Wild Cherry

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Biography

Prunus avium , commonly called wild cherry , sweet cherry , bird cherry , or gean , is a species of cherry native to Europe , western Turkey , northwestern Africa , and western Asia , from the British Isles south to Morocco and Tunisia , north to the Trondheimsfjord region in Norway and east to the Caucasus and northern Iran , with a small disjunct population in the western Himalaya .Euro+Med Plantbase Project: Den Virtuella Floran: (in Swedish; with ) This species, in the Rosaceae|rose family (Rosaceae) , has a diploid set of sixteen chromosome s (2n=16).Tavaud, M.; Zanetto, A.; David, J.L.; Laigret, F.; Dirlewanger, E. (2004). Genetic relationships between diploid and allotetraploid cherry species (Prunus avium, Prunus xgondouinii and Prunus cerasus). Heredity . 93(6): 631–638. All parts of the plant except for the ripe fruit are slightly toxic, containing cyanogenic glycoside s.

Description and ecology

Prunus avium is a deciduous tree growing to 15–32 m (50-100 ft) tall, with a trunk up to 1.5 m (5 ft) in diameter. Young trees show strong apical dominance with a straight trunk and symmetrical conical crown, becoming rounded to irregular on old trees. The bark is smooth purplish-brown with prominent horizontal grey-brown lenticel s on young trees, becoming thick dark blackish-brown and fissured on old trees. The leaf|leaves are alternate, simple ovoid-acute, 7–14& nbsp;cm (3–6& nbsp;in) long and 4–7& nbsp;cm (2–3& nbsp;in) broad, glabrous matt or sub-shiny green above, variably finely downy beneath, with a serrated margin and an acuminate tip, with a green or reddish petiole (botany)|petiole 2–3.5& nbsp;cm (0.8-1.4& nbsp;in) long bearing two to five small red glands. The tip of each serrated edge of the leaves also bear small red glands. In autumn, the leaves turn orange, pink or red before falling. The flower s are produced in early spring at the same time as the new leaves, borne in corymb s of two to six together, each flower pendent on a 2–5& nbsp;cm (0.8-2& nbsp;in) peduncle, 2.5–3.5& nbsp;cm (1-1.4& nbsp;in) in diameter, with five pure white petals, yellowish stamens, and a superior ovary; they are hermaphroditic , and pollinated by bee s. The fruit is a drupe 1–2& nbsp;cm (0.4-0.8& nbsp;in) in diameter (larger in some cultivated selections), bright red to dark purple when mature in midsummer, edible, variably sweet to somewhat astringent and bitter to eat fresh. Each fruit contains a single hard-shelled stone 8–12& nbsp;mm long, 7–10& nbsp;mm wide and 6–8& nbsp;mm thick, grooved along the flattest edge; the seed (kernel) inside the stone is 6–8& nbsp;mm long.

The fruit are readily eaten by numerous kinds of bird s and mammal s, which digest the fruit flesh and disperse the seeds in their droppings. Some rodent s, and a few birds (notably the Hawfinch ), also crack open the stones to eat the kernel inside. All parts of the plant except for the ripe fruit are slightly toxic, containing cyanogenic glycoside s.Rushforth, K. (1999). Trees of Britain and Europe . Collins ISBN 0-00-220013-9.Mitchell, A. F. (1974). Field Guide to the Trees of Britain and Northern Europe . Collins ISBN 0-00-212035-6.Flora of NW Europe:

: See also List of Lepidoptera that feed on Prunus
The leaves provide food for some animals, including Lepidoptera such as the case-bearer moth Coleophora anatipennella .

The tree exudes a Natural gum|gum from wounds in the bark, by which it seals the wounds to exclude insect s and fungus|fungal infections.Vedel, H., & Lange, J. (1960). Trees and Bushes in Wood and Hedgerow . Metheun & Co. Ltd., London.

Nomenclature

The early history of its classification is somewhat confused. In the first edition of Species Plantarum (1753), Linnaeus treated it as only a variety, Prunus cerasus var. avium , citing Gaspard Bauhin 's Pinax theatri botanici (1596) as a synonym; his description, Cerasus racemosa hortensis ("Cherry with racemes, of gardens") shows it was described from a cultivated plant.Linnaeus, C. (1753). Species Plantarum 1: 474. Linnaeus then changed from a variety to a species Prunus avium in the second edition of his Flora Suecica in 1755.Linnaeus, C. (1755). Flora Suecica , ed. 2: 165.

Prunus avium means "bird cherry" in the Latin language . In English, the name Bird cherry refers to Prunus padus .Flora of NW Europe:

Wild cherry has been known as Gean or Mazzard (also 'massard'), both largely obsolete names in modern English, though more recently 'Mazzard' has been used to refer to a selected Self-pollination|self-fertile cultivar that comes true from seed, and which is used as a seedling grafting|rootstock for fruiting cultivars.Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening . Macmillan ISBN 0-333-47494-5.Plants for a Future: The name "wild cherry" has also been applied in a general or colloquial sense to other species of Prunus growing in their native habitats, particularly to the North American Prunus serotina|black cherry ( Prunus serotina ) .

Some eighteenth and nineteenth century botanical authors ascribed an origin to western Asia based on the writings of Pliny the Elder|Pliny ; however, archaeological finds of seeds from prehistoric Europe contradict this view (see below).

Cultivation and uses

Fruit

Wild cherries have been an item of human food for several thousands of years. The stones have been found in deposits at Bronze Age settlements throughout Europe, including in Britain. In one dated example, Wild cherry macrofossils were found in a core sample from the detritus beneath a dwelling at an Early Bronze Age|Early and Middle Bronze Age Stilt house|pile-dwelling site on and in the shore of a former lake at Desenzano del Garda or Lonato , near the southern shore of Lake Garda , Italy. The date is estimated at Early Bronze Age IA, Radiocarbon dating|carbon dated there to 2077 BC plus or minus 10 years. The natural forest was largely cleared at that time.Marinis, R. C. de, Rapi, M., Ravazzi, C., Arpenti, E., Deaddis, M., & Perego, R. (2005). Lavagnone (Desenzano del Garda): new excavations and palaeoecology of a Bronze Age pile dwelling site in northern Italy. In: DellaCasa, P. & Trachsel, M., eds. Wetland Economies and Societies . Proceedings of the International Conference in Zurich, 10–13 March 2004. Collectio Archæologica 3: 221–232 Available

By 800 BC, cherries were being actively cultivated in Asia Minor , and soon after in Greece .

As the main ancestor of the cultivated sweet cherry, the Wild cherry is one of the two cherry species which supply most of the world's commercial cultivar s of edible cherry (the other is the Sour cherry Prunus cerasus , mainly used for cooking; a few other species have had a very small input). Various cherry cultivars are now grown worldwide wherever the climate is suitable; the number of cultivars is now very large. The species has also escaped from cultivation and become naturalisation (biology)|naturalised in some temperate regions, including southwestern Canada , Japan , New Zealand , and the northeast and northwest of the United States .

Ornamental

It is often cultivated as a flowering tree. Because of the size of the tree, it is often used in parkland, and less often as a street or garden tree. The double-flowered form, 'Plena', is commonly found, rather than the wild single-flowered forms.European Garden Flora; Volume IV

Two interspecific hybrids, P. x schmittii ( P. avium x Prunus canescens|P. canescens ) and P. x fontenesiana ( P. avium x Prunus mahaleb|P. mahaleb ) are also grown as ornamental trees.

Timber

The hard, reddish-brown wood (cherry wood) is valued as a hardwood for woodturning , and making Cabinet (furniture)|cabinet s and musical instrument s. Cherry wood is also used for smoking (cooking)|smoking foods, particularly meats, in North America, as it lends a distinct and pleasant flavor to the product.

Other uses

The gum from bark wounds is aromatic and can be chewed as a substitute for chewing gum .

Medicine can be prepared from the stalks of the drupes that is astringent , antitussive , and diuretic .

A green dye can also be prepared from the plant.

Contribution to other species

Prunus avium is thought to be one of the parent species of Prunus cerasus (the Sour Cherry) by way of ancient crosses between it and Prunus fruticosa (Wild/Sweet Cherry) in the areas where the two species overlap. Both species can interbreed with each other as well as with Prunus cerasus .
Prunus cerasus is now a species in its own right having developed beyond a hybrid and stabilised.

Cultural history

Pliny The Elder|Pliny distinguishes between Prunus , the plum fruit, Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History Book XV Section XII. and Cerasus , the cherry fruit.Pliny. Natural History Book XV Section XXX. Already in Pliny quite a number of cultivars are cited, some possibly species or varieties, Aproniana, Lutatia, Caeciliana, and so on. Pliny grades them by flavour, including dulcis ("sweet") and acer ("sharp").N.H. Book XV Sections XXXI-II.

He goes so far as to say that before the Roman consul Lucullus|Lucius Licinius Lucullus defeated Mithridates VI of Pontus|Mithridates in 74 BC, Cerasia ... non fuere in Italia , "There were no cherry trees in Italy". According to him, Lucullus brought them in from Pontus and in the 120 years since that time they had spread across Europe to Britain.

Although cultivated / domesticated varieties of Prunus avium (Sweet Cherry) didn’t exist in Britain or much of Europe, the tree in its wild state is native to most of Europe, including Britain. Evidence of consumption of the wild fruits have been found as far back as the Bronze Age at a Crannog in County Offaly , in Ireland .

Seeds of a number of cherry species have however been found in Bronze Age and Roman archaeological sites throughout Europe. The reference to "sweet" and "sour" supports the modern view that "sweet" was Prunus avium ; there are no other candidates among the cherries found. In 1882 Alphonse de Candolle pointed out that seeds of Prunus avium were found in the Terramare culture of north Italy (1500-1100 BC) and over the layers of the Swiss pile dwellings.Candolle, A. de (1882). Origine des plantes cultivées . Geneva. Of Pliny's statement he says (p.& nbsp;210):

Since this error is perpetuated by its incessant repetition in classical schools, it must once more be said that cherry trees (at least the bird cherry) existed in Italy before Lucullus, and that the famous gourmet did not need to go far to seek the species with the sour or bitter fruit.

De Candolle suggests that what Lucullus brought back was a particular cultivar of Prunus avium from the Caucasus. The origin of cultivars of P. avium is still an open question. Modern cultivated cherries differ from wild ones in having larger fruit, 2–3& nbsp;cm diameter. The trees are often grown on dwarfing rootstocks to keep them smaller for easier harvesting.Panda, S., Martin, J. P., & Aquinagalde, I. (2003). Chloroplast DNA study in sweet cherry cultivars (Prunus avium L.) using PCR-RFLP method. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 50 (5): 489-495.

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