager to write his first musical, Laurents immediately agreed. Bernstein wanted to present the material in operatic form, but Robbins and Laurents resisted the suggestion. They described the project as "lyric theatre", and Laurents wrote a first draft he called East Side Story . Only after he completed it did the group realize it was little more than a musicalization of themes that had already been covered in plays like '' Abie's Irish Rose ''. When he opted to drop out, the three men went their separate ways, and the piece was shelved for almost five years. WestSideStory.com, originally published in 1957, accessed August 18, 2011

In 1955, theatrical producer Martin Gabel was working on a stage adaptation of the James M. Cain novel Serenade , about an opera singer who comes to the realization he is homosexual, and he invited Laurents to write the book. Laurents accepted and suggested Bernstein and Robbins join the creative team. Robbins felt if the three were going to join forces, they should return to East Side Story , and Bernstein agreed. Laurents, however, was committed to Gabel, who introduced him to the young composer/lyricist Stephen Sondheim . Sondheim auditioned by playing the score for Saturday Night (musical)|Saturday Night , his musical that was scheduled to open in the fall. Laurents liked the lyrics but was not impressed with the music. Sondheim did not care for Laurents' opinion. Serenade ultimately was shelved.
Laurents was soon hired to write the screenplay for a remake of the 1934 Greta Garbo film The Painted Veil (1934 film)|The Painted Veil for Ava Gardner . While in Hollywood, he contacted Bernstein, who was in town conducting at the Hollywood Bowl . The two met at the Beverly Hills Hotel , and the conversation turned to Juvenile delinquency|juvenile delinquent gang s, a fairly recent social phenomenon that had received major coverage on the front pages of the morning newspapers due to a Chicano turf war. Bernstein suggested they rework East Side Story and set it in Los Angeles, but Laurents felt he was more familiar with Stateside Puerto Ricans|Puerto Ricans and Harlem than he was with Mexican American s and Olvera Street . The two contacted Robbins, who was enthusiastic about a musical with a Latin beat. He arrived in Hollywood to choreograph the dance sequences for The King and I (1956 film)|The King and I , and he and Laurents began developing the musical while working on their respective projects, keeping in touch with Bernstein, who had returned to New York. When the producer of The Painted Veil replaced Gardner with Eleanor Parker and asked Laurents to revise his script with her in mind, he backed out of the film, freeing him to devote all his time to the stage musical.

Collaboration and development

In New York, Laurents went to the opening night party for a new play by Ugo Betti , and there he met Sondheim, who had heard that East Side Story , now retitled West Side Story , was back on track. Bernstein had decided he needed to concentrate solely on the music, and he and Robbins had invited Betty Comden and Adolph Green to write the lyrics, but the team opted to work on Peter Pan (1954 musical)|Peter Pan instead. Laurents asked Sondheim if he would be interested in tackling the task. Initially he resisted, because he was determined to write the full score for his next project ( Saturday Night had been aborted), but Oscar Hammerstein II|Oscar Hammerstein convinced him that he would benefit from the experience, and he accepted. Meanwhile, Laurents had written a new draft of the book changing the characters' backgrounds: Anton, once an Irish American, was now of Polish and Irish descent, and the formerly Jewish Maria had become a Puerto Rican.Gottlieb, Jack (Guide and Commentary). . WestSideStory.com, 2001, accessed August 18, 2011

The original book Laurents wrote closely adhered to Romeo and Juliet , but the characters based on Rosaline and the parents of the doomed lovers were eliminated early on. Later the scenes related to Juliet's faking her death and committing suicide also were deleted. Language posed a problem; four-letter curse words were uncommon in the theatre at the time, and slang expressions were avoided for fear they would be dated by the time the production opened. Laurents ultimately invented what sounded like real street talk but actually was not: "cut the frabba-jabba", for example. Sondheim converted long passages of dialogue, and sometimes just a simple phrase like "A boy like that would kill your brother", into lyrics. With the help of Oscar Hammerstein, Laurents convinced Bernstein and Sondheim to move "One Hand, One Heart", which he considered too pristine for the balcony scene, to the scene set in the bridal shop, and as a result "Tonight" was written to replace it. Laurents felt that the building tension needed to be alleviated in order to increase the impact of the play's tragic outcome, so comic relief in the form of Officer Krupke was added to the second act. He was outvoted on other issues: he felt the lyrics to "America" and "I Feel Pretty" were too witty for the characters singing them, but they stayed in the score and proved to be audience favorites. Another song, "Kid Stuff", was added and quickly removed during the Washington, D.C. tryout when Laurents convinced the others it was helping tip the balance of the show into typical musical comedy.
Bernstein composed West Side Story and Candide (operetta)|Candide concurrently, which led to some switches of material between the two works.Some of the music Bernstein wrote for West Side Story , but that was not used in the production, was later integrated into the Chichester Psalms . Tony and Maria's duet, "One Hand, One Heart", was originally intended for Cunegonde in Candide . The music of "Gee, Officer Krupke" was pulled from the Venice scene in Candide .Burton, Humphrey. WestSideStory.com, 1994, accessed August 18, 2011. Laurents explained the style that the creative team finally decided on:

The show was nearly complete in the fall of 1956, but almost everyone on the creative team needed to fulfill other commitments first. Robbins was involved with Bells Are Ringing (musical)|Bells Are Ringing , then Bernstein with Candide , and in January 1957 A Clearing in the Woods , Laurents' latest play, opened and quickly closed. When a backers' audition failed to raise any money for West Side Story late in the spring of 1957, only two months before the show was to begin rehearsals, producer Cheryl Crawford pulled out of the project. Every other producer had already turned down the show, deeming it too dark and depressing. Bernstein was despondent, but Sondheim convinced his friend Hal Prince, who was in Boston overseeing the out-of-town tryout of the new George Abbott musical New Girl in Town , to read the script. He liked it but decided to ask Abbott, his longtime mentor, for his opinion, and Abbott advised him to turn it down. Prince, aware that Abbott was the primary reason New Girl was in trouble, decided to ignore him, and he and his producing partner Robert Griffith flew to New York to hear the score. In his memoirs, Prince recalled, "Sondheim and Bernstein sat at the piano playing through the music, and soon I was singing along with them."

Production period

Prince began cutting the budget and raising money. Robbins then announced he did not want to choreograph the show, but changed his mind when Prince agreed to an eight-week dance rehearsal period (instead of the customary four), since there was to be more dancing in West Side Story than in any previous Broadway show, and allowed Robbins to hire Peter Gennaro as his assistant. Originally, when considering the cast, Laurents wanted James Dean for the lead role of Tony, but the actor had died before hearing of it. Sondheim found Larry Kert and Chita Rivera , who created the roles of Tony and Anita, respectively. Getting the work on stage was still not easy. Bernstein told Rolling Stone :

Throughout the rehearsal period, the New York newspapers were filled with articles about gang warfare, keeping the show's plot timely. Robbins kept the cast members playing the Sharks and the Jets separate in order to discourage them from socializing with each other and reminded everyone of the reality of gang violence by posting news stories on the bulletin board backstage. Robbins wanted a gritty realism from his sneaker- and jeans-clad cast. He gave the ensemble more freedom than Broadway dancers had previously been given to interpret their roles, and the dancers were thrilled to be treated like actors instead of just choreographed bodies. As the rehearsals wore on, Bernstein fought to keep his score together, as other members of the team called on him to cut out more and more of the sweeping or complex "operatic" passages. Columbia Records initially declined to record the cast album , saying the score was too depressing and too difficult.

There were problems with Oliver Smith (designer)|Oliver Smith 's designs. His painted backdrops were stunning, but the sets were, for the most part, either shabby looking or too stylized. Prince refused to spend money on new construction, and Smith was obliged to improve what he had as best he could with very little money to do it.
The pre-Broadway run in Washington, D.C. was a critical and commercial success, although none of the reviews mentioned Sondheim, listed as co-lyricist, who was overshadowed by the better-known Bernstein. Bernstein magnanimously removed his name as co-author of the lyrics, although Sondheim was uncertain he wanted to receive sole credit for what he considered to be overly florid contributions by Bernstein. Robbins demanded and received a "Conceived by" credit, and used it to justify his making major decisions regarding changes in the show without consulting the others. As a result, by opening night on Broadway, none of his collaborators were talking to him.
It has been rumored that while Bernstein was off trying to fix the musical Candide , Sondheim wrote some of the music for West Side Story , and that Bernstein's co-lyricist billing mysteriously disappeared from the credits of West Side Story during the tryout, presumably as a trade-off.Suskin, Steven (1990). Opening Night on Broadway: A Critical Quotebook of the Golden Era of the Musical Theatre . New York: Schirmer Books, p. 697. ISBN 0-02-872625-1. However, Suskin states in Show Tunes that "As the writing progressed and the extent of Bernstein's lyric contributions became less, the composer agreed to rescind his credit...Contrary to rumor, Sondheim did not write music for the show; his only contribution came on "Something's Coming", where he developed the main strain of the chorus from music Bernstein wrote for the verse.Suskin, Steven (2010). (4th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press US, p. 206. ISBN 0-19-531407-7.)

Synopsis

Act 1

Two teenage gangs, the Jets (White) and the Sharks (Puerto Rican), struggle for control of the neighborhood, amidst police whistles and taunts (Prologue). They are warned by Lt. Schrank and Officer Krupke to stop fighting on their beat. The police chase the Sharks off, and then the Jets plan how they can assure their continued dominance of the street. The Jets' leader, Riff, suggests setting up a rumble with the Sharks. He plans to make the challenge to Bernardo, the Sharks' leader, that night at the neighborhood dance. Riff wants to convince his friend and former member of the Jets, Tony, to meet the Jets at the dance, but some of the Jets are unsure of his loyalty ("Jet Song"). Riff meets Tony while he's working at Doc's Drugstore to persuade him to come. Loyal to Riff, Tony agrees, but he wants no further part of gang life and imagines a better future ("Something's Coming").

Maria works in a bridal shop with Anita, the girlfriend of her brother, Bernardo. Maria has just arrived from Puerto Rico, and her family has selected Chino, a member of the Sharks, to be her future husband. Anita makes Maria a dress to wear to the neighborhood dance.

At the dance, after introductions, the teenagers begin to dance; soon a challenge dance is called ("Dance at the Gym"), during which Tony and Maria (who aren't taking part in the challenge dance) see each other across the room and are drawn to each other. They dance together, forgetting the tension in the room, fall in love, and try to kiss, but Bernardo pulls his sister from Tony and sends her home. Riff and Bernardo agree to meet for a War Council at Doc's, a drug store which is considered neutral ground, but meanwhile, an infatuated and happy Tony finds Maria's building and serenades her outside her bedroom ("Maria"). He appears on her fire escape, and the two profess their love for one another (" Tonight (1956 song)|Tonight "). Meanwhile, Anita and the other Shark girls discuss the differences between the territory of Puerto Rico and the mainland United States of America (" America (West Side Story song)|América "). The Jets get antsy while waiting for the Sharks inside Doc's Drug Store. They let out all of their aggression in the number ("Cool"). The Sharks arrive to discuss weapons to use in the rumble. Tony suggests "a fair fight" (fists only), which the leaders agree to, despite the other members' protests. Bernardo believes that he will fight Tony, but must settle for fighting Diesel instead. This is followed by a monologue by the ineffective Lt. Schrank trying to find out the location of the rumble. Tony tells Doc about Maria. Doc is worried for them while Tony is convinced that nothing can go wrong; he is in love.

Tony meets Maria at the bridal shop the next day, where they dream of their wedding ("One Hand, One Heart"). She asks Tony to stop the fight, which he agrees to do. Tony, Maria, Anita, Bernardo (and the Sharks), and Riff (and the Jets) all anticipate the events to come that night (" Tonight Quintet "). The gangs meet each other under the highway, and as the fight between Bernardo and Diesel is just beginning, Tony arrives and tries to stop the rumble. Though Bernardo taunts Tony, ridiculing his attempt to make peace and provoking him in every way, Tony keeps his composure. When Bernardo pushes Tony, Riff punches him in Tony's defense. The two draw their switchblades and get in a knife fight ("The Rumble"). Tony warns Riff to back away, but Riff shakes him off and continues the fight. In an important moment of the show, Riff has an opportunity to stab Bernardo, but Tony holds him back. After shaking off Tony, Riff returns to the fight but is accidentally stabbed and killed by Bernardo in the process. Tony then takes Riff's knife and kills Bernardo in a fit of rage. The two gangs then go into a free-for-all. The sound of approaching sirens is heard, and everyone scatters, except Tony, who stands in shock at what he has done. The tomboy Anybodys, who stubbornly wishes that she could become a Jet, tells Tony to flee from the scene at the last moment. Only the bodies of Riff and Bernardo remain.

Act 2

In her bedroom, Maria has not heard the news and daydreams happily about seeing Tony with her friends—Rosalia, Consuelo, Teresita and Francisca ("I Feel Pretty"). Just then, Chino brings the news that Tony has killed Bernardo. Maria flees to her bedroom, praying that Chino is mistaken. Tony arrives to see Maria, and in a fit of rage she throws her fists at him until he finally calms her down and they plan to run away together; as the walls of Maria's bedroom disappear, they find themselves in a dreamlike world of peace (" Somewhere (song)|Somewhere ").

The Jets try their hardest to get their minds off the death of Riff by poking fun at all of the adults who try to make sense of what they do ("Gee, Officer Krupke"). The Jets make Action leader of the gang. Anybodys brings news that she overheard Chino planning to hunt down Tony and kill him with a gun. The Jets then spread out to find Tony and protect him from Chino. They also accept Anybodys into the Jets. Anybodys falls in love with Action.

A grieving Anita arrives at Maria's apartment. As Tony leaves, he tells Maria to meet him at Doc's so they can run away to the country. Anita sees that Tony has been with Maria, and asks in horror how she can love the man who killed her brother (" A Boy Like That "). Maria responds passionately with her own song ("I Have a Love"), though, and Anita understands that Maria loves Tony as much as she had loved Bernardo. She admits that Chino has a gun and is looking for Tony.

Lt. Schrank arrives to question Maria, and Anita reluctantly agrees to go to Doc's to tell Tony to wait. At the store, the Jets taunt Anita with racist innuendo and insults. The taunts turn into physical abuse, and Doc returns to the store horrified to find the boys nearly raping Anita. In her anger, Anita, who is in tears, tells the Jets that Bernardo was right about them, and then claims that Chino has killed Maria in jealousy. Anita rushes out of the store.
Doc relates the news to Tony, who has been dreaming of heading to the countryside to have children with Maria. Feeling there is no longer anything to live for, Tony leaves to find Chino, begging for him to die as well. Just as Tony sees Maria alive, Chino arrives and shoots Tony. The Jets, Sharks, and adults flock around the lovers. Maria holds Tony in her arms (and sings a quiet, brief reprise of "Somewhere") as he dies. Angry at the death of another friend, the Jets move towards the Sharks but Maria takes Chino's gun and tells everyone that hatred is what killed Tony and the others, and now she can kill, because now she hates, too. However, she is unable to bring herself to fire the gun and drops it, crying in grief. Gradually, all the members of both gangs assemble on either side of Tony's body, showing that the feud is over. The Jets and Sharks form a procession, and together they carry Tony away with Maria being the last one in the procession.

Characters

Male Jets

Riff, quick-tempered leader of the Jets

Tony, former Jet leader gone straight

Diesel

Action, who takes over the Jets after Riff's death

A-Rab

Baby John

Snowboy

Big Deal

Gee-Tar

Mouthpiece

Tiger

Male Sharks

Bernardo, Maria's brother, leader of the Sharks

Chino, Maria's angry young suitor; Bernardo's friend

Pepe

Indio

Luis

Anxious

Nibbles

Juano

Toro

Moose

Female Jets

Graziella

Velma

Minnie

Clarice

Pauline

Anybodys, a tagalong tomboy

Female Sharks

Maria, Puerto Rican ingenue; Bernardo's sister

Anita, Maria's saucy older friend; Bernardo's girl

Rosalia, Anita's foil in "America"

Consuelo

Teresita

Francisca

Estrella

Margarita

Adults

Officer Krupke, a cop

Doc, a weary old candy store owner

Glad Hand, a fidgety chaperone

Detective Schrank

Structure

; Act 1

1. "Prologue" (Instrumental) – Jets and Sharks

2. "Jet Song" – Riff, Action, Baby John, A-rab, Big Deal and Jets

3. "Something's Coming" – Tony

4. "Dance At The Gym" (Instrumental) – Jets and Sharks

* "Blues"

* "Promenade"

* "Mambo"

* "Cha-cha"

* "Meeting Scene" - Tony and Maria

* "Jump"

5. " Maria (1956 song)|Maria " – Tony

6. " Tonight (1956 song)|Balcony Scene (Tonight) " – Tony and Maria

7. " America (West Side Story song)|America " – Anita, Rosalia, Shark Girls

8. " Cool (Leonard Bernstein song)|Cool " – Riff and Jets

9. "One Hand, One Heart" – Tony and Maria

10. " Tonight Quintet and Chorus" – Anita, Tony, Maria, Bernardo, Riff, Jets and Sharks

11. "The Rumble" ( Dance ) – Jets and Sharks

; Act 2

"Entr'acte" (Instrumental)

12. "I Feel Pretty" ("Me Siento Hermosa" in the 2009 revival) – Maria, Consuelo, Rosalia, Teresita, Francisca and Shark Girls

13.

* "Ballet Sequence" - Tony and Maria

* "Transition to Scherzo" - Instrumental

* "Scherzo" - Instrumental

* " Somewhere (song)|Somewhere " (Song and Dance) – Company and "Dream Consuelo" (in the 2009 revival, "Kiddo", Tony, Maria, and Company)

* "Procession and Nightmare" - Jets and Sharks

14. "Gee, Officer Krupke" – Action, A-rab, Diesel, Baby John and the Jets

15. " A Boy Like That " ("Un Hombre Así" in the 2009 revival) / "I Have A Love" – Anita and Maria

16. "Taunting Scene" (Instrumental) – Anita and Jets

17. "Finale" – Tony and Maria

Shakespearean basis

Characters

Many of the key characters in West Side Story are based on counterparts in Romeo and Juliet :

Tony/ Romeo Montague|Romeo

Maria/ Juliet Capulet|Juliet

Bernardo/ Tybalt and Capulet

Anita/ Nurse (Romeo and Juliet)|Nurse and Lady Capulet

Riff/ Mercutio

Baby John/ Benvolio

Doc/ Friar Laurence and the Apothecary

Chino/ Count Paris|Paris

Jets/ Montague family|Montagues

Sharks/ Capulet family|Capulets

Schrank & Officer Krupke/ Prince Escalus and Citizens

Action/ Minor characters in Romeo and Juliet#Gregory and Sampson|Sampson

A-Rab/ Abraham

Anybodys/ Minor characters in Romeo and Juliet#Balthasar|Balthasar

Story parallels

Romeo and Juliet starts out with a street fight between the Montagues and Capulets ; the Jets and the Sharks have a similar fight.

The beginning fight is broken up by Krupke and Schrank, just as Prince Escalus breaks up the Montague family|Montague - Capulet fight.

Tony has a recurring dream, like the one Romeo describes to Mercutio.

Juliet is betrothed to Paris, and Maria has been set up with Chino.

Some Montague men crash the Capulet party in which Romeo Montague|Romeo meets Juliet Capulet|Juliet . In West Side Story , Maria and Tony see each other from opposite sides of the gym and are immediately attracted to each other.

Romeo Montague|Romeo searches for Juliet Capulet|Juliet and finds her at her balcony. After the dance, Tony finds Maria and uses the fire escape.

Romeo and Juliet go to a Friar to get married; Maria and Tony role-play a wedding during their tryst in the bridal shop.

In the rumble scene, Bernardo kills Riff like Tybalt kills Mercutio ; Tony avenges Riff's death by killing Bernardo, just as Romeo Montague|Romeo kills Tybalt .

The Capulet nurse is played around with and disgraced by Montague men, while Anita is taunted and attacked by the Jets.

Both stories feature Maria/Juliet's false death and Tony/Romeo's suicidal response to his mistaken belief that his love is dead. An enraged Anita, following the attempted rape, deliberately tells the Jets that Chino has killed Maria, instead of conveying the original message of where Tony should meet with her. Juliet Capulet|Juliet fakes her death, but an explanatory message sent to Romeo is delayed, causing him not to know her death is but feigned. Tony seeks out Chino in misery, wishing to die also. Romeo Montague|Romeo wishes to visit Juliet Capulet|Juliet 's grave to take poison and die with her.

Productions

Original Broadway production

After auditions in Washington, D.C. and Philadelphia beginning in August 1957, the original Broadway production opened at the Winter Garden Theatre on September 26, 1957 to positive reviews. The production was directed and choreographed by Jerome Robbins , produced by Robert E. Griffith and Harold Prince and starred Larry Kert as Tony, Carol Lawrence as Maria, Chita Rivera as Anita and David Winters (choreographer)|David Winters as Baby John, the youngest of the gang members. Robbins won the Tony Award for Best Choreographer, and Oliver Smith (designer)|Oliver Smith won the Tony for Best Scenic Designer. Also nominated were Carol Lawrence, as Best Actress in a Supporting Role in a Musical, Max Goberman as Best Musical Director and Conductor, and Irene Sharaff for Best Costume Design. Carol Lawrence received the 1958 Theatre World Award . Lighting was designed by Jean Rosenthal . The production ran for 732 performances at the Winter Garden Theatre before touring and then returning to the Winter Garden Theatre in 1960 for another 253 performance engagement.

The other principal or notable cast members in the original production were: Anybodys: Lee Becker , Riff: Michael Callan , A-Rab: Tony Mordente , Action: Eddie Roll, Big Deal: Martin Charnin , Gee-Tar: Tommy Abbott ; Velma: Carole D'Andrea , Bernardo: Ken Le Roy , Chino: Jamie Sanchez, Nibbles: Ronnie Lee; Rosalia: Marilyn Cooper , Consuelo: Reri Grist , Teresita: Carmen Gutierrez, Francisca: Elizabeth Taylor (broadway)|Elizabeth Taylor ; Lt. Schrank: Arch Johnson, Doc: Art Smith (actor)|Art Smith , and Krupke: William Bramley .

Original London production

The 1958 European premiere at the Manchester Opera House transferred to London, where it opened at Her Majesty's Theatre in the West End theatre|West End on Friday December 12, 1958 and ran until June 1961 with a total of 1,039 performances. Robbins directed and choreographed, and it was co-choreographed by Peter Gennaro , with scenery by Oliver Smith. Featured performers were George Chakiris , who won an Academy Award as Bernardo in the 1961 film version, as Riff, Marlys Watters as Maria, Don McKay as Tony, and Chita Rivera reprising her Broadway role as Anita. Broadwayworld.com, accessed August 18, 2011 David Holliday , who had been playing Gladhand since the London opening, took over as Tony, playing opposite Roberta D'Esti 's Maria, and Mary Preston as Anita.

In February 1962, the West End ( H. M. Tennent ) production launched a five-month Scandinavian tour opening in Copenhagen, continuing to Oslo, Goteborg, Stockholm and Helsinki. Robert Jeffrey took over from David Holliday as Tony and Jill Martin played Maria.

1980 Broadway revival

A Broadway revival opened at the Minskoff Theatre on February 14, 1980 and closed on November 30, 1980, after 333 performances. It was directed and choreographed by Robbins, with the book scenes co-directed by Gerald Freedman ; Tom Abbott and Lee Becker Theodore assisted the choreography reproduction. The original scenic, lighting, and costume designs were used. It starred Ken Marshall as Tony, Hector Jamie Mercado as Bernardo, Josie de Guzman as Maria, and Debbie Allen as Anita. Both de Guzman and Allen received Tony Award nominations as Best Featured Actress in a Musical, and the musical was nominated as Best Reproduction (Play or Musical). Allen won the Drama Desk Award as Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical. Other notable cast members in the revival included Brent Barrett as Diesel, Harolyn Blackwell as Francisca, Stephen Bogardus as Mouth Piece, Reed Jones as Big Deal, and Sammy Smith as Doc.

Several dances from West Side Story were included in the Tony Award-winning 1989 Broadway production, '' Jerome Robbins' Broadway .

2009 Broadway revival

In 2007, Arthur Laurents stated, "I've come up with a way of doing that will make it absolutely contemporary without changing a word or a note."Riedel, Michael. "Director's Cut – At 90, Playwright Still Vibrant, Vicious", New York Post , July 27, 2007, p.55 He directed a pre-Broadway production of West Side Story at the National Theatre (Washington, D.C.)|National Theatre in Washington, D.C. that ran from December 15, 2008 through January 17, 2009. The Broadway revival began previews at the Palace Theatre, New York|Palace Theatre on February 23, 2009 and opened on March 19, 2009.Gans, Andrew. Playbill.com, May 23, 2008Gans, Andrew and Jones, Kenneth. . Playbill.com, August 8, 2008 The production wove Spanish lyrics and dialogue into the English libretto. The translations are by Tony Award winner Lin-Manuel Miranda . Laurents stated, "The musical theatre and cultural conventions of 1957 made it next to impossible for the characters to have authenticity. Every member of both gangs was always a potential killer even then. Now they actually will be. Only Tony and Maria try to live in a different world".Jones, Kenneth. . Playbill.com, July 16, 2008Gans, Andrew and Jones, Kenneth. . Playbill.com, December 15, 2008 In August 2009, some of the lyrics for "A Boy Like That" ("Un Hombre Asi") and "I Feel Pretty" ("Me Siento Hermosa"), which were previously sung in Spanish in the revival, were changed back to the original English.Gans, Andrew. . Playbill.com, August 25, 2009 However, the Spanish lyrics sung by the Sharks in the "Tonight" (Quintet) remained in Spanish.

The cast featured Matt Cavenaugh as Tony, Josefina Scaglione as Maria and Karen Olivo as Anita.Gans, Andrew. . Playbill.com, October 28, 2008 Olivo won the Tony Award for Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical|Best Featured Actress , while Scaglione was nominated for the award for Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical|Leading Actress .Jones, Kenneth. . Playbill.com, June 8, 2009Gans, Andrew and Jones, Kenneth. . Playbill.com, May 5, 2009 The cast recording won the Grammy Award for Best Musical Show Album .Jones, Kenneth. . Playbill.com, January 31, 2010 In July 2010, the producers reduced the size of the orchestra, replacing five musicians with an off-stage synthesizer. The production closed on January 2, 2011 after 748 performances and 27 previews.Gans, Andrew. . Playbill.com, September 15, 2010 The revival sold 1,074,462 tickets on Broadway over the course of nearly two years.. Broadwayworld.com, accessed August 18, 2011

Other productions

The New York City Center Light Opera Company production opened on April 8, 1964 at the New York City Center and closed May 3, 1964 after a limited engagement of 31 performances. Tony was Don McKay , Maria was Julia Migenes and Anita was played by Luba Lisa . It was staged by Gerald Freedman based on Robbins' original concept, and the choreography was re-mounted by Tom Abbott.

The Musical Theater of Lincoln Center and Richard Rodgers production opened at the New York State Theater , Lincoln Center, on June 24, 1968 and closed on September 7, 1968 after 89 performances. Direction and choreography were reproduced by Lee Theodore, and scenery was by Oliver Smith. Tony was Kurt Peterson and Maria was Victoria Mallory .

National Tours

A 1959 national tour launched on July 1, 1959. The show hit Denver, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Chicago, Detroit, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Baltimore, Philadelphia, and Boston. This tour transferred back on Broadway Apr 27, 1960 - Dec 10, 1960 at the Winter Garden Theater in New York City.

A 1987 U.S. tour starred Jack Wagner (actor)|Jack Wagner as Tony, with Valarie Pettiford as Anita and was directed by Alan Johnson . A bus and truck (non-Equity) tour was produced in 1998 by City Vision Theatricals. A national tour, directed by Alan Johnson, was produced in 2002. Westsidestory.com

A national tour of the 2009 Broadway revival began in October 2010 at the Fisher Theatre in Detroit, Michigan.Gans, Andrew. . Playbill, February 5, 2010 The cast features Kyle Harris as Tony and Ali Ewoldt as Maria. broadwayindetroit.com, September 16, 2010, accessed August 18, 2011 After a very successful year, the tour was sent out for another year. A Non-equity production based on the 2009 Revival, presented by Troika Entertainment, is planned for fall 2012.

Regional productions

Several regional opera companies have produced West Side Story. San Diego Civic Light Opera (1983), Pittsburgh Civic Light Opera (1965, 1967, 1974, 1984, 1990, 1999, 2008), and Banff Musical Theatre (1984) were among the first smaller regional companies to produce it. Michigan Opera Theatre was the first major American Opera Company to produce West Side Story in late 1985.

In 1986 Starlight Theatre of Kansas City in Kansas City, MO presented a production and in 1989 North Shore Music Theatre in Beverly, MA had a very successful production. Both of these productions were directed by Jack Allison and choreographed by Thom Warren

International productions

In 1961, a tour of Israel, Africa and the Near East was mounted. theatrehistory.com, accessed August 18, 2011 The Japanese Takarazuka Revue has also performed the show twice. It was produced by the Moon Troupe in 1998 and again in 1999 by the Star Troupe. A Hong Kong production was produced in 2000 with Cantonese lyrics, featuring Hong Kong rock star Paul Wong (musician)|Paul Wong as Tony. It was staged at the outdoor plaza of Hong Kong Cultural Center .

From 1982-1984 a tour of South America, Israel and Europe was mounted with talent from New York. Included in the cast were Thom Warren, Richard Renzaneth, John Charles Kelly, Pamela Khoury, Michael McCord,and RJ Peters. The Director/Choreographers for that production were Jay Norman and Lee Theodore, veterans of the Original Broadway Cast.

A UK national tour started in 1997 and starred David Habbin as Tony, Katie Knight Adams as Maria and Anna-Jane Casey as Anita. The production was very well received and transferred to London's West End opening at the Prince Edward Theatre in October 1998, transferring to the Prince of Wales Theatre where it closed in January 2000. The production subsequently toured the UK for a second time. albemarle-london.com, accessed August 18, 2011

The Austrian Bregenzer Festspiele|Bregenz Festival presented West Side Story in a German translation by Marcel Prawy in 2003 and 2004, directed by the Francesca Zambello , followed by a German tour. westsidestory.com, accessed August 18, 2011 A French language adaptation, translated by Philippe Gobeille, opened in Montreal , Quebec in March 2008. westsidestory08.com, A Philippine version premiered on September 5, 2008 at the Meralco Theatre . It featured Christian Bautista as Tony, Karylle and Joanna Ampil as Maria. Thefilipinoweb, July 2, 2008, accessed August 18, 2011 In 2008, an adaptation played in Portugal, directed by Filipe La Féria , with the name West Side Story – Amor Sem Barreiras , in the Politeama Theater , in Lisbon , with :pt:Ricardo Soler|Ricardo Soler and Rui Andrade playing the character Tony and Bárbara Barradas and Cátia Tavares playing Maria . Anita is portrayed by Lúcia Moniz and Anabela .

In 2007, the Fulton Opera House in Lancaster, Pennsylvania and 5th Avenue Theatre in Seattle|Seattle, Washington were the only professional theaters in the United States to be granted the production rights to West Side Story on the 50th anniversary of its Broadway opening. To mark the occasion, the Fulton joined with the Lancaster Symphony Orchestra for the first time to supply the musical score under the direction of Maestro Stephen Gunzenhauser . The production, during the Fulton's 155th season, ran from September 6, 2007 to September 30, 2007. Fulton Theatre, accessed August 17, 2008

An international tour, directed and choreographed by Joey McKneely and produced by BB Promotion, has been performed for the past several years playing in Tokyo, Paris, Austria, Switzerland, Germany, Singapore, São Paulo, Taiwan, China, Italy, Rotterdam and Madrid. This production has starred such performers as Kirsten Rossi/Elisa Cordova/Sofia Escobar/Ali Ewoldt as Maria, Ryan Silverman/Scott Sussman/Chad Hilligus as Tony, Lana Gordon/Oneika Phillips/Desiree Davar as Anita, Spencer Howard/ Brett Leigh (also playing Action)/Denton Tarver as Riff and Emmanuel de Jesús Silva/Marco Santiago/Oscar as Bernardo. Lindsay Dunn, Tanari Vasquez, Adam Lendormon, Marla Mcreynolds, Samuel Ladd, Sean Samuels, Kimberly Wolff (Graziella), Sean Patrick Doyle (Baby John), Jeremy Dumont (Arab), Sarah Dobbs (Anybodys), and Maya Flock (Rosalia) have also rounded out the cast.Loveridge, Lizzie. Curtain Up, August 1, 2008, accessed August 17, 2008

Canada's Stratford Shakespeare Festival performed West Side Story in 2009 to rave reviews, with Chilina Kennedy as Maria and Paul Nolan as Tony. Gary Griffin directed.

An Australian tour 2010–2011 is being performed in Sydney, Melbourne, Perth, Brisbane and Adelaide. The cast features Josh Piterman as Tony, Julie Goodwin as Maria, Alinta Chidzey as Anita, Nigel Turner-Carrol as Bernardo and Rohan Browne as Riff.
In June 2011, a Lima production was produced by "Preludio Asociación Cultural" with Marco Zunino as Tony, Rossana Fernández-Maldonado as Maria, Jesús Neyra as Bernardo, Tati Alcántara as Anita and Joaquín de Orbegoso as Riff. La República Perú, accesed June 1, 2011

In December 2011, a Indonesia production was produced by Nino Theatre with Manda Alaysia as Maria, Bimo Reisnanda as Bernardo, Zara Fathy as Anita, Ton Dorino as Riff.

Critical reaction

The creators' innovations in dance, music and theatrical style resulted in strong reactions from the critics. Walter Kerr wrote in the New York Herald Tribune on September 27, 1957:

The other reviews generally joined in speculation about how the new work would influence the course of musical theatre. Typical was John Chapman 's review in the New York Daily News on September 27, 1957, headed: "West Side Story a Splendid and Super-Modern Musical Drama".

Time magazine found the dance and gang warfare more compelling than the love story and noted that the show's "putting choreography foremost, may prove a milestone in musical-drama history ...". Time Magazine , October 7, 1957

Score

Orchestration

The Sheet music|score for West Side Story was orchestrated by Sid Ramin and Irwin Kostal following detailed instructions from Bernstein, who then wrote revisions on their manuscript (the original, heavily annotated by Ramin, Kostal and Bernstein himself is in the Rare Books and Manuscripts Library at Columbia University).See Simeone, Nigel (2009) "Leonard Bernstein: West Side Story", pp. 85–92: 'Sid Ramin and Irwin Kostal: Orchestrating the Show' Ramin, Kostal, and Bernstein are billed as orchestrators for the show.

The licensed orchestration is as follows:

7 Violins

4 Celli

1 Guitar (Classical/Electric/Mandolin)

1 Bass

5 Woodwinds

:::Reed I (Alto Saxophone/Bass Clarinet/Clarinet/Flute/Piccolo)
:::Reed II (Bb Clarinet/Bass Clarinet/Eb Clarinet)
:::Reed III (Bb Clarinet/Baritone Saxophone/Bass Clarinet/English Horn/Flute/Oboe/Piccolo/Tenor Saxophone)
:::Reed IV (Bass Clarinet/Bass Saxophone/Clarinet/Flute/Piccolo/Soprano Sax)
:::Reed V (Bassoon)

3 Trumpets

2 Trombones(2nd doubling Trumpet in D)

2 French Horns

4 Percussion (Traps, Vibraphone, 4 Pitched Drums, Xylophone, 3 Bongos, 3 Cowbells, Conga, Timbales, Snare Drum, Police Whistle, Gourd, 2 Suspended Cymbals, Castanets, Maracas, Finger Cymbals, Tambourines, Small Maracas, Glockenspiel, Woodblock, Claves, Triangle, Temple Blocks, Chines, Tam-tam, Ratchet, Slide Whistle, Timpani)

1 Piano/Celesta

Symphonic Dances from West Side Story

In 1961, Bernstein prepared a suite of orchestral music from the show, titled Symphonic Dances from West Side Story :
# Prologue ( Allegro Moderato )
# "Somewhere" ( Adagio )
# Scherzo ( Vivace e Leggiero )
# Mambo (dance)|Mambo ( Meno Presto )
# Cha-cha-cha (dance)|Cha-Cha ( Andantino Con Grazia )
# Meeting Scene ( Meno Mosso )
# "Cool", Fugue ( Allegretto )
# Rumble ( Molto Allegro )
# Finale ( Adagio )

Recordings

Recordings of West Side Story include:

The 1957 West Side Story (Original Broadway Cast)|original Broadway cast album , with Carol Lawrence as Maria, Larry Kert as Tony and Chita Rivera as Anita.

A West Side Story (1959 album)|1959 recording by the pianist André Previn comprised jazz versions of eight songs from the musical.

The West Side Story (soundtrack)|movie soundtrack , with Marni Nixon singing Maria's role (played in the film by Natalie Wood ) and Tony (played in the film by Richard Beymer ) sung by Jimmy Bryant . It won the Grammy Award for Best Sound Track Album or Recording of Original Cast from Motion Picture or Television . The 1992 remastered re-release of this album included the "Overture", the "End Credits" music, the complete "Dance at the Gym" and dialogue from the film. The 2004 re-release added the "Intermission" music.

In 1960, Cal Tjader released a jazz version on Fantasy Records. The album was released again in 2002 as Cal Tjader Plays Harold Arlen/West Side Story (double CD).

In 1961, Stan Kenton recorded a jazz version that received a 4th Grammy Awards|1962 Grammy Award for Grammy Award for Best Large Jazz Ensemble Album|Best Jazz Performance – Large Group (Instrumental) .

In 1962, Oscar Peterson and his musical trio|trio recorded a jazz version, West Side Story (Oscar Peterson Trio album)|West Side Story .

In 1962, Dave Brubeck recorded jazz versions of selections from the film score on Music From West Side Story (Dave Brubeck album)|Music From West Side Story .

In 1966, Buddy Rich and his big band performed an arrangement penned by Bill Reddie called West Side Story Medley for many years.

In 1969, progressive rock rock band|band Yes (band)|Yes covered the song "Something's Coming" as the A-side and B-side|B-side to their first single " Yes (Yes album)|Sweetness ".

In 1984, Bernstein decided to re-record the musical, conducting his own music for the first time. Generally known as the "operatic version" of West Side Story , it stars Kiri Te Kanawa as Maria, José Carreras as Tony, Tatiana Troyanos as Anita, Kurt Ollmann as Riff, and Marilyn Horne as the offstage voice who sings "Somewhere". It won a Grammy Award for Best Musical Show Album in 1985 and the recording process was filmed as a documentary. It was made by the BBC for Unitel, Produced by Humphrey Burton and Directed by Christopher Swann. The documentary won the Flaherty BAFTA for documentary direction, a Prix Italia and was nominated for a Prime Time Emmy.

A 1993 recording, the first recording to document the full score including the overture performed by Britain's National Symphony Orchestra of London|National Symphony Orchestra using cast members of the 1992 Leicester Haymarket Theatre production.

In 1996, RCA Victor released the tribute album The Songs of West Side Story featuring new versions of the songs from the musical sung by popular music stars, including: "The Jet Song" sung by Brian Setzer , "A Boy Like That" sung by Selena , "I feel Pretty" sung by Little Richard , two versions of "Somewhere" performed by Aretha Franklin and Phil Collins , "Tonight" sung by Wynonna Judd and Kenny Loggins , "America" sung by Patti LaBelle , Natalie Cole and Sheila E. , "I Have a Love" sung by Trisha Yearwood and "Rumble" performed by Chick Corea Elektric Band and Steve Vai 's Monsters. Proceeds from the sale of this album go to benefit the Leonard Bernstein Education Through The Arts Fund, the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences|NARAS Foundation and The Leonard Bernstein Center at Nashville, Tennessee .

A 2007 tribute album entitled A Place for Us marking the 50th anniversary of the show. The album features cover versions previously recorded as well as a new recording of "Tonight" by Kristin Chenoweth and Hugh Panaro .

A 2007 recording was released by Decca Broadway in honor of West Side Story's 50th anniversary. This album stars Hayley Westenra as Maria and Vittorio Grigolo as Tony. The Bernstein Foundation in New York has authorized the recording., Manchester Evening News , 2007-08-06, accessed 2007-08-13 It was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Show Album.

Bernstein recorded the Symphonic Dances suite with the New York Philharmonic in 1961, and with the Los Angeles Philharmonic in 1983. The Symphonic Dances have entered the repertoire of many major world orchestras, most recently by the Simon Bolivar Youth Orchestra under Gustavo Dudamel . It has been recorded by many orchestras, including the San Francisco Symphony under the direction of Seiji Ozawa .

The 2009 new Broadway cast album, with Josefina Scaglione as Maria, Matt Cavenaugh as Tony and Karen Olivo as Anita won the 2009 Grammy Award for Best Musical Show Album .

Film

On October 18, 1961, a West Side Story (film)|film adaptation of the musical was released. It received praise from critics and the public, and became the second highest grossing film of the year in the United States. The film won ten Academy Awards in its eleven nominated categories, including Best Picture, as well as a special award for Robbins. The film holds the distinction of being the musical film with the most Academy Award wins (10 wins), including Best Picture. The soundtrack album made more money than any other album before it.

Awards and nominations

Original Broadway production

Year	Award Ceremony	Category	Nominee	Result
1958	Theatre World Award		Carol Lawrence	won
	Tony Award	Tony Award for Best Musical		nom
		Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical	Carol Lawrence	nom...
		Best Choreography	Jerome Robbins	won
		Scenic Design>Best Scenic Design	Oliver Smith	won
		Best Costume Design	Irene Sharaff	nom
		Best Conductor and Musical Director	Max Goberman	nom

1980 Broadway revival

Year	Award Ceremony	Category	Nominee	Result
1980	Drama Desk Award	Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical	Debbie Allen	won
	Tony Award	Tony Award for Best Revival of a Musical		nom
		Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical	Josie de Guzman	nom
			Debbie Allen	nom

2008 West End revival

Year	Award Ceremony	Category	Nominee	Result
2009	Laurence Olivier Award	Laurence Olivier Award for Best Musical Revival		nom
2009	Laurence Olivier Award	Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Musical>Best Actress in a Musical	Sofia Escobar	nom

2009 Broadway revival

Year	Award Ceremony	Category	Nominee	Result
2009	Drama Desk Award	Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Revival of a Musical		nom
	Drama Desk Award	Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical	Karen Olivo	nom
	Grammy Award	Grammy Award for Best Musical Show Album		won
	Tony Award	Tony Award for Best Revival of a Musical		nom
		Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical	Josefina Scaglione	nom
		Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical	Karen Olivo	won
		Best Lighting Design	Howell Binkley	nom

Bauch, Marc (2001) Themes and Topics of the American Musical after World War II Tectum Verlag, Marburg, Germany, ISBN 3-8288-1141-8

Bauch, Marc (2003) The American Musical Tectum Verlag, Marburg, Germany, ISBN 3-8288-8458-X

Laurents, Arthur (2009) Mainly on directing : Gypsy, West Side Story, and other musicals Alfred A. Knopf, New York, ISBN 978-0-307-27088-7

Simeone, Nigel (2009) Leonard Bernstein: West Side Story Ashgate, Farnham, ISBN 0-7546-6484-8

Vaill, A. (2006) Somewhere: The Life of Jerome Robbins Broadway Books, New York, ISBN 0-7679-0420-6

Wells, Elizabeth A. (2010) West Side Story: Cultural Perspectives on an American Musical Scarecrow Press, Lanham, Maryland, ISBN 978-0-8108-7666-8

Williams, Mary E. (editor) (2001) Readings on West Side Story Greenhaven Press, San Diego, California, ISBN 0-7377-0694-5

External links

Category:1957 musicals
Category:Broadway musicals
Category:Musicals based on plays
Category:Musicals by Leonard Bernstein
Category:Musicals by Stephen Sondheim
Category:Plays and musicals based on Romeo and Juliet
Category:Plays set in New York City
Category:West End musicals

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Copyright Citations

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1. Bad Mood Mike 2. David Benoit 3. Dave Brubeck 4. Jose Carreras 5. Marilyn Horne 6. Don Johnson 7. Stan Kenton 8. Marni Nixon 9. Tatiana Troyanos 10. Hayley Westenra 11. Brad Fischetti 12. Song of the Bailing Man 13. Yo 14. Cal Tjader 15. Frank Gambale 16. Michael Brecker 17. Leonard Bernstein 18. Lukas Foss 19. Hamlisch Marvin 20. Jackson Michael 21. Kander John 22. Tab Hunter 23. Neil Zaza 24. Amici Forever 25. Stephen Sondheim

Undetermined Music Artists

West Side Story

Biography

Background

Genesis of the concept

Collaboration and development

Production period

Synopsis

Act 1

Act 2

Characters

Structure

Shakespearean basis

Characters

Story parallels

Productions

Original Broadway production

Original London production

1980 Broadway revival

2009 Broadway revival

Other productions

National Tours

Regional productions

International productions

Critical reaction

Score

Orchestration

Symphonic Dances from West Side Story

Recordings

Film

Awards and nominations

Original Broadway production

1980 Broadway revival

2008 West End revival

2009 Broadway revival

References in popular culture

Notes

Further reading

External links

Copyright Citations